quisquis

See also: quis-quis

English

Alternative forms

• quis-quis

Etymology

Shared with quisquous and quiscoskos; from Latin quisquis (“whosoever”) or by reduplication of Latin quis (“of what kind”).

Pronoun

quisquis

1. (Scotland, rare) Whoever, whosoever.

Adjective

quisquis (comparative more quisquis, superlative most quisquis)

1. (Scotland, rare) Synonym of quisquous.
   • 1909, William Macgill, “Topography and Local History”, in Old Ross-Shire and Scotland, As Seen in the Tain and Balnagown Documents‎:

     A drastic method this last to make sere of a full meeting and no shirkers of a “quisquis” business—evidently meaning a delicate and difficult one; a rare expression not found elsewhere in these papers.

Related terms

• quisquous
• quiscoskos

References

• “quisquis” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
• J[ames] B[rown] Montgomerie-Fleming (1899) “QUISQUOUS, iii. 593.”, in Desultory Notes on Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary, Glasgow, Edinburgh: William Hodge & Company, pages 121–122

Latin

Etymology

Reduplication of quis.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈkʷis.kʷis/, [ˈkʷɪs̠kʷɪs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈkwis.kwis/, [ˈkwiskwis]

Pronoun

quisquis m or f (indefinite, neuter quidquid or quicquid)

1. whoever, whatever

Usage notes

• This pronoun is rarely used outside the nominative, accusative and vocative cases. For such instances, quis is usually employed.
• Scaevola with a text out of a testament is cited with the neuter plural quaequae, and Ulpianus is cited with the accusative plural quōsquōs.^[1]
• Titus Livius is cited with dative or ablative plural quibusquibus in ab urbe condita book 41.^[2][3] However, this depends on edition as it is: "liberos suos quibusquibus Romanis in eam condicionem",^[4] or "liberos suos quibuslibet Romanis in eam condicionem".^[5]
• Cicero's pro P. Sestio is sometimes cited with the form quiqui,^[3] but this does also depend on edition.^[6] F. Neue stated, that quiqui appears in some editions of Cicero's pro P. Sestio, but not in manuscripts.^[7]
• Plautus, Aulularia, actus IV is sometimes given as a references for a nominative singular quīquī.^[8] The text however does depend on the edition.^[9]
• Dictionaries and old grammars mention an adjectivally used feminine nominative *quaequae and a neuter *quodquod (or *quocquod). These forms however are unattested, while quisquis and quidquid (or quicquid) are used adjectivally too.^[10][11]

Declension

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Relative/interrogative pronoun.

Number	Singular				Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	quisquis		quidquid quicquid		quīquī	quaequae
Genitive	cuiuscuius				quōrumquōrum	quārumquārum	quōrumquōrum
Dative	cuicui				quibusquibus quīsquīs
Accusative	quemquem	quamquam	quidquid quicquid		quōsquōs	quāsquās	quaequae
Ablative	quōquō	quāquā	quōquō		quibusquibus quīsquīs
Vocative	quisquis		quidquid quicquid		quīquī	quaequae

Quotations

• Plautus, Menaechmi, actus V. In: Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. II of five volumes, 1917, p. 446f.:

  Quisquis es, quidquid tibi nomen est, senex, summum Iovem deosque do testes—

  Whoever you are, whatever your name is, old gentleman, I call Heaven and God on high to witness—

• Plautus, Menaechmi, actus V. In: Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. II of five volumes, 1917, p. 486f.:

  venibunt quiqui licebunt, praesenti pecunia.

  • For sale ... your own price ... cash down!
  • All will go for whatever they'll fetch at ready money prices. ^[12]

Related terms

type	demonstrative			anaphoric	identity	interrogative/ relative	indefinite					negative	other
	proximal	medial	distal				relative	indefinite	free choice	universal	negative polarity
basic	hic	iste, istic	ille, illic	is	ipse, īdem	quis/quī	quisquis, quīcumque	quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam	quīvis, quīlibet	quisque	quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam	nēmō, nihil, nūllus	alius
dual						uter	utercumque	alteruter	utervīs, uterlibet	uterque		neuter	alter
place	hīc	istīc	illīc	ibī̆	ibī̆dem	ubī̆	ubiubi, ubī̆cumque	alicubī, uspiam	ubivīs, ubilibet	ubīque	usquam	nusquam, nūllibī	alibī, aliās
source	hinc	istinc	illinc	inde	indidem	unde	undecumque, undeunde	alicunde	°undelibet	undique			aliunde
destination	hūc, °hōrsum	istūc, °istōrsum	illūc, °illōrsum	eō	eōdem	quō, quōrsum	quōquō, quōcumque	aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum	quōvīs, quōlibet		quōquam	nusquam, nūllōrsum	aliō, aliōrsum
method, means, path, place	hāc	istāc	illāc	eā	eādem	quā	quāquā, quācumque	aliquā	quāvīs, quālibet	quāque		nēquāquam, haudquāquam	aliā
manner	hōc modō	istō modō	illō modō	ita, sīc, eō modō	item, itidem	ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum	utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque	quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō	quōmodolibet	utīque	ūllō modō	nūllō modō	aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō
time	num, nunc		ōlim	tum, tunc	simul	quandō, ‡cum	cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque	quondam, aliquandō	quandōlibet	quandōque	umquam	numquam	aliās
quantity				tam	†tamen, †tandem	quam	†quamquam	aliquam	quamvīs, quamlibet
size				tantus	tantusdem	quantus	quantuscumque	aliquantus	quantusvīs, quantuslibet
quality				tālis		quālis	quālis, quāliscumque	aliquālis	quālislibet
number				tot	totidem	quot	quotquot, quotcumque	aliquot	quotlibet
order				totus		quotus	quotuscumque	aliquotus	quotuslibet
repetition				totiēns		quotiēns	quotiēnscumque	aliquotiēns	quotiēnslibet
multiplication				totuplex		quotuplex
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative

Latin correlatives ^(edit)

Descendants

• → English: quiscos, quiscus, quisqouse, quisquose, quisquous; quiscoskos; quis-quis, quisquis

References

• Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for schools and colleges founded on comparative grammar, edited by J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, A. A. Howard and Benj. L. D'Ooge, 1903, p. 69:
  "In quisquis whoever, both parts are declined, but the only forms in common use are quisquis, quidquid (quicquid) and quōquō.
  Note 1.–Rare forms are quemquem and quibisquibus; an ablative quīquī is sometimes found in early Latin; the ablative feminine quāquā is both late and rare. Cuicui occurs as a genitive in the phrase cuicui modī, of whatever kind. Other cases are cited, but have no authority. In early Latin quisquis is occasionally feminine.
  Note 2.–Quisquis is usually substantive, except in the ablative quōquō, which is more commonly an adjective."

1. Friedrich Neue, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 2nd part, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1875, p. 248: "Quaequae als Neutr. Scäv. Dig. 34, 3, 28 § 1 aus einem Testament: Quibusque legata in eo testamento quod incideram dedi, omnia rata esse et quaequae scripta sunt volo;" and "Ut in dote essent fructus quosquos percepisset Ulpian. Dig. 23, 4, 4"
2. Friedrich Neue, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 2nd part, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1875, p. 245: "quibusquibus Liv. 41, 8, 10"
3. “quisquis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
4. Titi Livi ab urbe condita libri. Erklärt von W. Weissenborn, vol. 9, containing Livius' book XXXIV–XXXXII, Berlin, 1864, p. 230f.
5. T. Livius: Römische Geschichte. Buch XXXIX-XLI. Lateinisch und deutsch herausgegeben von Hans Jürgen Hillen. 3rd edition, 2007, p. 272
6. The texts of some editions:

   • M. T. Ciceronis orationes pro Publio Sextio et pro lege manilia. Für Schulen bearbeitet von Joh. Karl Wilhelm Lotzbeck, Baireuth, 1829, p. 58:

     Esto igitur, ut hi sint, quam tu nationem appellasti, qui et integri sunt, et sani, et bene de rebus domesticis constituti.

   • Oeuvres complètes de Cicéron, avec la traduction en français, publiées sous la direction, de M. Nisard. Tome Troisième, Paris, 1840, p. 82:

     Esto igitur, ut hi sint, quam tu nationem appellasti, quiqui integri sunt, et sani, et bene de rebus domesticis constituti.

   • Marcus Tullius Cicero: Die politischen Reden. Band II. Lateinisch–deutsch, edited, translated and explained by Manfred Fuhrmann, 1993, p. 224:

     Est igitur ut ii sint, quam tu "nationem" appellasti, qui et integri sunt et sani et bene de rebus domesticis constituti.

7. Friedrich Neue, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 2nd part, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1875, p. 248: "f. Sest. 45, 97 ist quiqui integri sunt in einigen Ausg. [= Ausgaben], aber in keiner Hdschr. [= Handschrift.]"
8. “quiqui”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
9. The texts of some editions are:

   • M. Acci Plauti aulularia, edited by Franc. Goeller, 1825, p. 35:

     neque partém tibi
     Ab eo, quiqui est, indipisces; néque furem excipiés?

   • M. Accii Plauti comoediae, edited by J. F. Gronovius, vol. I., London, 1829, p. 310:

     "neque partem tibi
     Ab eo, quiqui est, inde posces: neque furem excipies?"

     Tibi ab eo quoi sit indipisces B. 1. Tibi ab eo cuique est inde pasces B. 2. cui sit indipisces Pl. 1. a m. sec. Hl. 1. cuiquam est inde posces Pl. 1. a m. pr. cuicumque est Pl. 5. cuiquam est dinipisces Lgg. Pll. 2. 6. 5. C. Nonius p. 556. 59. citat, Nec partem tibi adeo cui sit indipisces, neque furum excipies; at p. 651. 21. Neque partem ab eo, qui qui est, inde posces, neque furem excipias. Vet. quoque ed. Meurs. H. M. G. indipisces. Mss. aliquot Nonii, inde posces. C. et Pl. a m. pr. expies.

     NOTAE
     Inde posces] Alii indipisces.

   • Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. I of four volumes, 1916, p. 314f. (note: on p. v the author is named Titus Maccius Plautus):

     "Neque partem tibi ab eo qui habet indipisces neque furem excipies?"

     And you won't go shares with the man that has it, or shield the thief?

10. Albert Harkness, Practical Introduction to Latin composition for schools and colleges, New York, 1876, p. 305: "Whatever. Quisquis, quaequae, quodquod and quicquid or quidquid.
11. Friedrich Neue, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 2nd part, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1875, p. 241: "Aber quisquis auch adjectivisch in quisquis color Verg. Ge. 2, 256 im Pal., im Med. und Bern. b c m sec. und bei Serv., und Horat. Serm. 2, 1, 60, quisquis honos Verg. Aen. 10, 493, quisquis erit ventus Plin. H. N. 18, 34, 77, 339."; p. 242: "Zu quisquam und quisquis ist nur das Neutr. quicquam oder quidquam und quicquid oder quidquid nachzuweisen" and "suum quidquid genus talearum Cato R. R. 48, 1, quidquid solamen humandi est Verg. Aen. 10, 493, und quidquid est nomen Plaut. bei Serv. zu dieser Stelle, ferner Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 60 und Pseud. 2, 2, 44, Gell. 4, 1, 4"
12. Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Plautus literally translated into English prose, with notes, vol. I. of two volumes, London, 1869, p. 372

Further reading

• “quisquis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “quisquis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• quisquis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.