il

See also: Appendix:Variations of "il"

Translingual

Alternative forms

• IL, XLIX, xlix

Numeral

il

1. (informal) A Roman numeral representing forty-nine (49).

See also

• Previous: iil (forty-eight, 48)
• Next: l (fifty, 50)

Akatek

Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *il- Compare with Achi ilonik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔil/

Verb

il

1. (transitive) to see, to watch, look at

References

Preliminary Classic Maya ‐ English, English ‐ Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings by Erik Boot

2022. Akateko Living Dictionary. Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. ( look "ʔil" wav recording )

Asturian

Article

il m sg (femenine a, neuter u, masculine plural us, feminine plural as)

1. (A Estierna) Alternative form of el

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic		ил
Abjad		ایل

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *yïl (“year”).^[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (yïl).^[2]

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

il (definite accusative ili, plural illər)

1. year

   Synonyms: sənə, (Classical Azerbaijani) sal, (Classical Azerbaijani) am

   uzun illər ― many years (literally, “long years”)

   Mən on ildir ki məktəbi bitirmişəm.

   It's been ten years since I finished school.

Declension

Declension of il

	singular	plural
nominative	il	illər
definite accusative	ili	illəri
dative	ilə	illərə
locative	ildə	illərdə
ablative	ildən	illərdən
definite genitive	ilin	illərin

Possessive forms of il

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilim	illərim
sənin (“your”)	ilin	illərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	ili	illəri
bizim (“our”)	ilimiz	illərimiz
sizin (“your”)	iliniz	illəriniz
onların (“their”)	ili or illəri	illəri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimi	illərimi
sənin (“your”)	ilini	illərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilini	illərini
bizim (“our”)	ilimizi	illərimizi
sizin (“your”)	ilinizi	illərinizi
onların (“their”)	ilini or illərini	illərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimə	illərimə
sənin (“your”)	ilinə	illərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilinə	illərinə
bizim (“our”)	ilimizə	illərimizə
sizin (“your”)	ilinizə	illərinizə
onların (“their”)	ilinə or illərinə	illərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimdə	illərimdə
sənin (“your”)	ilində	illərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilində	illərində
bizim (“our”)	ilimizdə	illərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	ilinizdə	illərinizdə
onların (“their”)	ilində or illərində	illərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimdən	illərimdən
sənin (“your”)	ilindən	illərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilindən	illərindən
bizim (“our”)	ilimizdən	illərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	ilinizdən	illərinizdən
onların (“their”)	ilindən or illərindən	illərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimin	illərimin
sənin (“your”)	ilinin	illərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilinin	illərinin
bizim (“our”)	ilimizin	illərimizin
sizin (“your”)	ilinizin	illərinizin
onların (“their”)	ilinin or illərinin	illərinin

Derived terms

• ildönümü (“anniversary”)
• onillik (“decade”)

References

1. Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
2. Abuseitova, M. Kh, Bukhatuly, B., editors (2008), “𐰖𐰃𐰞”, in TÜRIK BITIG: Ethno Cultural Dictionary, Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of Republic of Kazakhstan

Bunak

Noun

il

1. water

Further reading

• A. Schapper, J. Huber, A. van Engelenhoven, The Historical Relation of the Papuan Languages of Timor and Kisar, Language and Linguistics in Melnesia, Special Issue : On the History, Contact and Classification of Papuan languages (2012) pp. 194-242

Danish

Noun

il c

1. (rare) haste, speed

Verb

il

1. imperative of ile

Epigraphic Mayan

Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *il-.

Verb

il

1. to see

Faroese

Iljar (“soles”).

Etymology

From Old Norse il.

Noun

il f (genitive singular iljar, plural iljar)

1. the sole of the foot

f8	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilini	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin illī and Latin ille.

Pronoun

il m (postpositive -il) (ORB, broad)

1. he, it (third-person singular masculine nominative)
2. it (impersonal)

   Synonym: o

Derived terms

• ils

See also

singular	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
1st person	jo	mè			min
2nd person	te	tè			tin
3rd person masculine	il	lo / le	lui		sin
3rd person feminine	el	la	lyé
3rd person neuter	o		y	—
3rd person reflexive	—	sè
plural	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
1st person	nos				noutro
2nd person	vos				voutro
3rd person masculine	ils	los / les	lor		lor
3rd person feminine	els	les	lor / lyés
3rd person reflexive	—	sè
1 Disjunctive or object of a preposition.		2 Generally preceded by a definite article.

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns

References

• il in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• il in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Etymology

From Middle French il, from Old French il, from Late Latin illī.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/ IPA^(key): (informal) /i/
• (Quebec, informal) IPA^(key): (preconsonantal) /i/, (prevocalic) /j/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Homophones: ils, île, îles, y
• Rhymes: -il

Pronoun

il m (third-person singular, plural ils, accusative le, dative lui, emphatic lui, possessive determiner son)

1. he (third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject)

   Il est parti.

   He left.

2. it (third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects)

   Je cherche mon livre. Où est-il ?

   I'm looking for my book. Where is it?

3. (impersonal pronoun) Impersonal subject; it

   Il pleut.

   It’s raining.

Related terms

French personal pronouns

number	person	gender	nominative (subject)	accusative (direct complement)	dative (indirect complement)	locative (at)	genitive (of)	disjunctive (tonic)
singular	first	—	je, j’	me, m’		—	—	moi
	second	—	tu	te, t’		—	—	toi
	third	masculine	il	le, l’	lui	y	en	lui
		feminine	elle	la, l’				elle
		indeterminate	on1	—	—	—	—	—
		reflexive4	—	se, s’		—	—	soi
plural	first	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous
	second2	—	vous	vous		—	—	vous
	third	masculine	ils3	les	leur	y	en	eux3
		feminine	elles					elles

¹ On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
² Vous is also used as the polite singular form.
³ Ils and eux are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.
⁴ These forms are also used as third person plural reflexive.

References

Further reading

• “il”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Anagrams

• li

Friulian

Alternative forms

• al (Western and Southern Friulian)
• el (Northern Friulian)

Etymology

From Latin illum, ultimately from ille.

Article

il m sg (plural i)

1. the

Inflection

Friulian definite articles

	singular	plural
masculine	il l'	i
feminine	la l'	lis

See also

• i, la

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French île.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

Noun

il

1. island

Icelandic

Iljar (“soles”).

Etymology

From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪːl/
• Rhymes: -ɪːl

Noun

il f (genitive singular iljar, nominative plural iljar)

1. the sole of the foot

   Honum sagðist vera illt í ilinni. ― He said his sole hurt.

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilinni	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Declension of il (feminine)

Derived terms

• frá hvirfli til ilja

Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

Pronoun

il (plural ili, possessive ilua, possessive plural ilui)

1. Apocopic form of ilu; he, him

See also

Personal pronouns in Ido

		singular			plural
		nominative	possessive		nominative	possessive
			singular	plural		singular	plural
first person		me	mea	mei	ni	nia	nii
second person	formal	vu	vua	vui	vi	via	vii
	familiar	tu	tua	tui
third person	masculine	ilu, il	ilua	ilui	ili	ilia	ilii
	feminine	elu, el	elua	elui	eli	elia	elii
	neuter	olu, ol	olua	olui	oli	olia	olii
	common	lu	lua	lui	li	lia	lii
	reflexive	su	sua	sui	su	sua	sui
indefinite		onu, on	onua	onui	onu, on	onua	onui

• The possessive plurals are seldom used.
• The shortened forms are preferred.
• The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios.

Interlingua

Pronoun

il

1. personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs

   Il ha multe arbores illac.

   There are many trees there.

Usage notes

Optional.

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish il, from Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.

Adjective

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)

1. (literary) many

Derived terms

• il-

Etymology 2

Adjective

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)

1. Alternative form of oll (“great; huge, vast, immense”)

Declension

Declension of il

	singular		plural (m/f)
Positive	masculine	feminine	(strong noun)	(weak noun)
nominative	il	il	ile
vocative	il		ile
genitive		ile	ile	il
dative	il	il	ile
Comparative	níos ile
Superlative	is ile

Mutation

Mutated forms of il

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
il	n-il	hil	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “il”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “il”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “il”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

Italian

Alternative forms

• el (archaic or regional)
• 'l (archaic or pronunciation spelling)
• i' (Tuscan pronunciation spelling)

Etymology

From earlier *ille, *elle, from Latin illum (and illud), ultimately from ille. The final vowel fell by apocope, and the /e/ (< Latin ⟨ē ĭ⟩) in monosyllable particles shifted to /i/ in Tuscan, compare in, di, ri-, mi. The form el is found in older texts and can still be heard regionally.

Patota claims this to be from the older form lo (from the same source), via an intermediate form l. The initial i would be a svarabhakti vowel added to the form l in order to make the pronunciation easier.^[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

  • Audio:

    (file)

  • (after vowels) IPA^(key): /‿jl/, /‿l/
• (regional, Tuscany) IPA^(key): /i/^*

Article

il m sg (plural i)

1. the

Inflection

Italian definite articles

	singular	plural
masculine	il lo (l')	i gli
feminine	la (l')	le

References

1. Patota, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano (in Italian), Bologna: il Mulino, →ISBN, pages 123, 124

Anagrams

• -li, li, lì

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French il.

Pronoun

il m

1. he
2. it (impersonal, or referring to an unknown person)

Descendants

• French: il

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

il f or m (definite singular ila or ilen, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)

1. sole of the foot

   Synonym: fotsåle

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse il f, from Proto-Germanic *iljō f, *ili n.

Noun

il f (definite singular ila, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)

1. sole of the foot, especially the middle part

   Synonym: fotsole

Inflection

Historical inflection of il

		singular		plural
		indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
Aasen1		Il	Ili	Iljar	Iljarna
1901					iljarne (iljane)
1917			ila, ili		iljane
1938			ila [ili]
1959				iljar [iler]	iljane [ilene]
2012 (current)		il	ila	iler	ilene

• Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard.
• Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier.
• Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen.
• ¹Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century.

Like il, see also fet and hes.

Related terms

• ilk
• ilke

References

• “il” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Noun

īl m

1. Alternative form of iġil

Old French

Etymology 1

Inherited from Late Latin illī.

Pronoun

il m sg (feminine ele)

1. he (third-person masculine singular subject pronoun)

Descendants

• Middle French: il
  • French: il

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin illī.

Alternative forms

• ils (late, analogical)

Pronoun

il m pl (feminine eles)

1. they (third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
   • c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:

     S'il vos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.

     If they could range you, they would have already killed you.

Descendants

• Middle French: ils
  • French: ils

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• hil

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ɸelus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

Adjective

il (equative lir, comparative lia)

1. much, many (usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)

   cosin taidbse il ― with much ostentation

   Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini ó il-ballaib. ― Thus God has made man's body of many members.

   Is ferr precept oldaas labrad il-béelre. ― Preaching is better than speaking many languages.

   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4^d15

     In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.

     The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit on it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes

   • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26^b7

     De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”

     Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

Inflection

As a preposed adjective, usually uninflected, but the following forms are found occasionally:

• Nominative/accusative plural: ili
• Dative plural: ilib

Derived terms

• ilaigidir
• ilar
• ildae

Descendants

• Irish: il
• Manx: yl

Mutation

Mutation of il

radical	lenition	nasalization
il (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-il

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 il”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *iljō, *ili (“sole”).

Noun

il f (genitive iljar, plural iljar)

1. the sole of the foot

Declension

Declension of il (strong jō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilinni	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Descendants

• Icelandic: il
• Faroese: il
• Norwegian Nynorsk: il
• Norwegian Bokmål: il
• Old Swedish: il

Further reading

Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “il”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

Somali

Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil-. Cognates include Oromo ija, Sidamo ille and Jiiddu el.^[1]

Noun

il f (plural indho m)

1. eye

References

• “il” In: Abdullah Umar Mansur (1985) Qaamuska Afsoomaliga.

1. Salim Alio Ibro (1998) English-Jiddu-Somali Mini-Dictionary, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University Language Center, →ISBN

Swedish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Swedish īl (“squall; sudden storm”), ultimate origin disputed. Cognate of Icelandic él (“hailstorm”).

Noun

il c

1. (archaic) a gust; a strong, abrupt rush of wind
2. (archaic) Synonym of ilning

Declension

Declension of il

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	il	ils
	definite	ilen	ilens
plural	indefinite	ilar	ilars
	definite	ilarna	ilarnas

Derived terms

• vindil

Etymology 2

Deverbal of ila (“to hurry”).

Noun

il c

1. (archaic) hurry

Declension

Declension of il

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	il	ils
	definite	ilen	ilens
plural	indefinite	ilar	ilars
	definite	ilarna	ilarnas

References

• il in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• il in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• il in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
• il in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ایل (il), from Proto-Turkic *ēl (“realm”). Doublet of el.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

Noun

il (definite accusative ili, plural iller)

1. province

Declension

Declension of il

	singular	plural
nominative	il	iller
definite accusative	ili	illeri
dative	ile	illere
locative	ilde	illerde
ablative	ilden	illerden
genitive	ilin	illerin

Tzotzil

Alternative forms

• 'il

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔil/

Verb

il

1. (transitive) to see

References

• Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Yucatec Maya

Verb

il (transitive)

1. to see
2. to visit

Conjugation

	singular			plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
imperfective	kin wilik	ka wilik	ku yilik	k ilik	ka wilikeʼex	ku yilikoʼob
perfective	tin wilaj	ta wilaj	tu yilaj	t k ilaj	ta wilajeʼex	tu yilajoʼob
subjunctive	ka in wilej	ka a wilej	ka u yilej	ka k ilej	ka a wileʼex	ka u yiloʼob
imperative	-	ilej	-	-	ileʼex	-

conjugation of il