Etymology 1
From Latin quā (“in the capacity of”).
Preposition
qua
- (chiefly philosophy) as; in the capacity of; acting as
1920, T. S. Eliot, “Hamlet and His Problems”, in The Sacred Wood:Qua work of art, the work of art cannot be interpreted; there is nothing to interpret; we can only criticize it according to standards, in comparison to other works of art; […]
- 1954: Gilbert Ryle, Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953, dilemma vii: Perception, page 99 (The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press)
- As anatomy, physiology and, later, psychology have developed into more or less well-organized sciences, they have necessarily and rightly come to incorporate the study of, among other things, the structures, mechanisms, and functionings of animal and human bodies qua percipient.
- 1962: Norman Malcolm; Dreaming; chapter nine: “Judgments in Sleep”, page 39{1}; chapter twelve: “The Concept of Dreaming”, page 68{2} (1977 paperback reprint; Routledge & Kegan Paul; ISBN 0‒7100‒3836‒4 (c), 0‒7100‒8434‒X (p))
- {1} For sleep qua sleep has no experiential content: it cannot turn out, as remarked before, that a man was not asleep because he was not having some experience or other.
- {2} I am denying that a dream qua dream is a seeming, appearance or ‘semblance of reality’.
2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Penguin, published 2004, page 458:It was qua poet that Byron resurrected the exploded and discarded immortal Christian soul by bodying it forth through the notion of soul conceived as poetic imagination.
- 2005: Ulfelder, Jay.Collective Action and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes. International Political Science Review, 26(3), p318. Retrieved 1615 240810 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/30039035.pdf?acceptTC=true.
- "In essence, military regimes are autocracies in which the military qua organization performs many of the functions performed by the ruling party in single-party regimes."
- 2009: Ken Levy, Killing, Letting Die, and the Case for Mildly Punishing Bad Samaritanism, Georgia Law Review, p. 24.
- Blame qua attitude is the feeling or belief that an individual has committed a wrongdoing, usually a wrongful action and/or harm, and can be reasonably expected not to have committed this wrongdoing. Blame qua practice is the public expression of this attitude – usually by means of censure (written or verbal criticism) or punishment. Generally, the morally worse the wrongdoing, the more severe the censure/punishment.
2022 March 29, Dwight Garner, “In Jennifer Egan’s New Novel, Our Memories Are Available for All to See”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:Sometimes, though, you pick up a novel and it makes your skin prickle — not necessarily because it’s a great novel qua novel, which you can’t know until the end, but because of the velocity of its microperceptions.
Etymology 2
Imitative.
Interjection
qua
- The cawing sound of a crow.
1909, The Country Gentleman, volume 74, page 266:Crows have a language of their own in a wild state that any observant person can learn. […] Then he would straighten his head back and, with the most comical bowing and wagging, say: "Qua qua qua, qua qua qua" for perhaps a minute.
2012, Jaman Tree, I Crow River:Qua... qua... qua... out of the blue I hear the crows cawing with great fanfare as they announce to the world at large that they are here by my side and intend to probe into my being.
Etymology
From Latin quā (“in the capacity of, by which, as far as”).
Preposition
qua [with dative or (alternatively when governing a noun accompanied by an adjective or article, rarely otherwise) genitive]
- (formal) by
- Synonyms: durch, mittels, kraft
- qua Gesetz ― by law
2018, Kevin Rick, Verbraucherpolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Nomos Verlag, →ISBN, page 84:Die Regierung von Individuen oder Kollektiven, sei es qua Verordnung oder qua Appell, ist deshalb stets an das „Regieren des Selbst“ gekoppelt, an durch das Subjekt aktiv anzueignende Selbsttechniken bzw. Technologien des Selbst.- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Usage notes
Sometimes used with the genitive:
- qua Amtes ― ex officio (literally, “by office”)
Further reading
- “qua” in Duden online
- “qua” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Etymology
The suffix has been used since around the 17th and 18th century. Since "hong" (行) merchants were technically officials of the lowest (9th) rank, the suffix qua was added to their names in honour of their positions in the Qing government.
Suffix
qua
- Irregular romanization of of 官 (“official”)
Usage notes
- Formerly added to names of hong merchants (i.e. "Powqua," "Chinqua").
Pronoun
qua (plural qui)
- (relative pronoun) which
- Esis tre jentila homo qua helpis ni. ― It was a nice man who helped us.
- (interrogative pronoun) who
- Qua esas ita kerlo? ― Who is that guy? (direct question)
- Me ne konocas qua ita esas. ― I don't know who that is. (indirect question)
Determiner
qua
- (interrogative determiner) what
- Qua kamizo vu portos? ― What shirt are you going to wear?
Adverb
qua
- here
- Synonym: qui
Usage notes
- For differences between qua and qui, see notes at qui.
Further reading
- qua in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
- qua2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 1
Adverb declined from quī. Diachronically, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷéh₂; compare Ancient Greek πῇ (pêi), πῆ (pê, “which way, how”) and Latin quam.
Adverb
quā (not comparable)
- On which side, at or in which place, in what direction, where, by what way (qua...ea...)
- as; in the capacity or character of
- In so far as
- ens qua ens ― being as being
- In what way, how, by what method; to what degree or extent
- (indefinite, after sī, nisi, num, nē) anyway, anyhow, in any way
29 BCE – 19 BCE,
Virgil,
Aeneid 1.17–18:
- hoc rēgnum dea gentibus esse –
sī quā fāta sinant – iam tum tenditque fovetque.- The goddess already aims and fondly hopes that this [city] – if in any way the fates allow it – [will] be the seat of ruling power over [all] nations.
(In other words, long before the founding of Rome the goddess Juno wanted Carthage to become the imperial city. See: Juno (mythology); Carthage.)
More information type, demonstrative ...
type | demonstrative | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | indefinite | negative | other |
proximal | medial | distal | relative | indefinite | free choice | universal | negative polarity |
basic |
hic | iste, istic | ille, illic | is | ipse, īdem | quis/quī | quisquis, quīcumque | quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam | quīvis, quīlibet | quisque | quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam | nēmō, nihil, nūllus | alius |
dual |
| | | | | uter | utercumque | alteruter | utervīs, uterlibet | uterque | | neuter | alter |
place |
hīc | istīc | illīc | ibī̆ | ibī̆dem | ubī̆ | ubiubi, ubī̆cumque | alicubī, uspiam | ubivīs, ubilibet | ubīque | usquam | nusquam, nūllibī | alibī, aliās |
source |
hinc | istinc | illinc | inde | indidem | unde | undecumque, undeunde | alicunde | °undelibet | undique | | | aliunde |
destination |
hūc, °hōrsum | istūc, °istōrsum | illūc, °illōrsum | eō | eōdem | quō, quōrsum | quōquō, quōcumque | aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum | quōvīs, quōlibet | | quōquam | nusquam, nūllōrsum | aliō, aliōrsum |
method, means, path, place |
hāc | istāc | illāc | eā | eādem | quā | quāquā, quācumque | aliquā | quāvīs, quālibet | quāque | | nēquāquam, haudquāquam | aliā |
manner |
hōc modō | istō modō | illō modō | ita, sīc, eō modō | item, itidem | ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum | utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque | quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō | quōmodolibet | utique | ūllō modō | nūllō modō | aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō |
time |
num, nunc | | ōlim | tum, tunc | simul | quandō, ‡cum | cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque | quondam, aliquandō | quandōlibet | quandōque | umquam | numquam | aliās |
quantity |
| | | tam | †tamen, †tandem | quam | †quamquam | aliquam | quamvīs, quamlibet | | | | |
size |
| | | tantus | tantusdem | quantus | quantuscumque | aliquantus | quantusvīs, quantuslibet | | | | |
quality |
| | | tālis | | quālis | quālis, quāliscumque | aliquālis | quālislibet | | | | |
number |
| | | tot | totidem | quot | quotquot, quotcumque | aliquot | quotlibet | | | | |
order |
| | | totus | | quotus | quotuscumque | aliquotus | quotuslibet | | | | |
repetition |
| | | totiēns | | quotiēns | quotiēnscumque | aliquotiēns | quotiēnslibet | | | | |
multiplication |
| | | totuplex | | quotuplex | | | | | | | |
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative |
Close
Etymology 2
Inflection of quī (“who, which”).
Etymology 3
Inflection of quis (“anyone, something, anyone, anything”).
References
- “qua”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “qua”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- qua in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- (ambiguous) how old are you: qua aetate es?
- (ambiguous) moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
- (ambiguous) the connection of thought: ratio, qua sententiae inter se excipiunt.
- (ambiguous) to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion: ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
- (ambiguous) the question at issue: res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur
- Allen, Joseph Henry, Greenough, James B. (1903) Allen and Greenough's New Latin grammar for schools and colleges: founded on comparative grammar, Boston: Ginn and Company, § 149
Etymology 2
From Old Norse hvat, from Proto-Germanic *hwat.
Pronoun
qua
- obsolete spelling of kva.
1695, Norske Vers til Kronprintsens Bilager, volume 21, quoted in Syn og Segn, page 272:Qua skall eg mejra seja[?]- What more shall I say[?]
References
- “qua” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.