sa
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
sa
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa Ordinal : phôn | ||
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
sa (Kana spelling サ)
From Proto-Albanian *si-a, a combination of two pronominal members, Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₂ and *h₂ew-/*h₂en-. Alternatively from Proto-Albanian *tšja[1] or, as per Meyer, from Greek σαν (san, “when, whenever”).[2]
sa
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Shortened form of asa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
From Old Catalan sa~san, from Latin sānus, from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”).
sa (feminine sana, masculine plural sans, feminine plural sanes)
sa f
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Tagalog sa, Bikol Central sa, Hiligaynon sa.
sa
Direct | Indirect | Oblique | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | |||
Common | Singular | ang | ing†, 'y | sa, sang† | og | sa |
Plural | ang mga | ing mga†, 'y mga |
sa mga, sang mga† |
og mga | sa mga | |
Personal | Singular | si | ni | kang* | ||
Plural | sila ni, silang sa† |
nila ni, nilang na† |
(kan)ila ni*, (kan)ilang* ka† | |||
†Archaic *Indirect personal forms used instead in colloquial speech. |
From earlier sang, conflating with sa (“to, in, at”). Compare Hiligaynon sang, Waray-Waray han, Tagalog ng.
sa
Compare Tagalog sina, Tausug hinda, Kinaray-a sanday.
sa
sà
Elision of the "l" in sala (“strain”), from Proto-Philippine *sáraʔ.
sa
Elision of the "l" in sala (“fault, sin”), from Inherited from Proto-Philippine *salaq.
sâ
Compare South Slavey sa
sa
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/p-wa.
sa
Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung, Santa Barbara: University of California
sa
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
Short form of sina
sa (genitive su, partitive sind, long form sina)
Declension of sa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2nd person | singular | plural | ||
long | short | long | short | |
nominative | sina | sa | teie | te |
genitive | sinu | su | teie | te |
partitive | sind | teid | ||
illative | sinusse | susse | teisse | |
inessive | sinus | sus | teis | |
elative | sinust | sust | teist | |
allative | sinule | sulle | teile | |
adessive | sinul | sul | teil | |
ablative | sinult | sult | teilt | |
translative | sinuks | – | teieks | teiks |
terminative | sinuni | – | teieni | – |
essive | sinuna | – | teiena | – |
abessive | sinuta | – | teieta | – |
comitative | sinuga | suga | teiega | – |
See sinä; developed through contraction.
sa
Other forms than the nominative generally align with sä.
From Old French sa, from Latin sua feminine form of suus.
sa f sg
From Proto-Polynesian *saqa.
sa
Either from Proto-Germanic *saliz (“house, hall”),[1] or from Proto-Germanic *sēaną (“to sow”).[2]
sa f (plural sas)
1 | 2 > | |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik. Cognate with Tibetan གཅིག (gcig), Burmese တစ် (tac).
sa
sa
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
Generally thought to be from Proto-Chadic (compare Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa, whence Mbuko slā, Uldeme slà, Bana slá, Muyang ɬà, Moloko ɬa, Zulgo-Gemzek sla, Podoko sla, Daba zlà, Lagwan nsla), but Newman dissents and considers it a possible borrowing.
sa
sa
sa
From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”), from Proto-Celtic *in sindū/sindai (“in the m sg/f sg dative”), *in sindom/sindam (“into the m sg/f sg accusative”).
sa
This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *i an never appears uncontracted. Used before consonant sounds only; otherwise, san is used. Triggers:
Often understood to be a contraction of ins an, but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while ins is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.
Basic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* | de mo dem* | de do ded*, det* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* | do mo dom* | do do dod*, dot* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* | i do id*, it* | ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* | le do led*, let* | lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* | ó mo óm* | ó do ód*, ót* | óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-hjwəj-t (“water; liquid; body fluid”). Cognate with Lashi suid" and Burmese သွေး (swe:).
sa
sa
A shorter form of sinā.
sa
singular (ikšlug) | plural (pǟgiņlug) | |
---|---|---|
nominative (nominatīv) | sinā sa |
tēg teg |
genitive (genitīv) | sin | täd |
partitive (partitīv) | sīnda | tēḑi |
dative (datīv) | sinnõn sin |
täddõn tän |
instrumental (instrumentāl) | sinkõks | tädkõks |
illative (illatīv) | sinnõ sinnõz |
tēži |
inessive (inesīv) | sinsõ | tēši |
elative (elatīv) | sinstõ | tēšti |
Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN
Reduced form of sua. Semantically derived from Cantonese 嘅 (ge3, possessive marker).
sa
Macanese personal pronouns (edit) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Possessive | Plural | Possessive | Reflexive | Possessive |
First | iou, io, mi*, ieu* | iou-sa, iou-sua#, minha, io-sa, io-sua# | nôs, nosôtro* | nôs-sa, nôsso, nôs-sua# | onçóm | su, onçóm-sa*, onçóm-sua# |
Second | vôs | vôs-sa, vôsso, su, vôs-sua# | vosôtro | vosôtro-sa, su, vosôtro-sua# | ||
Third | êle, êla* | êle-sa, su, êle-sua# | ilôtro, elôtro*, olôtro*, ulôtro* | ilôtro-sa, su, ilôtro-sua# |
#: dated.
*: rare.
Uncertain. Possibly from Portuguese sabe (“know”), thus a doublet of sábi.
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
Shortened form of esa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
Probably from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until; as far as; even”). The form, though without doubt unusual, might be explained from earlier *ħta by assimilation in fast speech. Compare Moroccan Arabic حتى (ḥta). Compare also Spanish hasta, which, if related, might point to the existence of an obsolete Maghrebi variant *ḥastā. Joseph Aquilina preferred to derive the Maltese form from a contraction of Italian sino a, variant of fino a (“until; as far as”). Both may also have reinforced each other.
sa
sa
sa
sa
Likely from Proto-Chadic *sa (“to drink”).[1] Cognate with Mpade se (“to drink”).
sa
Likely from Proto-Chadic *(-)sə (“to come”).[4]
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
sa
From Proto-Germanic *swa.
sā
sa
sa
sa
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *isa, *əsa, *asa.
sa
From Portuguese saber and Spanish saber and Kabuverdianu sabe.
sa
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
sa
sa f (plural (Logudorese, Nuorese) sas or (Campidanese) is, masculine su)
From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”).
sa
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.
sa
substantive | possessive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
1st person | ja | my | môj | náš | |
2nd person | familiar | ty | vy | tvoj | váš |
polite | vy | váš | |||
3rd person | m | on | oni*/ony | jeho | ich |
f | ona | jej | |||
n | ono | jeho | |||
reflexive | seba, sa (clitic) | svoj | |||
* masculine animate only, ony otherwise. |
From Proto-Athabaskan *x̯ʷa. Cognates include Navajo shá and Dogrib sa.
sa (stem -za-)
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | sezaá | naxezaá | |
2nd person | nezaá | ||
3rd person | 1) | — | gizaá |
2) | mezaá | gozaá | |
4th person | yezaá | ||
reflexive | sp. | ɂedezaá | kedezaá |
unsp. | dezaá | ||
reciprocal | — | ɂełezaá | |
indefinite | ɂezaá | ||
areal | gozaá | ||
1) Used when the subject is a group of human beings and the object is singular. 2) Used when the previous condition does not apply. |
-sa?
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
From English shall or borrowed from Dutch zal.
sa
sa
sa
-sá
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Bikol Central sa, Cebuano sa, Hiligaynon sa, Waray-Waray ha, Tausug ha, and Gorontalo ta.
sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)
Direct (ang) | Indirect (ng) | Oblique (sa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Common | Singular | ang | ng | sa |
Plural | ang mga | ng mga | sa mga | |
Personal | Singular | si | ni | kay |
Plural / Polite | sina | nina | kina |
Influenced by Baybayin character ᜐ (sa).
sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)
See tsa.
sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)
sā
Inherited from Common Bantu *-ca (“empty”).
-sa (declinable)
Noun class | indefinite | definite | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | |
1/2 | musa | basa | omusa | abasa |
3/4 | musa | misa | omusa | emisa |
5/6 | lisa | masa | erisa | amasa |
7/8 | kisa | bisa | ekisa | ebisa |
9/10 | nsa | nsa | ensa | ensa |
11/10 | rusa | orusa | ||
12/14 | kasa | busa | akasa | obusa |
13 | tusa | otusa | ||
14/6 | busa | masa | obusa | amasa |
15/6 | kusa | okusa | ||
16 | hasa | ahasa |
sa
sa
sa (not mutable)
Unlike other negative verb forms, the present negative form—and so, which is used for all other persons—is not complemented by ddim after the subject.
sa
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sa | ||
From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.
sa
sa
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to Mandarin 沙 (shā) or Lao ຊາຍ (sāi) and Thai ทราย (saai)?” |
sa (1957–1982 spelling sa)
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *saa.
sa
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *shaa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sja-n.
sá
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshaʔ.
sà
From Proto-Bantu *-kéa.
-sá
Tone H | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukusa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukusa | ukungasi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | yisa | -se | |||||||
Plural | yisani | -seni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyasa, ngisa | engisayo, engisa | ngisa | angisi | engingasi | ngingasi | |||
2nd singular | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
1st plural | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
2nd plural | niyasa, nisa | enisayo, enisa | nisa | anisi | eningasi | ningasi | |||
Class 1 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | esa | akasi | ongasi | engasi | |||
Class 2 | bayasa, basa | abasayo, abasa | besa | abasi | abangasi | bengasi | |||
Class 3 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
Class 4 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 5 | liyasa, lisa | elisayo, elisa | lisa | alisi | elingasi | lingasi | |||
Class 6 | ayasa, asa | asayo, asa | esa | awasi | angasi | engasi | |||
Class 7 | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
Class 8 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 9 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 10 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 11 | luyasa, lusa | olusayo, olusa | lusa | alusi | olungasi | lungasi | |||
Class 14 | buyasa, busa | obusayo, obusa | busa | abusi | obungasi | bungasi | |||
Class 15 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Class 17 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngisile, ngisē | engisile, engisē | ngisile, ngisē | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nisile, nisē | enisile, enisē | nisile, nisē | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | usile, usē | osile, osē | esile, esē | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | basile, basē | abasile, abasē | besile, besē | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lisile, lisē | elisile, elisē | lisile, lisē | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | asile, asē | asile, asē | esile, esē | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lusile, lusē | olusile, olusē | lusile, lusē | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | busile, busē | obusile, obusē | busile, busē | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāsa | engāsa | ngāsa | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nāsa | enāsa | nāsa | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | wāsa | owāsa | āsa | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | bāsa | abāsa | bāsa | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lāsa | elāsa | lāsa | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | āsa | āsa | āsa | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāsa | olwāsa | lwāsa | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | bāsa | obāsa | bāsa | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingasa | — | ngingasa | ngingese | — | ngingese | |||
2nd singular | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
1st plural | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
2nd plural | ningasa | — | ningasa | ningese | — | ningese | |||
Class 1 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 2 | bangasa | — | bengasa | bangese | — | bengese | |||
Class 3 | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
Class 4 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 5 | lingasa | — | lingasa | lingese | — | lingese | |||
Class 6 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 7 | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
Class 8 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 9 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 10 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 11 | lungasa | — | lungasa | lungese | — | lungese | |||
Class 14 | bungasa | — | bungasa | bungese | — | bungese | |||
Class 15 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Class 17 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokusa | engizokusa | ngizokusa | angizukusa | engingezukusa | ngingezukusa | |||
2nd singular | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
1st plural | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
2nd plural | nizokusa | enizokusa | nizokusa | anizukusa | eningezukusa | ningezukusa | |||
Class 1 | uzokusa | ozokusa | ezokusa | akazukusa | ongezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 2 | bazokusa | abazokusa | bezokusa | abazukusa | abangezukusa | bengezukusa | |||
Class 3 | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
Class 4 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 5 | lizokusa | elizokusa | lizokusa | alizukusa | elingezukusa | lingezukusa | |||
Class 6 | azokusa | azokusa | ezokusa | awazukusa | angezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 7 | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
Class 8 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 9 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 10 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 11 | luzokusa | oluzokusa | luzokusa | aluzukusa | olungezukusa | lungezukusa | |||
Class 14 | buzokusa | obuzokusa | buzokusa | abuzukusa | obungezukusa | bungezukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokusa | engiyokusa | ngiyokusa | angiyukusa | engingeyukusa | ngingeyukusa | |||
2nd singular | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
1st plural | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
2nd plural | niyokusa | eniyokusa | niyokusa | aniyukusa | eningeyukusa | ningeyukusa | |||
Class 1 | uyokusa | oyokusa | eyokusa | akayukusa | ongeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 2 | bayokusa | abayokusa | beyokusa | abayukusa | abangeyukusa | bengeyukusa | |||
Class 3 | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
Class 4 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 5 | liyokusa | eliyokusa | liyokusa | aliyukusa | elingeyukusa | lingeyukusa | |||
Class 6 | ayokusa | ayokusa | eyokusa | awayukusa | angeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 7 | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
Class 8 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 9 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 10 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 11 | luyokusa | oluyokusa | luyokusa | aluyukusa | olungeyukusa | lungeyukusa | |||
Class 14 | buyokusa | obuyokusa | buyokusa | abuyukusa | obungeyukusa | bungeyukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngise | ngingasi | |||||||
2nd singular | use | ungasi | |||||||
1st plural | sise | singasi | |||||||
2nd plural | nise | ningasi | |||||||
Class 1 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 2 | base | bangasi | |||||||
Class 3 | use | ungasi | |||||||
Class 4 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 5 | lise | lingasi | |||||||
Class 6 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 7 | sise | singasi | |||||||
Class 8 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 9 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 10 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 11 | luse | lungasi | |||||||
Class 14 | buse | bungasi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngasa | ngangasa, angasa, angangasa | |||||||
2nd singular | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
1st plural | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
2nd plural | nasa | nangasa, anasa, anangasa | |||||||
Class 1 | wasa | wangasa, akasa, akangasa | |||||||
Class 2 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 3 | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 4 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 5 | lasa | langasa, alasa, alangasa | |||||||
Class 6 | asa | angasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 7 | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
Class 8 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 9 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 10 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwasa | lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa | |||||||
Class 14 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa |
-sa
Tone L | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukusa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukusa | ukungasi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | yisa | -se | |||||||
Plural | yisani | -seni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyasa, ngisa | engisayo, engisa | ngisa | angisi | engingasi | ngingasi | |||
2nd singular | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
1st plural | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
2nd plural | niyasa, nisa | enisayo, enisa | nisa | anisi | eningasi | ningasi | |||
Class 1 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | esa | akasi | ongasi | engasi | |||
Class 2 | bayasa, basa | abasayo, abasa | besa | abasi | abangasi | bengasi | |||
Class 3 | uyasa, usa | osayo, osa | usa | awusi | ongasi | ungasi | |||
Class 4 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 5 | liyasa, lisa | elisayo, elisa | lisa | alisi | elingasi | lingasi | |||
Class 6 | ayasa, asa | asayo, asa | esa | awasi | angasi | engasi | |||
Class 7 | siyasa, sisa | esisayo, esisa | sisa | asisi | esingasi | singasi | |||
Class 8 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 9 | iyasa, isa | esayo, esa | isa | ayisi | engasi | ingasi | |||
Class 10 | ziyasa, zisa | ezisayo, ezisa | zisa | azisi | ezingasi | zingasi | |||
Class 11 | luyasa, lusa | olusayo, olusa | lusa | alusi | olungasi | lungasi | |||
Class 14 | buyasa, busa | obusayo, obusa | busa | abusi | obungasi | bungasi | |||
Class 15 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Class 17 | kuyasa, kusa | okusayo, okusa | kusa | akusi | okungasi | kungasi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngisile, ngisē | engisile, engisē | ngisile, ngisē | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nisile, nisē | enisile, enisē | nisile, nisē | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | usile, usē | osile, osē | esile, esē | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | basile, basē | abasile, abasē | besile, besē | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | usile, usē | osile, osē | usile, usē | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lisile, lisē | elisile, elisē | lisile, lisē | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | asile, asē | asile, asē | esile, esē | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sisile, sisē | esisile, esisē | sisile, sisē | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | isile, isē | esile, esē | isile, isē | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zisile, zisē | ezisile, ezisē | zisile, zisē | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lusile, lusē | olusile, olusē | lusile, lusē | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | busile, busē | obusile, obusē | busile, busē | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kusile, kusē | okusile, okusē | kusile, kusē | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāsa | engāsa | ngāsa | angisanga | engingasanga | ngingasanga | |||
2nd singular | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
1st plural | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
2nd plural | nāsa | enāsa | nāsa | anisanga | eningasanga | ningasanga | |||
Class 1 | wāsa | owāsa | āsa | akasanga | ongasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 2 | bāsa | abāsa | bāsa | abasanga | abangasanga | bengasanga | |||
Class 3 | wāsa | owāsa | wāsa | awusanga | ongasanga | ungasanga | |||
Class 4 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 5 | lāsa | elāsa | lāsa | alisanga | elingasanga | lingasanga | |||
Class 6 | āsa | āsa | āsa | awasanga | angasanga | engasanga | |||
Class 7 | sāsa | esāsa | sāsa | asisanga | esingasanga | singasanga | |||
Class 8 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 9 | yāsa | eyāsa | yāsa | ayisanga | engasanga | ingasanga | |||
Class 10 | zāsa | ezāsa | zāsa | azisanga | ezingasanga | zingasanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāsa | olwāsa | lwāsa | alusanga | olungasanga | lungasanga | |||
Class 14 | bāsa | obāsa | bāsa | abusanga | obungasanga | bungasanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāsa | okwāsa | kwāsa | akusanga | okungasanga | kungasanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingasa | — | ngingasa | ngingese | — | ngingese | |||
2nd singular | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
1st plural | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
2nd plural | ningasa | — | ningasa | ningese | — | ningese | |||
Class 1 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 2 | bangasa | — | bengasa | bangese | — | bengese | |||
Class 3 | ungasa | — | ungasa | ungese | — | ungese | |||
Class 4 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 5 | lingasa | — | lingasa | lingese | — | lingese | |||
Class 6 | angasa | — | engasa | angese | — | engese | |||
Class 7 | singasa | — | singasa | singese | — | singese | |||
Class 8 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 9 | ingasa | — | ingasa | ingese | — | ingese | |||
Class 10 | zingasa | — | zingasa | zingese | — | zingese | |||
Class 11 | lungasa | — | lungasa | lungese | — | lungese | |||
Class 14 | bungasa | — | bungasa | bungese | — | bungese | |||
Class 15 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Class 17 | kungasa | — | kungasa | kungese | — | kungese | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokusa | engizokusa | ngizokusa | angizukusa | engingezukusa | ngingezukusa | |||
2nd singular | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
1st plural | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
2nd plural | nizokusa | enizokusa | nizokusa | anizukusa | eningezukusa | ningezukusa | |||
Class 1 | uzokusa | ozokusa | ezokusa | akazukusa | ongezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 2 | bazokusa | abazokusa | bezokusa | abazukusa | abangezukusa | bengezukusa | |||
Class 3 | uzokusa | ozokusa | uzokusa | awuzukusa | ongezukusa | ungezukusa | |||
Class 4 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 5 | lizokusa | elizokusa | lizokusa | alizukusa | elingezukusa | lingezukusa | |||
Class 6 | azokusa | azokusa | ezokusa | awazukusa | angezukusa | engezukusa | |||
Class 7 | sizokusa | esizokusa | sizokusa | asizukusa | esingezukusa | singezukusa | |||
Class 8 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 9 | izokusa | ezokusa | izokusa | ayizukusa | engezukusa | ingezukusa | |||
Class 10 | zizokusa | ezizokusa | zizokusa | azizukusa | ezingezukusa | zingezukusa | |||
Class 11 | luzokusa | oluzokusa | luzokusa | aluzukusa | olungezukusa | lungezukusa | |||
Class 14 | buzokusa | obuzokusa | buzokusa | abuzukusa | obungezukusa | bungezukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuzokusa | okuzokusa | kuzokusa | akuzukusa | okungezukusa | kungezukusa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokusa | engiyokusa | ngiyokusa | angiyukusa | engingeyukusa | ngingeyukusa | |||
2nd singular | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
1st plural | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
2nd plural | niyokusa | eniyokusa | niyokusa | aniyukusa | eningeyukusa | ningeyukusa | |||
Class 1 | uyokusa | oyokusa | eyokusa | akayukusa | ongeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 2 | bayokusa | abayokusa | beyokusa | abayukusa | abangeyukusa | bengeyukusa | |||
Class 3 | uyokusa | oyokusa | uyokusa | awuyukusa | ongeyukusa | ungeyukusa | |||
Class 4 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 5 | liyokusa | eliyokusa | liyokusa | aliyukusa | elingeyukusa | lingeyukusa | |||
Class 6 | ayokusa | ayokusa | eyokusa | awayukusa | angeyukusa | engeyukusa | |||
Class 7 | siyokusa | esiyokusa | siyokusa | asiyukusa | esingeyukusa | singeyukusa | |||
Class 8 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 9 | iyokusa | eyokusa | iyokusa | ayiyukusa | engeyukusa | ingeyukusa | |||
Class 10 | ziyokusa | eziyokusa | ziyokusa | aziyukusa | ezingeyukusa | zingeyukusa | |||
Class 11 | luyokusa | oluyokusa | luyokusa | aluyukusa | olungeyukusa | lungeyukusa | |||
Class 14 | buyokusa | obuyokusa | buyokusa | abuyukusa | obungeyukusa | bungeyukusa | |||
Class 15 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Class 17 | kuyokusa | okuyokusa | kuyokusa | akuyukusa | okungeyukusa | kungeyukusa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngise | ngingasi | |||||||
2nd singular | use | ungasi | |||||||
1st plural | sise | singasi | |||||||
2nd plural | nise | ningasi | |||||||
Class 1 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 2 | base | bangasi | |||||||
Class 3 | use | ungasi | |||||||
Class 4 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 5 | lise | lingasi | |||||||
Class 6 | ase | angasi | |||||||
Class 7 | sise | singasi | |||||||
Class 8 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 9 | ise | ingasi | |||||||
Class 10 | zise | zingasi | |||||||
Class 11 | luse | lungasi | |||||||
Class 14 | buse | bungasi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuse | kungasi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngasa | ngangasa, angasa, angangasa | |||||||
2nd singular | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
1st plural | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
2nd plural | nasa | nangasa, anasa, anangasa | |||||||
Class 1 | wasa | wangasa, akasa, akangasa | |||||||
Class 2 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 3 | wasa | wangasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 4 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 5 | lasa | langasa, alasa, alangasa | |||||||
Class 6 | asa | angasa, awasa, awangasa | |||||||
Class 7 | sasa | sangasa, asasa, asangasa | |||||||
Class 8 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 9 | yasa | yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa | |||||||
Class 10 | zasa | zangasa, azasa, azangasa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwasa | lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa | |||||||
Class 14 | basa | bangasa, abasa, abangasa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwasa | kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa |