ipse

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin ipse.

Pronoun

ipse

1. himself; herself; itself

Latin

Alternative forms

• ipsus (Old Latin)

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *e(s)peso, a compound pronoun whose -p- is of difficult-to-trace origin. See the Proto-Italic entry for more.

The p is traditionally explained as as follows. In Old Latin when both parts were inflected, an epenthetic consonant p was inserted in the form *eum-sum, yielding eum-p-sum. From these accusative forms the stems -pso and -psā were extracted and adapted to the nominative forms, thus ipsus and eapsa. Ultimately the paradigm was assimilated to that of iste, ille, with only later in the history of Latin neuter ipsum becoming ipsud.^[1]

De Vaan argues that the -p- need not necessarily be epenthetic, but instead it may be the particle -pe.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈip.se/, [ˈɪps̠ɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈip.se/, [ˈipse]
• Hyphenation: ip‧se

Determiner

ipse (feminine ipsa, neuter ipsum); demonstrative pronoun (pronominal)

1. (emphatic) himself, herself, itself, the very, the actual
   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 5.6:

     cōpiaque ipsa nocet

     and the very abundance [of choices] hurts

2. specific reference to the chief, the leader, the one, etc., used to distinguish the principal person from the subordinates
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.113–115:

     Ūnam, quae Lyciōs fīdumque vehēbat Orontēn,
     ipsius ante oculōs, ingēns ā vertice pontus
     in puppim ferit [...].

     One [ship], which was carrying the faithful Orontes and [his] Lycians – [and it happened] before the eyes of [Aeneas] himself – a huge wave [descending] from high above smashes upon [its] stern [...].
     (See: Aeneas; Lycia, Lycians.)

3. in person
4. for one's part, for his part, for her part
5. alone, by oneself, by one's own accord, of one's own nature
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.475–476:

     [...] tempus sēcum ipsa modumque / exigit, [...].

     [..., and] all by herself [Dido] works out the time and manner [of her own death], [...].
     (Literally, “with she herself;” in other words, Dido tells no one about her suicidal thoughts.)

6. just (with an adverb of time)

   nunc ipsum ― just now; at this very time

   tum ipsum ― just now; at that very time

7. exactly, precisely, just (with a numeral or for contrast)

Declension

Demonstrative pronoun (pronominal).

Number	Singular				Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ipse	ipsa	ipsum		ipsī	ipsae	ipsa
Genitive	ipsī̆us				ipsōrum	ipsārum	ipsōrum
Dative	ipsī				ipsīs
Accusative	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum		ipsōs	ipsās	ipsa
Ablative	ipsō	ipsā	ipsō		ipsīs

It follows the pronominal declension

• In Medieval Latin the neuter form ipsud (instead of ipsum) appears.

Coordinate terms

type	demonstrative			anaphoric	identity	interrogative/ relative	indefinite					negative	other
	proximal	medial	distal				relative	indefinite	free choice	universal	negative polarity
basic	hic	iste, istic	ille, illic	is	ipse, īdem	quis/quī	quisquis, quīcumque	quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam	quīvis, quīlibet	quisque	quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam	nēmō, nihil, nūllus	alius
dual						uter	utercumque	alteruter	utervīs, uterlibet	uterque		neuter	alter
place	hīc	istīc	illīc	ibī̆	ibī̆dem	ubī̆	ubiubi, ubī̆cumque	alicubī, uspiam	ubivīs, ubilibet	ubīque	usquam	nusquam, nūllibī	alibī, aliās
source	hinc	istinc	illinc	inde	indidem	unde	undecumque, undeunde	alicunde	°undelibet	undique			aliunde
destination	hūc, °hōrsum	istūc, °istōrsum	illūc, °illōrsum	eō	eōdem	quō, quōrsum	quōquō, quōcumque	aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum	quōvīs, quōlibet		quōquam	nusquam, nūllōrsum	aliō, aliōrsum
method, means, path, place	hāc	istāc	illāc	eā	eādem	quā	quāquā, quācumque	aliquā	quāvīs, quālibet	quāque		nēquāquam, haudquāquam	aliā
manner	hōc modō	istō modō	illō modō	ita, sīc, eō modō	item, itidem	ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum	utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque	quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō	quōmodolibet	utique	ūllō modō	nūllō modō	aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō
time	num, nunc		ōlim	tum, tunc	simul	quandō, ‡cum	cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque	quondam, aliquandō	quandōlibet	quandōque	umquam	numquam	aliās
quantity				tam	†tamen, †tandem	quam	†quamquam	aliquam	quamvīs, quamlibet
size				tantus	tantusdem	quantus	quantuscumque	aliquantus	quantusvīs, quantuslibet
quality				tālis		quālis	quālis, quāliscumque	aliquālis	quālislibet
number				tot	totidem	quot	quotquot, quotcumque	aliquot	quotlibet
order				totus		quotus	quotuscumque	aliquotus	quotuslibet
repetition				totiēns		quotiēns	quotiēnscumque	aliquotiēns	quotiēnslibet
multiplication				totuplex		quotuplex
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative

Latin correlatives ^(edit)

Derived terms

• semetipse
• ipsimus
• rēapse
• ipse dīxit
• rēs ipsa loquitur, rēs loquitur ipsa

Derived terms

• *ad ipsum
• *eccum ipse
• metipse
• *metipsimus

Descendants

• Aragonese: ixe, ixa
• Aromanian: nãs, nãsã, is, isã
• Catalan: eixe, eixa, eixos, eixes

  Eastern or Balearic: es, sa, es, ses^[2]

• Galician: ese, esa, iso, eses, esas, eis
• Gascon: ishe, isha
• Italian: esso, essa, essi, esse ⇒ stesso, stessa
• Old Franco-Provençal: eis, eissament
  • Franco-Provençal: pas n'eis (Terres Froides)
• Old French: es, esse, is, en esse de
  • French: en esse de (regional, Eastern France)
  • Lorrain: èche de
• Occitan: eis, eissa
• Piedmontese: ës, s, së, is
• Portuguese: esse, essa, isso, esses, essas
• Romanian: îns, însă, însăși, însele, însuși, înșiși ^[3]
• Sardinian: issu; su
• Spanish: ese, esa, eso, esos, esas

References

• “ipse”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• ipse in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to penetrate into the heart of Greece: in ipsam or intimam Graeciam penetrare
    
  • (ambiguous) at the same moment that, precisely when: eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum
    
  • just at the critical moment: in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis
    
  • extraneous causes: causae extrinsecus allatae (opp. in ipsa re positae)
    
  • at the critical moment: in ipso periculi discrimine
    
  • everyday experience tells us this: res ipsa, usus rerum (cotidie) docet
    
  • the very facts of the case show this: res ipsa docet
    
  • the matter speaks for itself: res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur
    
  • there is a flavour of Atticism about his discourse: ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent
    
  • this is as clear as daylight: hoc est luce (sole ipso) clarius
    
  • (ambiguous) at the same moment that, precisely when: eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum
    
  • (ambiguous) with this very object: ad id ipsum
    
  • (ambiguous) the circumstances are described in language worthy of them: rebus ipsis par est oratio
    
  • (ambiguous) to have self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations: sibi imperare or continere et coercere se ipsum
    
• ipse in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016

1. • Palmer, L.R. (1906) The Latin Language, London, Faber and Faber
2. Joan Veny (1986): "Els parlars catalans", ed Raixa, →ISBN
3. "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language (online version, ed. 2008)", http://dexonline.ro/lexem/%C3%AEnsu%C8%99i/28651