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2024 United States House of Representatives elections
House elections for the 119th U.S. Congress From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The 2024 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 5, 2024, to elect the 435 representatives of the United States House of Representatives, as well as 6 non-voting delegates from the District of Columbia and inhabited U.S. territories. The elections were held together with other federal, state, and local elections, including the U.S. presidential election and elections to the Senate, as part of the 2024 United States general election. The winners of this election will serve in the 119th United States Congress, with seats apportioned among states based on the 2020 United States census.
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The House Republican Conference has been led by Mike Johnson since October 2023, following the removal of Kevin McCarthy as Speaker of the House and the speaker election that Johnson won. He is the first congressman from Louisiana to be elected Speaker of the House.[2]
With the election of Hakeem Jeffries as leader of the House Democratic Caucus, this was the first House election since 2002 in which the Democratic Party was not led by Nancy Pelosi. Jeffries is the first African American in the history of Congress to serve as leader of either party, and the first congressman from New York to do so since Bertrand Snell's retirement in 1938.[3]
The election was expected to be highly competitive, with forecasts suggesting less than a five-seat difference between the two parties.[4] Events that have occurred during the 118th Congress include the January 2023 speakership election, the 2023 debt-ceiling crisis, the removal of Kevin McCarthy from the speakership, the ensuing October 2023 speakership election, and the expulsion of George Santos. No party has lost House control after a single congressional term since 1954.
The Republicans, led by incumbent Speaker Mike Johnson, narrowly maintained control of the House with a small majority of 220 seats (the narrowest since 1930), winning the House popular vote by 4 million votes and a narrow margin of 2.6%.[5][6] Democrats made a net gain of 1 seat from the Republicans, which represents the smallest net change in US history in the House of Representatives. The majority was decided by just over 7,000 votes across three congressional districts (Iowa's 1st, Colorado's 8th, and Pennsylvania's 7th) out of nearly 148 million cast in this election;[7] this was a roughly 2-point bias in favor of Democrats, resulting from Democratic outperformance in swing districts. Despite the Democratic overperformance, the results gave Republicans a government trifecta for the first time since the 2018 midterms.
This election marked the first time since 2016 where Republicans won a majority of the congressional delegation in Pennsylvania and Michigan.[8][9] This election also marked the first time since 2008 in which Democrats won more than one seat in Alabama, and the first time since 2006 when Democrats won more than one seat in Louisiana.[10][11] This election saw Republicans win the majority of congressional districts in 30 states while the Democrats won a majority in 18 states. Two states (Colorado and Minnesota) elected a split house delegation. Sarah McBride of Delaware became the first openly transgender member elected to the United States Congress.[12] This was the third presidential election cycle in a row in which the victorious presidential party lost seats in the House while holding its majority.
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Results
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Federal
The 2024 election results are compared below to the 2022 election. The table does not include blank and over or under votes, both of which were included in the official results.
| 220 | 215 |
| Republican | Democratic |
Per state
Maps
House seats by party holding majority in state
Net changes to U.S. House seats after the 2024 elections
+1 Dem House seat +3 Dem House seats
+1 Rep House seat +2 Rep House seats
+3 Rep House seats
Popular vote and seat total in each state
Winner's vote share in each district
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Retirements
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Democratic incumbent ran
Democratic incumbent retired or lost renomination
Republican incumbent ran
Republican incumbent retired or lost renomination
Vacant or no incumbent ran
A total of 46 representatives and 2 non-voting delegates (25 Democrats and 23 Republicans) retired, 19 of whom (12 Democrats and 7 Republicans) retired to run for other offices.
Democratic
- Arizona 3: Ruben Gallego retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[13]
- California 12: Barbara Lee retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[14]
- California 16: Anna Eshoo retired.[15]
- California 29: Tony Cárdenas retired.[16]
- California 30: Adam Schiff retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[17]
- California 31: Grace Napolitano retired.[18]
- California 47: Katie Porter retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[19]
- Delaware at-large: Lisa Blunt Rochester retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[20]
- Maryland 2: Dutch Ruppersberger retired.[21]
- Maryland 3: John Sarbanes retired.[22]
- Maryland 6: David Trone retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[23]
- Michigan 7: Elissa Slotkin retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[24]
- Michigan 8: Dan Kildee retired.[25]
- Minnesota 3: Dean Phillips retired to run for president.[26]
- New Hampshire 2: Annie Kuster retired.[27]
- New Jersey 3: Andy Kim retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[28]
- North Carolina 6: Kathy Manning retired due to redistricting.[29]
- North Carolina 13: Wiley Nickel retired due to redistricting.[30]
- North Carolina 14: Jeff Jackson retired to run for attorney general of North Carolina due to redistricting.[31]
- Northern Mariana Islands at-large: Gregorio Sablan retired.[32]
- Oregon 3: Earl Blumenauer retired.[33]
- Texas 32: Colin Allred retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[34]
- Virginia 7: Abigail Spanberger retired to run for governor of Virginia.[35]
- Virginia 10: Jennifer Wexton retired.[36]
- Washington 6: Derek Kilmer retired.[37]
Republican
- Arizona 8: Debbie Lesko retired to run for the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors.[38]
- Colorado 4: Greg Lopez retired.[39]
- Colorado 5: Doug Lamborn retired.[40]
- Florida 8: Bill Posey retired.[41]
- Georgia 3: Drew Ferguson retired.[42]
- Indiana 3: Jim Banks retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[43]
- Indiana 6: Greg Pence retired.[44]
- Indiana 8: Larry Bucshon retired.[45]
- Kansas 2: Jake LaTurner retired.[46]
- Louisiana 6: Garret Graves retired due to redistricting.[47]
- Missouri 3: Blaine Luetkemeyer retired.[48]
- Montana 2: Matt Rosendale retired.[49]
- North Carolina 8: Dan Bishop retired to run for attorney general of North Carolina.[50]
- North Carolina 10: Patrick McHenry retired.[51]
- North Dakota at-large: Kelly Armstrong retired to run for governor of North Dakota.[52]
- Ohio 2: Brad Wenstrup retired.[53]
- Puerto Rico at-large: Jenniffer González-Colón retired to run for governor of Puerto Rico.[54]
- South Carolina 3: Jeff Duncan retired.[55]
- Texas 12: Kay Granger retired.[56]
- Texas 26: Michael C. Burgess retired.[57]
- Utah 3: John Curtis retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[58]
- Washington 5: Cathy McMorris Rodgers retired.[59]
- West Virginia 2: Alex Mooney retired to run for the U.S. Senate.[60]
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Resignation and deaths
Three seats were left vacant on the day of the general election due to resignation or deaths in 2024, one of which was not filled until the next Congress.
Democratic
Two Democrats died in office.
- New Jersey 9: Bill Pascrell died on August 21, 2024.[61]
- Texas 18: Sheila Jackson Lee died on July 19, 2024.[62] A special election to fill the remainder of her term was held concurrently with the general election for the next full term, won by Erica Lee Carter.
Republican
One Republican resigned before the end of the term.
- Wisconsin 8: Mike Gallagher resigned on April 24.[63] A special election to fill the remainder of his term was held concurrently with the general election for the next full term, won by Tony Wied.
Incumbents defeated
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In primary elections
Democratic
Two Democrats lost renomination.
- Missouri 1: Cori Bush lost renomination to Wesley Bell, who won the general election.[64]
- New York 16: Jamaal Bowman lost renomination to George Latimer, who won the general election.[65]
Republicans
Two Republicans lost renomination.
- Alabama 1: Jerry Carl lost a redistricting race to fellow incumbent Barry Moore, who won the general election.[66]
- Virginia 5: Bob Good lost renomination to John McGuire, who won the general election.[67]
In general elections
Democrats
Four Democrats, one of whom was a freshman, lost re-election to Republicans.
- Alaska at-large: Mary Peltola (first elected in 2022) lost to Nick Begich III.[68]
- Colorado 8: Yadira Caraveo (first elected in 2022) lost to Gabe Evans.[69]
- Pennsylvania 7: Susan Wild (first elected in 2018) lost to Ryan Mackenzie.[70]
- Pennsylvania 8: Matt Cartwright (first elected in 2012) lost to Rob Bresnahan.[71]
Republicans
Seven Republicans, five of whom were freshmen, lost re-election to Democrats.
- California 13: John Duarte (first elected in 2022) lost to Adam Gray.[72]
- California 27: Mike Garcia (first elected in 2020) lost to George Whitesides.[73]
- California 45: Michelle Steel (first elected in 2020) lost to Derek Tran.[74]
- New York 4: Anthony D'Esposito (first elected in 2022) lost to Laura Gillen.[75]
- New York 19: Marc Molinaro (first elected in 2022) lost to Josh Riley.[76]
- New York 22: Brandon Williams (first elected in 2022) lost to John Mannion.[77]
- Oregon 5: Lori Chavez-DeRemer (first elected in 2022) lost to Janelle Bynum.[78]
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Open seats that changed parties
Republican seats won by DemocratsThree Republican seats were won by Democrats.
|
Democratic seats won by RepublicansFive Democratic seats were won by Republicans.
|
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Open seats that parties held
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Crossover seats
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This is a list of congressional seats that voted for one party in the 2020 presidential election and another in the 2022 House elections.[86]
Democratic
This lists the districts in which Donald Trump won in 2020 that are represented by Democrats:
Republican
This lists the districts in which Joe Biden won in 2020 that are represented by Republicans:
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Mid-decade redistricting changes
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In the United States, all states with multiple congressional districts are required to revise their district maps following each decennial census to account for population changes. In 2024, most states used the same districts created in the redistricting cycle following the 2020 census, which were first used in the 2022 elections. However, maps have changed or would change in several states, often due to legal challenges made on the basis of political or racial gerrymandering.
As of May 2024, several states have seen challenges to their congressional district maps that were put in place during the redistricting cycle brought upon by the results of the 2020 census. In Alabama, a special master drew a new map after the state legislature submitted a map that did not comply with the Voting Rights Act after the Supreme Court ruled their original map violated the Voting Rights Act in Allen v. Milligan, requiring the creation of a second predominantly Black district.[88][89] Similarly, a judge in Georgia ruled that Georgia's maps were illegally racially gerrymandered and the Georgia General Assembly drew a new map that added a new predominantly Black district.[90][91] In Louisiana, the Supreme Court's decision not to intervene in Robinson v. Ardoin led to a second majority Black district being drawn in that state as well,[92] although this map was struck down after a legal challenge by some Louisianans[93][94] before the Supreme Court of the United States issued an emergency order allowing the new map to be used in the 2024 elections.[95] On the other hand, Republican legislators in North Carolina drew a map placing three Democratic incumbents in Republican-leaning districts after the North Carolina Supreme Court ruled that partisan gerrymandering is not justiciable,[96] which in turn was canceled out by a map passed after a similar state court ruling in New York that made three highly competitive districts somewhat Democratic-leaning.[97] Other racial gerrymandering cases in Arkansas,[98] Florida,[99] South Carolina,[100][101] Tennessee[102] and Texas[103] and another partisan gerrymandering case in Utah[104][105] were not resolved before the filing deadlines for the 2024 Congressional elections in those states; South Carolina's districts were ultimately upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States over a month after the state's filing deadline.[106]
Newly created seats
The following districts had no incumbent representative as a result of redistricting.
Seat with multiple incumbents running
The following district had multiple incumbent representatives running, the product of an incumbent of another district choosing to run in the seat against its own incumbent.
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Closest races
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Sixty-nine races were decided by a margin of 10% or lower.
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Election ratings
Special elections
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There are eight special elections scheduled in 2024 to the 118th United States Congress, listed here by date and district.
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Non-voting delegates
See also
Notes
- As well as the six non-voting delegates.
- Under Washington's "jungle primary" system, the general election was between two Republicans. The incumbent Republican won re-election.
- A new congressional map was enacted in October 2023, after the most recent publication of the Cook PVI.[108]
- A new congressional map was enacted in December 2023, after the most recent publication of the Cook PVI.[110]
- A new congressional map was enacted in January 2024 as a result of Robinson v. Ardoin, after the most recent publication of the Cook PVI.[114]
- A new congressional map was enacted in February 2024, after the most recent publication of the Cook PVI.[119]
- A new congressional map was enacted in October 2023, after the most recent publication of the Cook PVI.[120]
- González-Colón is a member of the Republican Party in Congress, but runs in elections under Puerto Rico's New Progressive Party (PNP).
References
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