-l

See also: Appendix:Variations of "l"

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-l/

Suffix

-l

1. Marks the adessive case: at
2. Marks the inessive case: in
3. Marks the temporal case: for
4. Marks the instrumental case: using; by means of
5. Marks the testimonial case: by; ... is my witness

References

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 363

Hungarian

Etymology 1

From a Proto-Uralic *-l suffix.^[1]

Suffix

-l

1. (verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun, an adjective, a verb or less frequently to an adverb to form a verb.

   ‎csoda (“miracle”) + ‎-l → ‎csodál (“to admire”)

   ‎hátra (“backwards”) + ‎-l → ‎hátrál (“to step backward”)

   ‎csere (“an exchange”) + ‎-l → ‎cserél (“to change”)

   ‎fésű (“comb”) + ‎-l → ‎fésül (“to comb”)

   ‎hat (“to progress, enter, get (in) somewhere, affect, take effect”) + ‎-l → ‎hatol (“to penetrate, make one’s way into”)

   1. (frequentative suffix, obsolete) Added to verbs.

      ‎(obsolete) tékozik (“to be dispersed, scattered”) + ‎-l → ‎tékozol (“to squander, waste”)

      ‎rogy(ik); rongy, roncs(ol) (“to collapse; (old) rag; to tear, erode, corrode”) + ‎-l → ‎romlik (“to deteriorate”)

   2. (causative suffix) Added to verbs.

      ‎aszik (“to wither”) + ‎-l → ‎aszal (“to dry, desiccate, wizen”)

      ‎forr (“to boil”) + ‎-l → ‎forral (“to boil (transitive)”)

      ‎nő (“to grow”) + ‎-l → ‎növel (“to increase”)

   3. (instantaneous suffix) Added to verbs; now geminated, see -ll

Usage notes

• (verb-forming suffix) Variants:

  -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.

  -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.

Derived terms

As personal suffix, noun-forming suffix, verb-forming suffix, or frequentative suffix

• -al
• -ál
• -el
• -ol
• -öl
• -lék

 

As a frequentative suffix [originally], including its other variants:

• babrál
• barangol
• bomlik
• bonyolít
• botlik
• cáfol
• csápol
• cserfel
• csigolya
• csihol
• csilingel
• csiripel
• csivitel
• csókol
• csörömpöl
• dacol
• dörömböl
• durmol
• emlékezik
• engesztel
• eszkábál
• eszmél
• fanyalodik
• ficánkol
• foszlik
• fúl
• fütyül
• gányol
• göngyölít
• guggol
• hajol
• hajszol
• hall
• harákol
• hatol
• hergel
• ihlet
• illan
• ingerel
• irdal
• kallódik
• karmol
• kárál
• kefél
• kelepel
• kéklik
• kísérel
• kortyol
• kotlik
• követel
• kukorékol
• kunyerál
• kuruttyol
• -lak/-lek
• -lal/-lel
• lehel
• locsol
• lohol
• magasztal
• majszol
• marasztal
• marcangol
• markol
• miákol
• mormol
• morzsol
• motoszkál
• nyargal
• nyiszál
• nyivákol
• nyúl
• omlik
• oszlik
• ötlik
• ötöl-hatol
• őröl
• parázslik
• paskol
• patyolat
• pepecsel
• pisil
• pittypalattyol
• pletykál
• pocsékol
• pocsolya
• pörköl
• püföl
• regöl (one option)
• reszel
• reteszel
• riszál
• robotol
• rombol (one option)
• romlik
• rostál
• sajnál
• sajtol
• sínylik
• sípol
• tapasztal
• tékozol
• tépelődik
• térdepel
• tombol
• torlódik
• tökél → eltökél
• töröl
• trécsel
• ürül
• vizsla
• zilál

 

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -l

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-lᴕ/*-lᴕ̈ place name suffix. Cognate with Northern Mansi -л (-l, ablative marker).

Suffix

-l

1. (ablative suffix, obsolete) It is of ancient origin answering the question from where? It is no longer productive and is no longer an independent suffix in modern Hungarian. However, it can still be found in suffixes such as -ból/-ből, -nál/-nél, -ról/-ről, -tól/-től, -ul/-ül, in postpositions such as alól, mellől and in several adverbs, e.g. kívül, belül, hátul. In the Old Hungarian era it could express not only direction but also more abstract adverbs.

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

References

1. -l in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-lla. Cognates include Finnish -lla and Estonian -l.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-lːɑ/, [-ɫːɑ], /-lːæ/, [-lʲːæ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-l/, [-l]
• (Hevaha) IPA^(key): /-l/, [-l]

Suffix

-l

1. Used to form the adessive case; on

Usage notes

• May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Inflection

Possessive forms of -l
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-llaan	-llamme
2nd person	-llaas	-llanne
3rd person	-llaa	-llasse

References

• V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 44

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-lom, from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *leh₁- (“to let, leave”).

Suffix

-l n

1. Forms verbal nouns for verbs ending in ·lá

Inflection

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-lN	-lN	-lL, -la
Vocative	-lN	-lN	-lL, -la
Accusative	-lN	-lN	-lL, -la
Genitive	-ilL	-l	-lN
Dative	-lL	-laib	-laib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• accomol
• comul
• díl
• fresndal
• indell
• tinól
• túarasndal

 

Pipil

Etymology

Compare Classical Nahuatl -lli.

Noun

-l

1. Forms a nominalized passive participle (noun) from any verb.

Further reading

• Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p. 50

Romani

Suffix

-l

1. Forms the third-person singular present indicative of vocalic oikoclitic verbs

Romanian

Alternative forms

• -ul — for masculine and neuter nouns that do not end in a vowel other than -i
• -le — for masculine and neuter nouns that end in -e

Etymology

Suffixed form of ăl (inherited from Latin illum) which originally followed the noun and became attached to it as an inflection, unlike the definite articles in the other major Romance languages, which go before the noun.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /l/

Suffix

-l m/n

1. (definite article) the (masculine/neuter singular, nominative and accusative)

Usage notes

This form of the definite article is used for both masculine and neuter nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in a vowel other than -e or -i:

• tatăl (the father), from tată, masc.
• fiul (the son), from fiu, masc.
• agrul (the field), from agru, neut.
• leul (the lion), from leu, masc.

The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.

Related terms

• -a (feminine singular nominative and accusative)
• -i (masculine/neuter plural nominative and accusative)
• -le (feminine plural nominative and accusative)
• -lui (masculine/neuter singular genitive and dative)
• -ei (feminine singular genitive and dative)
• -lor (plural genitive and dative)

See also

• ăla
• al