ille

See also: Ille, 'ille, and -ille

Galician

Verb

ille

1. inflection of illar:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin.

Adjective

ille

1. that

Synonyms

• aquelle

Pronoun

ille

1. he

Irish

Contraction

ille

1. Contraction of i leith

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ille”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Latin

Alternative forms

• olle (for the pronoun; archaic)

Etymology

From Old Latin olle (“he, that”) (also ollus, olla), from Proto-Italic *olnos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-no-s or *h₂l̥-no-s, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with Latin ūls (“beyond”), alius (“other”), and alter (“the other”); Umbrian ulu (“to that place”), Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”, literally “in that (year)”).

Initial i- from o- has no parallel case and may be owing to contamination from is, iste and/or due to the palatalizing effect of l exilis.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈil.le/, [ˈɪlːʲɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈil.le/, [ˈilːe]

Determiner

ille (feminine illa, neuter illud); demonstrative determiner

1. that; those (in the plural)
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.153:

     ille regit dictīs animōs et pectora mulcet

     that [man], by having spoken, guides [their] minds and soothes [their] hearts

   • 4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Tobit 3:24

     in illo tempore exauditae sunt preces amborum in conspectu gloriae summi Dei

     at that time the prayers of them both were heard in the sight of the glory of the most high God

Derived terms

• *ecce ille
• *eccum ille

Descendants

• Balkan Romance:
  • Romanian: ăl, ăla, aia, ăia, alea, ăluia, ăleia, ălora (regional)
• Italo-Romance:
  • Central Italian: illi (M.PL)
  • Old Neapolitan: illo (Salentino)
  • Sicilian: iḍḍu
• Padanian:
  • Ligurian: lò (Pigna)
  • Piedmontese: lò
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Old French: le, la, els (last attested 13th c.)
  • Old Occitan: lo
    • Occitan: le (Toulouse)
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Spanish: lo
• Insular Romance:
  • Old Sardinian: illu

References

• Sornicola, Rosanna. 2011. Per la storia dei dimostrativi romanzi: i tipi neutri [tso], [so], [ço], [tʃo] e la diacronia dei dimostrativi latini. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 127. 1–80. §2.1.2.

Pronoun

ille (feminine illa, neuter illud); demonstrative pronoun (pronominal)

1. that one; that (thing); those ones (in the plural); those (things); he, she, it
2. (Late Latin) he, she, it (third-person personal pronoun)
   • Late 4th c., Vulgate, Luke 22:38:

     At ille dixit eis: satis est.

     And He said unto them 'It is enough'.

Descendants

• Aragonese: el, er, ell, ella, era, els, ers, ells, ellas, eras
• Aromanian: el, ea, elj, eali, lui, ljei, lor, ãlj, li, lã, ãl, u
• Asturian: él~elli, ella, ello, ellos, elles, ellas
• Catalan: ell, ella, ells, elles, llur
• Dalmatian: jal, jala, jali, jale, louro
• Franco-Provençal: el, elli, il, elles, lui, lei, lor, li
• Old French: il (M.SG/PL), ele, lei, li, lui, lor, eus
  • French: il, elle, ils, elles, lui, leur, eux, lei (dialectal, Burgundy, Normandy)
    • Louisiana French : alle
  • Norman: il (M.SG/PL), alle, lei, li, leux
• Friulian: lui, jê, lôr
• Istriot: el, gila, luri
• Italian: egli, ella, lui, lei, loro, lo, la, li, le
• Ladin: ëi, i
• Megleno-Romanian: iel, ieľ
• Neapolitan: lloro, llo/'o, lla, 'a, lle/'e
• Galician: el, ela, eles, elas
• Occitan: el, ela, eles, elas
• Portuguese: ele, ela, eles, elas, o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, lo, la, los, las, no, na, nos, nas
• Romanian: el, ea, ei, ele, lui, ei, lor, îi, le, îl, o
• Romansch: el, ella, els, ellas, lur
• Sicilian: iḍḍu, iḍḍa, iḍḍi
• Spanish: él, ella, ello, ellos, ellas, lo, la, los, las, le, les
• Venetan: eło/elo, eła, ełe, łorec, łori

Article

ille (definite) (Late Latin ?, Early Medieval Latin)

1. the
   • p. 384 CE, Egeria, Itinerarium Egeriae 1.1:

     Intereā ambulantēs peruēnimus ad quendam locum ubi sē tamen montēs illī inter quōs ībāmus aperiēbant

     While we were walking, we arrived at a certain place, where the mountains, through which we went, nevertheless were open

Descendants

• Aromanian: -lu, -a
• Asturian: el, la, lo, los, les, las
• Aragonese: o, lo, ro, el, a, ra, la, os, ros, los, els, ers, es, as, ras, las, les
• Bourguignon: lou
• Catalan: el, lo, la, els, los, les
• Champenois: lou
• Dalmatian: el, la, i, le
• Franco-Provençal: lo, la, los, les
• Friulian: il, la, i, lis
• Galician: o, a, os, as
• Istriot: el, la
• Italian: il, lo, la, i, gli, le
• Ladin: l, la, i
• Neapolitan: llo/'o, lla/'a, lle/'e
• Occitan: lo, la, los, las
• Old French: li (M.SG/PL.NOM article), le (M.SG.OBL), la (F.SG), les (PL), lu (Norman variant of le), lo (eastern variant of le)
  • French: le, la, les
  • Bourguignon: le, lai, les, lou (variant of le)
  • Champenois: lou, lai, les, lu (Ardennese variant of lou)
  • Lorrain: lo, lai, les
  • Norman: le, la, les
  • Picard: el
  • Walloon: li, les
• Portuguese: o, a, os, as
• Romanian: -l, -ul, -a, -ua, -i, -le, -lui, -ei, -lor
• Romansch: il, la, ils, las
• Sicilian: lu, la, li
• Spanish: el, la, lo, los, las
• Venetan: el, ła, i, łe

Usage notes

• This demonstrative determiner/pronoun is used to refer to a person or thing, or persons or things, away from both speaker and listener. It contrasts with hic (“this”), which refers to people or things near the speaker, and iste (“this/that”), which refers to people or things near the listener.
• As Latin had no person pronouns specifically meaning "he", "she" or "it", any of ille, iste, hic or (most frequently) is could assume that function. In Vulgar latin, ille weakened its meaning and frequently came to mean merely "the" (as a determiner) or "he/she/it" (as a pronoun). This is in fact the origin of French le (“the”) and il (“he”), Spanish el (“the”) and él (“he”), etc. The original meaning of a far demonstrative was maintained when augmented with ecce or eccum, cf. Italian quello, Spanish aquel, Old French cel.
• In Classical usage, ille can have a secondary, appreciative function of casting the referent in a positive light: ille homō can mean "that (famous/renowned) man". The opposite, pejorative function is assumed by iste, and iste homō frequently means "that (no good) man". Such functions were not present in Vulgar Latin, and iste came to mean "this" (cf. Spanish este, Portuguese este).

Declension

Demonstrative pronoun (pronominal).

	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ille	illa	illud		illī	illae	illa
genitive	illī̆us				illōrum	illārum	illōrum
dative	illī				illīs
accusative	illum	illam	illud		illōs	illās	illa
ablative	illō	illā	illō		illīs
vocative	ille	illa	illum		illī	illae	illa

Derived terms

• eccillum
• illāc
• illic
• illim
• illinc
• illōc
• illūc
• ōlim

Related terms

type	demonstrative			anaphoric	identity	interrogative/ relative	indefinite					negative	other
	proximal	medial	distal				relative	indefinite	free choice	universal	negative polarity
basic	hic	iste, istic	ille, illic	is	ipse, īdem	quis/quī	quisquis, quīcumque	quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam	quīvis, quīlibet	quisque	quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam	nēmō, nihil, nūllus	alius
dual						uter	utercumque	alteruter	utervīs, uterlibet	uterque		neuter	alter
place	hīc	istīc	illīc	ibī̆	ibī̆dem	ubī̆	ubiubi, ubī̆cumque	alicubī, uspiam	ubivīs, ubilibet	ubīque	usquam	nusquam, nūllibī	alibī, aliās
source	hinc	istinc	illinc	inde	indidem	unde	undecumque, undeunde	alicunde	°undelibet	undique			aliunde
destination	hūc, °hōrsum	istūc, °istōrsum	illūc, °illōrsum	eō	eōdem	quō, quōrsum	quōquō, quōcumque	aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum	quōvīs, quōlibet		quōquam	nusquam, nūllōrsum	aliō, aliōrsum
method, means, path, place	hāc	istāc	illāc	eā	eādem	quā	quāquā, quācumque	aliquā	quāvīs, quālibet	quāque		nēquāquam, haudquāquam	aliā
manner	hōc modō	istō modō	illō modō	ita, sīc, eō modō	item, itidem	ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum	utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque	quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō	quōmodolibet	utīque	ūllō modō	nūllō modō	aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō
time	num, nunc		ōlim	tum, tunc	simul	quandō, ‡cum	cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque	quondam, aliquandō	quandōlibet	quandōque	umquam	numquam	aliās
quantity				tam	†tamen, †tandem	quam	†quamquam	aliquam	quamvīs, quamlibet
size				tantus	tantusdem	quantus	quantuscumque	aliquantus	quantusvīs, quantuslibet
quality				tālis		quālis	quālis, quāliscumque	aliquālis	quālislibet
number				tot	totidem	quot	quotquot, quotcumque	aliquot	quotlibet
order				totus		quotus	quotuscumque	aliquotus	quotuslibet
repetition				totiēns		quotiēns	quotiēnscumque	aliquotiēns	quotiēnslibet
multiplication				totuplex		quotuplex
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative

Latin correlatives ^(edit)

See also

• ūnus

References

• “ille”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ille”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ille in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles summus vir illius aetatis
    
  • a man of considerable learning for those times: vir ut temporibus illis doctus
    
  • hence these tears; there's the rub: hinc illae lacrimae (proverb.) (Ter. And. 1. 1. 99; Cael. 25. 61)
    
  • what will become of him: quid illo fiet?
    
  • I console myself with..: hoc (illo) solacio me consōlor
    
  • the memory of this will never fade from my mind: numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet
    
  • for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
    
  • those views are out of date: illae sententiae evanuerunt
    
  • those ideas have long ago been given up: illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt (Fin. 5. 8. 23)
    
  • Solon, one of the seven sages: Solo, unus de septem (illis)
    
  • he possesses sound judgment in matters of taste: elegantia in illo est
    
  • there is a flavour of Atticism about his discourse: ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent
    
  • that Greek proverb contains an excellent lesson: bene illo Graecorum proverbio praecipitur
    
  • my relations with him are most hospitable: mihi cum illo hospitium est, intercedit
    
  • the aristocracy (as a party in politics): boni cives, optimi, optimates, also simply boni (opp. improbi); illi, qui optimatium causam agunt
    
  • this much he said: haec (quidem) ille
    
  • this passage is obscure: hic (ille) locus obscurus est
    
  • (ambiguous) I console myself with..: haec (illa) res me consolatur
    
  • (ambiguous) Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas Platonis commenticia
    
  • (ambiguous) Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas, quam Plato finxit
    
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298

Middle English

Alternative forms

• ill, il

Etymology

From Old Norse illr, from Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

Adjective

ille (plural and weak singular ille, comparative worse, superlative worst)

1. evil; wicked

Descendants

• English: ill
• Scots: ill
• Yola: ill

References

• “il(le, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

From Danish ilde. The form ille introduced into Riksmål in 1907, but the form ilde was still used at least until 1919 (e.g. by Kristian Elster).

Adjective

ille (indeclinable, comparative verre, indefinite superlative verst, definite superlative verste)

1. bad

Etymology 2

From Old Norse illa.

Pronunciation

• (Fredrikstad dialect) IPA^(key): [ˈɪ̂l̺.l̺ɛ̝]

Adverb

ille

1. badly
2. (dialect, Fredrikstad) very

   ille bra ― very good

Derived terms

• illeluktende

References

• “ille” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “ille” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From the Old Norse adverb illa.

Adverb

ille

1. unlucky, miserably
2. ill
3. hurtful, condescending, enemy
4. (dialectal, Fredrikstad) very

Derived terms

• ille ute
• ille stelt

Adjective

ille

1. bad

Etymology 2

From the Old Norse verb illa.

Alternative forms

• illa (a-infinitive)

Verb

ille (present tense illar, past tense illa, past participle illa, passive infinitive illast, present participle illande, imperative ille/ill)

1. (transitive) to blame, think badly of
2. (transitive) to anger

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

ille

1. definite singular of ill
2. plural of ill

References

• “ille” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Sidamo

Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil-. Cognates include Burji illa, Hadiyya ille, Kambaata ille and Oromo ija.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈilːe/
• Hyphenation: il‧le

Noun

ille f (plural illuwa f)

1. eye

References

• Kazuhiro Kawachi (2007) A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, page 544

Tatar

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Compare Turkish elli, Bashkir илле (ille)

Numeral

ille (Cyrillic spelling илле)

1. fifty