Outline of immunology
Overview of and topical guide to immunology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:
Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.[1] It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Essence of immunology
- Branch of Biomedical science
- Immune system
- Immunity
- Branches of immunology:
1. General Immunology 2. Basic Immunology 3. Advanced Immunology 4. Medical Immunology 5. Pharmaceutical Immunology 9. Clinical Immunology 6. Environmental Immunology 8. Cellular and Molecular Immunology 9. Food and Agricultural Immunology
- Classical immunology
- Clinical immunology
- Computational immunology
- Diagnostic immunology
- Evolutionary immunology
- Systems immunology
- Immunomics
- Immunoproteomics
- Immunophysics
- Immunochemistry
- Ecoimmunology
- Immunopathology
- Nutritional immunology
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Reproductive immunology
- Circadian immunology
- Immunotoxicology
- Palaeoimmunology
- Tissue-based immunology
- Testicular immunology - Testes
- Immunodermatology - Skin
- Intravascular immunology - Blood
- Osteoimmunology - Bone
- Mucosal immunology - Mucosal surfaces
- Neuroimmunology - Neuroimmune system in the Central nervous system
- Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the Eye
- Cancer immunology/Immunooncology - Tumors
History of immunology
General immunological concepts
- Immunity against:
Components of the immune system
Adaptive immune system
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- Kinds of antibodies
- Classification
- Functions
- Regions
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Innate immune system
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- Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.)
- Positive
- Negative
Organs of the immune system
Primary lymphoid organs
- Thymus - Site of T cell maturation
- Bone marrow - Site of haematopoiesis and B cell maturation
Secondary lymphoid organs
Cells of the immune system
Summarize
Perspective
Myeloid cells
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- Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages)
- Adipose tissue macrophages
- Kupffer cell - Liver
- Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung
- Langerhans cell - Skin
- Dermal macrophage - Dermis
- Microglia - CNS
- Perivascular macrophage
- Meningeal macrophage - Meninges
- Hofbauer cell - Placenta
- Osteoclasts - Bone
- Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow
- Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen
- Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen
- Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp
- Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp
- Epithelioid cells
- Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro
Lymphoid cells
- B cells
- Plasma B cells
- Memory B cells
- B-1 cells
- B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to)
- Marginal-zone B cells
- Follicular B cells
- T cells
- Naive T cells
- Helper T cells - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells
- Th1 cells
- Th2 cells
- Th3 cells
- Th17 cells
- TFH cells - Follicular helper T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells
- Memory T cells
- Regulatory T cells
- Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells)
- γδ T cells
- Mucosal associated invariant T cells
- Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)
- Group 1 ILC
- Natural killer cells (NK cells)
- Group 2 ILC
- Group 3 ILC
- Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)
- Group 1 ILC
- B cells
Others
- (Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions)
- Epithelial cells
- Pericytes
- Microfold cells (M cells)
Hematopoiesis
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- T cell development
- B cell development
- Pre-pro-B cell
- Early pro-B cell
- Late pro-B cell
- Large pre-B cell
- Small pre-B cell
- Immature B cell
- Common myeloid progenitor (CFU-GEMM)
- Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFU-GM)
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- Monoblast (CFU-M)
- CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor
- CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor)
- CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor)
- Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP)
- Mast cell precursors
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Molecules of the immune system
Summarize
Perspective
Immune receptors
Antigen receptors
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- Antigen receptor - B cell receptor (BCR)
- Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain
- Co-receptors
- Accessory molecule (CD79)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
- C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) [2][3]
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- Group 1 CLRs - Mannose receptors
- Group 2 CLRs - Asialoglycoprotein receptor family
- Dectin 1 subfamily
- DCIR subfamily
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- Class A - Trimers
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- Class B - Two transmembrane domains
- Others
- Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
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- NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
- NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain)
- NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain)
- NLRC (C for CARD domain)
- NLRP (P for Pyrin domain)
- NLRX
- RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) - Intracellular sensors of viral replication by direct interaction with dsRNA
- Secreted PRRs
- Complement system (see complement proteins section)
- Collectins
- Mannan-binding lectin (MBL)
- Surfactant protein A (SP-A)
- Surfactant protein D (SP-D)
- CL-L1
- CL-P1
- CL-K1
Complement receptors
- CR1 (CD35)
- CR2 (CD21)
- CR3 - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- CR4 - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
- CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family)
- Anaphylatoxin receptors
- C3a receptor
- C5a receptor (CD88)
- C5AR2
Fc receptors
- Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR)
- Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR)
- Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR)
- Secreted Fc receptors
- Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig)
Cytokine receptors
- Type I cytokine receptors (Hemopoietin receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits
- Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132)
- Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131)
- Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130)
- IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1)
- Others
- Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif
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- Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2
- Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer: IFNGR1 / IFNGR2
- Interleukin receptors
- Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members)
- CSF1
- CD117 (c-KIT)
- IL1 receptor family (IL1R)
- IL1R type 1 (CD121a)
- IL1R type 2 (CD121b)
- IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP)
- IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2)
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors
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- Chemokine receptors - 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors
- CC chemokine receptors (CCRs)
- CXC chemokine receptors (CXCRs)
Natural killer cell receptors
- Killer activation receptors (KARs)
- Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs)
- Natural killer group 2 receptors (NKG2s)
- Activating KIRs
- Killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs)
- Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail
- Two domains, short cytoplasmic tail
- Three domains, long cytoplasmic tail
- Three domains, short cytoplasmic tail
- KIR3DS1
Others
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- LILR subfamily A
- LILR subfamily B
Antibodies
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Cytokines
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- CX3CL1 (Fractalkine, Neurotactin)
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MHCs
Complement proteins
- Early stage (divided by pathway)
- Middle stage
- C3 - C3a / C3b / iC3b
- C5 - C5a
- C3-convertase
- C5-convertase
- Late stage
- Membrane attack complex (MAC)
- Complement pathway inhibitors
- C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- Factor I - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- C4BP - Classical, Lectin
- Factor H - Alternate
Antimicrobial peptides
Transcription factors
Signaling pathways
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
- Integrins - Obligate heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunits
- Alpha subunits
- Beta subunits
- Dimers
- Cytoadhesin receptor
- Integrin alpha6beta4
- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - Heterodimer: ITGA2B / ITGB3
- Fibrinogen receptor
- Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- Fibronectin receptor:
- Integrin alpha2beta1
- Integrin alpha4beta1
- Integrin alpha5beta1
- Leukocyte-adhesion receptor:
- LFA-1 - Heterodimer: CD11a / CD18
- Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
- Very late antigen receptor:
- Integrin alpha1beta1
- Integrin alpha2beta1
- Integrin alpha3beta1
- VLA-4 - Heterodimer: CD49d / CD29
- Alpha-5 beta-1
- Integrin alpha6beta1
- Vitronectin receptor:
- SynCAMs - Synaptic cell adhesion molecules
- NCAMs - Neural cell adhesion molecules
- Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)
- L1-CAM
- CHL1
- Neurofascin
- NrCAM
- SIGLEC family - Sialic acid binding lectins
- CTX family
- CTX
- Junctional adhesion molecule
- BT-IGSF
- CAR
- VSIG
- ESAM
- CD2 family
- Others
Others
- Co-stimulatory molecules
Immune system disorders
Summarize
Perspective
Hypersensitivity and Allergy
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- Foreign
- Autoimmune
- Foreign
- Autoimmune
- Type 4 hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity)
- Foreign
- Autoimmune
- GVHD (Graft-versus-host disease)
- Unknown/Multiple types
Immunodeficiency
Cancers of the immune system
Myeloid diseases
Inflammatory diseases
Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
Lymphatic organ disease
Immunologic techniques and tests
Immunology and health
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- Temporarily induced immunity
- Adoptive immunity
Immunologists
Immunology lists
- List of autoimmune diseases
- List of immunologists
- List of viruses
- List of human clusters of differentiation
- List of vaccine ingredients
- List of allergens
- List of cytokines
- List of cytokine receptors
- List of pattern recognition receptors
- List of tissue-resident macrophages
- List of branches of immunology
- List of acute-phase proteins
- List of immune cells
References
External links
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