sistem tulisan untuk bahasa Arab dan beberapa bahasa di Asia dan Afrika From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aksara Arab ialah sejenis sistem tulisan yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Arab dan pelbagai bahasa lain. Ia merupakan aksara kedua paling banyak digunakan di dunia mengikut bilangan negara yang menggunakannya, dan yang ketiga paling banyak mengikut bilangan pengguna (selepas aksara Rumi dan aksara Cina).[1]
Aksara Arab | |
---|---|
Jenis tulisan | Alfabet dalam beberapa penyesuaian |
Tempoh masa | 400–kini |
Arah tulisan | Right-to-left |
Tulisan rasmi | 18 sovereign states Co-official script in: 10 sovereign states |
Bahasa-bahasa | Pelbagai |
Tulisan berkaitan | |
Sistem tulisan induk | Hieroglif Mesir
|
Sistem tulisan turunan | N'Ko Hanifi Rohingya |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Arab (), Templat:ISO 15924 name |
Unikod | |
Alias Unikod | Arabic |
Julat Unikod |
|
Aksara tersebut mula-mula digunakan untuk menulis dalam bahasa Arab, terutamanya Al-Quran, iaitu kitab suci Islam. Dengan penyebaran agama tersebut, ia mula digunakan sebagai aksara utama untuk pelbagai bahasa, yang membawa kepada penciptaan huruf baharu dan lambang-lambang lain. Bahasa yang masih menggunakannya ialah: bahasa Parsi, bahasa Melayu, bahasa Uyghur, bahasa Kurdi, bahasa Punjab, bahasa Sindh, bahasa Balti, bahasa Baloci, Pashto, bahasa Luri, bahasa Urdu, bahasa Kasymir, bahasa Rohingya, bahasa Somali, bahasa Mandinka, dan lain-lain.[2] Sehingga abad ke-16, ia juga digunakan untuk beberapa penulisan bahasa Sepanyol, dan sebelum pembaharuan bahasa pada tahun 1928, ia merupakan sistem tulisan bahasa Turki.[3]
Aksara Arab ditulis dari kanan ke kiri dalam gaya kursif, di mana kebanyakan hurufnya ditulis dalam bentuk yang berbeza mengikut samada ia berdiri sendiri atau dicantumkan dengan huruf selepasnya atau sebelumnya. Walau bagaimanapun, bentuk huruf asasnya kekal tidak berubah. Aksara Arab tidak mempunyai huruf besar.[4] Dalam kebanyakan keadaan, huruf-hurufnya mewakili konsonan, atau konsonan dan beberapa vokal. Jadi, kebanyakan abjad sesuatu bahasa yang menggunakan aksara Arab adalah bersifat abjad, dan beberapa bahasa bahasa menggunakannya dalam bentuk alfabet. Aksara Arab juga merupakan asas kepada tradisi seni khat Arab.
Penggunaan aksara Arab di seluruh dunia | ||
---|---|---|
Negara yang menggunakan aksara Arab: | ||
→ | adalah satu-satunya aksara rasmi | |
→ | adalah rasmi bersama aksara lain | |
→ | adalah rasmi di peringkat sub-nasional (China, India, Israel) atau merupakan aksara alternatif yang diiktiraf (Malaysia, Tajikistan) |
Aksara Arab berasal samada daripada aksara Nabati[5][6] atau terus daripada aksara Suryani (kurang dipercayai secara meluas),[7] yang kedua-duanya berasal daripada aksara Aram (yang juga berkembang menjadi aksara Ibrani), yang pula merupakan turunan daripada aksara Foenisia. Sebagai tambahan kepada aksara Aram (dan, oleh itu, aksara Arab dan Ibrani), aksara Foenisia juga berkembang menjadi aksara Yunani (dan, oleh itu, kedua-dua aksara Kyril dan aksara Rumi).
Pada abad ke-6 dan ke-5 SM, puak Arab utara berhijrah dan mengasaskan kerajaan yang berpusat di sekitar Petra, Jordan. Warga tersebut (kini dipanggil orang Nabati daripada nama salah satu puaknya, Nabatu) bertutur dalam bahasa Arab Nabati, sebuah loghat bahasa Arab. Pada abad ke-2 atau ke-1 SM,[8][9] rakaman pertama yang diketahui tentang aksara Nabati ditulis dalam bahasa Aram (yang merupakan bahasa komunikasi dan perdagangan), tetapi termasuk juga beberapa ciri bahasa Arab: orang Nabati tidak menulis bahasa yang mereka pertuturkan. Mereka menulis dalam sesuatu bentuk aksara Aram, yang teruslah berkembang; ia berpisah kepada dua bentuk: satu bertujuan untuk prasasti (dikenali sebagai "aksara Nabati tugu") dan satu lagi, yang lebih kursif dan ditulis dengan tergesa-gesa berserta dengan huruf bercantum, untuk menulis pada papirus.[10] Bentuk aksara kursif tersebut semakin mempengaruhi bentuk aksara tugunya dan secara beransur-ansur ia berubah menjadi aksara Arab.
خ | ح | ج | ث | ت | ب | ا |
khā’ | ḥā’ | jīm | tha’ | tā’ | bā’ | alif |
ص | ش | س | ز | ر | ذ | د |
ṣād | shīn | sīn | zāy /zayn | rā’ | dhāl | dāl |
ق | ف | غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض |
qāf | fā’ | ghayn | ‘ayn | ẓā’ | ṭā’ | ḍād |
ي | و | ه | ن | م | ل | ك |
yā’ | wāw | hā’ | nūn | mīm | lām | kāf |
Aksara Arab telah disesuaikan untuk digunakan dalam pelbagai bahasa selain bahasa Arab, termasuklah bahasa Parsi, bahasa Melayu, dan bahasa Urdu, yang merupakan bukan daripada keluarga bahasa-bahasa Samiah. Penyesuaian sedemikian boleh menampilkan huruf yang diubah atau baharu untuk mewakili fonem yang tidak terdapat dalam fonologi bahasa Arab. Sebagai contoh, bahasa Arab tidak mempunyai letupan dwibibir nirsuara (bunyi [p]), oleh itu banyak penutur bahasa lain menambah huruf mereka sendiri untuk mewakili [p] dalam gubahan aksara mereka, walaupun rupa huruf tersebut berbeza mengikut bahasa. Pengubahsuaian ini cenderung mengikut sesuatu kumpulan: Bahasa di India dan bahasa-bahasa Turki yang ditulis dalam aksara Arab cenderung menggunakan huruf ubahsuaian aksara Parsi, manakala bahasa di Indonesia cenderung meniru aksara Jawi atau aksara Pegon.
Apabila aksara Arab digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Kroat-Serb, bahasa Soran, bahasa Kasymir, bahasa Mandarin, atau bahasa Uyghur, huruf vokal adalah wajib. Oleh itu, aksara Arab boleh digunakan sebagai alfabet dan juga abjad.
Penggunaan aksara Arab dalam bahasa-bahasa Afrika Barat, terutamanya di Sahel, berkembang dengan penyebaran Islam. Pada tahap tertentu, gaya dan penggunaannya cenderung mengikut penggunaan di Maghreb (contohnya kedudukan titik dalam huruf fāʼ dan qāf).[11][12] Diakritik tambahan telah digunakan untuk memudahkan penulisan bunyi yang tidak diwakili dalam bahasa Arab. Istilah ʻAjamī, yang berasal daripada kata dasar bahasa Arab untuk "asing" telah digunakan untuk ortografi bahasa-bahasa Afrika berasaskan aksara Arab.
Aksara atau gaya | Abjad | Bahasa | Wilayah | Diterbit daripada | Ulasan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naskh | Arab & lain-lain | Arab & lain-lain | Setiap wilayah di mana aksara Arab digunakan | Kadangkala merujuk kepada gaya kaligrafi yang sangat khusus, tetapi kadangkala digunakan untuk merujuk secara lebih luas kepada hampir setiap pasuan yang bukan Kufi atau Nasta'liq. | |
Nasta'liq | Urdu, Parsi, & lain-lain | bahasa Urdu, Parsi, & lain-lain | Asia Selatan dan Barat | Ta'liq | Digunakan untuk hampir semua penulisan Urdu moden, tetapi hanya sekali-sekala digunakan untuk bahasa Parsi. (Istilah "Nasta'liq" kadangkala digunakan oleh penutur bahasa Urdu untuk merujuk kepada semua aksara Arab-Parsi.) |
Ta'liq | Parsi | Parsi | Pendahulu kepada Nasta'liq. | ||
Kufi | Arab | Arab | Timur Tengah dan bahagian-bahagian Afrika Utara | ||
Rasm | Abjad Arab terhad | Arab | Terutamanya sejarahan | Menghilangkan semua diakritik termasuk i'jam. Penyalinan digital biasanya memerlukan beberapa huruf khas. Lihat:ٮ ڡ ٯ (pautan ke Wikikamus). | |
Abjad | Huruf | Huruf Tambahan | Gaya Rupa | Bahasa | Rantau | Diterbit daripada: (atau berkerabat dengan) |
Catatan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arab | 28 | Naskh, Kufi, Rasm, & others | Arab | North Africa, Asia Barat | Aramaic,Syriac, Nabataean | ||
Ajami | 33 | ٻ تٜ تٰٜ | Naskh | Hausa, Yoruba, Swahili | Afrika Barat | Arab | Abjad |
Aljamiado | 28 | Naskh | Old Spanish, Mozarabic, Ladino, Aragonese, Old Galician-Portuguese | Southwest Europe | Arab | 8th-13th centuries for Mozarabic, 14th-16th centuries for the other languages | |
Arebitsa | 30 | ڄ ە اٖى ي ڵ ںٛ ۉ ۆ | Naskh | Serbo-Croatian | Tengara Eropah | Arab-Parsi | Latest stage has full vowel marking |
Arwi | 41 | ڊ ڍ ڔ صٜ ۻ ࢳ ڣ ࢴ ڹ ݧ | Naskh | Tamil | Selatan India, Sri Lanka | Arab-Parsi | |
Arabitsa | 32 | ࢮ ࢯ | Naskh | Belarusian | Eastern Europe | Arab-Parsi | 15th / 16th century |
Baloci | 29 | ٹ ڈ ۏ ݔ ے | Naskh and Nasta'liq | Balochi | Asia Barat Daya | Arab-Parsi, juga meminjam beberapa glif dari aksara Urdu | This standardization is based on the previous orthography. For more information, see Balochi writing. |
Barbar | 33 | چ ژ ڞ ݣ ء | Various Berber languages | North Africa | Arab | ||
Burusyaski | 53 | ݳ ݴ ݼ څ ڎ ݽ ڞ ݣ ݸ ݹ ݶ ݷ ݺ ݻ (see note) |
Nasta'liq | Burushaski | Asia Barat Daya (Pakistan) | Urdu | Also uses the additional letters shown for Urdu.(see below) Sometimes written with just the Urdu alphabet, or with the Latin alphabet. |
Cagatai | 32 | ݣ | Nasta'liq and Naskh | Cagatai | Asia Tengah | Arab-Parsi | ݣ is interchangeable with نگ and ڭ. |
Galal | 32 | Naskh | Somali | Horn of Africa | Arab | ||
Jawi | 36 | ڠ ڤ ݢ ڽ ۏ ى | Naskh | Malay | Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and part of Borneo | Arab-Parsi | Since 1303 AD (Trengganu Stone) |
Kashmiri | 44 | ۆ ۄ ؠ ێ | Nasta'liq | Kashmiri | Asia Selatan | Urdu | This orthography is fully voweled. 3 out of the 4 (ۆ, ۄ, ێ) additional glyphs are actually vowels. Not all vowels are listed here since they are not separate letters. For further information, see Kashmiri writing. |
Kazakh | 35 | ٵ ٶ ﯗ ٷ ﯞ ۆ ە ھ ﻯ ٸ ي | Naskh | Kazakh | Asia Tengah, China | Cagatai | In use since 11th century, reformed in the early 20th century, now official only in China |
Khowar | 45 | ݯ ݮ څ ځ ݱ ݰ ڵ | Nasta'liq | Khowar | Asia Selatan | Urdu, however, borrows multiple glyphs from Pashto | |
Kyrgyz Arabic alphabet | 33 | ۅ ﯗ ۉ ﯞ ە ﻯ ي | Naskh | Kyrgyz | Asia Tengah | Cagatai | In use since 11th century, reformed in the early 20th century, now official only in China |
Pashto | 45 | ټ څ ځ ډ ړ ږ ښ ګ ڼ ۀ ي ې ۍ ئ | Naskh and occasionally, Nasta'liq | Pashto | Asia Barat Daya, Afghanistan, dan Pakistan | Arab-Parsi | ګ is interchangeable with گ. Also, the glyphs ی and ې are often replaced with ے in Pakistan. |
Pegon | 35 | ڎ ڟ ڠ ڤ ڮ ۑ | Naskh | Javanese, Sundanese | Asia Tenggara (Indonesia) | Arab-Parsi | |
Parsi | 32 | پ چ ژ گ | Naskh and Nasta'liq | Persian (Farsi) | Asia Barat (Iran etc. ) | Arab | Juga dikenali sebagai Arab-Parsi. |
Saraiki | 45 | ٻ ڄ ݙ ڳ | Nasta'liq | Saraiki | Asia Barat Daya (Pakistan) | Shahmukhi | |
Syahmukhi | 41+ (see note) |
ࣇ ݨ | Nasta'liq | Punjabi | Asia Barat Daya (Pakistan) | Urdu | Similar to Urdu; 58 letters including digraphs for aspirated consonants. |
Sindh | 64 | ڪ ڳ ڱ گ ک پ ڀ ٻ ٽ ٿ ٺ ڻ ڦ ڇ چ ڄ ڃ ھ ڙ ڌ ڏ ڎ ڍ ڊ |
Naskh | Sindhi | Asia Barat Daya (Pakistan) | Arab-Parsi | |
Sorabe | 28 | Naskh | Malagasy | Madagascar | Arab | ||
Sorani | 33 | ڕ ڤ ڵ ۆ ێ | Naskh, and occasionally, Nasta'liq | Central Kurdish | Timur Tengah | Arab-Parsi | Vowels are mandatory, i.e. abugida |
Swahili | 28 | Naskh | Swahili | Afrika Barat dan Selatan | Arab | ||
İske imlâ | 35 | ﯞ | Naskh | Tatar | Rantau Volga | Cagatai | Used prior to 1920. |
Ottoman Turkish | 32 | Turki Usmaniah | Empayar Osmaniah | Cagatai | Official until 1928 | ||
Urdu | 39+ (see notes) |
ٹ ڈ ڑ ں ہ ھ ے (see notes) |
Nasta'liq | Urdu | Asia Selatan | Arab-Parsi | 58 letters including digraphs representing aspirated consonants. بھ پھ تھ ٹھ جھ چھ دھ ڈھ کھ گھ |
Uyghur | 32 | ئا ئە ھ ئو ئۇ ئۆ ئۈ ۋ ئې ئى | Naskh | Uyghur | China, Asia Tengah | Cagatai | Reform of older Arabic-script Uyghur orthography that was used prior the 1950s. Vowels are mandatory, i.e. abugida |
Wolofal | 33 | ݖ گ ݧ ݝ ݒ | Naskh | Wolof | Afrika Barat | Arab, however, borrows at least one glyph from Arab-Parsi | |
Xiao'erjing | 36 | ٿ س﮲ ڞ ي | Naskh | Bahasa-bahasa Cina | China, Asia Tengah | Cagatai | Used to write Chinese languages by Muslims living in China such as the Hui people. |
Yaña imlâ | 29 | ئا ئە ئی ئو ئۇ ئ ھ | Naskh | Tatar | Rantau Volga | İske imlâ alphabet | 1920–1927 replaced with Cyrillic |
Aksara Arab umumnya digunakan secara meluas atau terhad dalam bentuk asal atau diubahsuai untuk bahasa-bahasa berikut:
Rantau | Bahasa |
---|---|
Timur Tengah, Asia Tengah, Asia Selatan, & Asia Timur |
|
Afrika |
|
Asia Selatan |
|
Asia Tenggara |
Aksara Arab pernah digunakan untuk pelbagai bahasa, namun banyak bahasa telah menggantikan aksara Arab dengan aksara pribumi mereka atau lainan aksara Kyril dan aksara Rumi. Berikut ialah senarai bahasa yang pernah menggunakan aksara Arab dalam penulisan:
Rantau | Bahasa |
---|---|
Afrika | |
Eropah |
|
Asia Tengah dan Kaukasus |
|
Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara |
|
Timur Tengah |
|
Mulai Unikod 15.0, julat berikut mengekodkan aksara Arab:
Keluarga bahasa | Austronesia | Dravidia | Turki | Indo-Arya | Iran | Jerman | Arab | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bahasa/aksara | Jawi | Pegon | Arwi | Usmaniah | Uyghur | Tatar | Sindhi | Punjabi | Urdu | Parsi | Baloci | Kurdi | Pasyto | Afrikaans | Maghribi | Tunisia | Algeria | Mesir | Najdi | Hijaz | Palestin | Levant | Iraq | Teluk | ||
/p/ | ڤ | ڣ | پ | پ / ب | ||||||||||||||||||||||
/g/ | ݢ | ؼ | گ | ګ | گ | ڭ / گ | ڨ / ڧـ ـڧـ ـٯ / ق | ج | ق | چ / ج | ك / ج | گ / ك | ق / گ | |||||||||||||
/t͡ʃ/ | چ | ∅ | چ | ڜ | تش | چ | ||||||||||||||||||||
/v/ | ۏ | ف | و | ۋ | و | ∅ | ڤ | ∅ | ڤ | ڥ / ڢ / ف | ڤ / ف | |||||||||||||||
/ʒ/ | ∅ | ژ | ∅ | ژ | ج | ∅ | چ / ج | ∅ | ج | ∅ | ||||||||||||||||
/ŋ/ | ڠ | ࢳ | ڭ | ڱ | ن٘ | ∅ | ڠ | ∅ | ||||||||||||||||||
/ɳ/ | ∅ | ∅ | ڹ | ∅ | ڻ | ݨ | ن | ∅ | ڼ | ∅ | ∅ | |||||||||||||||
/ɲ/ | ڽ | ۑ | ݧ | ∅ | ڃ | نج | ∅ | ∅ |
Huruf or Digraf[A] | Use & Pronunciation | Unicode | i'jam & other additions | Shape | Similar Arab Letter(s) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U+ | [B] | [C] | above | below | |||||||
پ | پـ ـپـ ـپ | Pe, used to represent the phoneme /p/ in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Khowar, Sindhi, Urdu, Kurdish, Kashmiri; it is can be used in Arab to describe the phoneme /p/ otherwise it is normalized to /b/ ب e.g. پول Paul also written بول | U+067E | ﮹ | tiada | 3 titik | ٮ | ب | |||
ݐ | ݐـ ـݐـ ـݐ | used to represent the equivalent of the Latin letter Ƴ (palatalized glottal stop /ʔʲ/) in some African languages such as Fulfulde. | U+0750 | ﮳﮳﮳ | tiada | 3 titik
(horizontal) |
ٮ | ب | |||
ٻ | ٻـ ـٻـ ـٻ | B̤ē, used to represent a voiced bilabial implosive /ɓ/ in Hausa, Sindhi and Saraiki. | U+067B | ﮾ | tiada | 2 titik
(vertically) |
ٮ | ب | |||
ڀ | ڀـ ـڀـ ـڀ | represents an aspirated voiced bilabial plosive /bʱ/ in Sindhi. | U+0680 | ﮻ | tiada | 4 titik | ٮ | ب | |||
ٺ | ٺـ ـٺـ ـٺ | Ṭhē, represents the aspirated voiceless retroflex plosive /ʈʰ/ in Sindhi. | U+067A | ﮽ | 2 titik
(vertically) |
tiada | ٮ | ت | |||
ټ | ټـ ـټـ ـټ | Ṭē, used to represent the phoneme /ʈ/ in Pashto. | U+067C | ﮿ | ﮴ | 2 titik | ring | ٮ | ت | ||
ٽ | ٽـ ـٽـ ـٽ | Ṭe, used to represent the phoneme (a voiceless retroflex plosive /ʈ/) in Sindhi | U+067D | ﮸ | 3 titik
(inverted) |
tiada | ٮ | ت | |||
ﭦ | ٹـ ـٹـ ـٹ | Ṭe, used to represent Ṭ (a voiceless retroflex plosive /ʈ/) in Punjabi, Kashmiri, Urdu. | U+0679 | ◌ؕ | small
ط |
tiada | ٮ | ت | |||
ٿ | ٿـ ـٿـ ـٿ | Teheh, used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (when written in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent the phoneme /t͡ɕʰ/ (pinyin q) in Chinese Xiao'erjing. | U+067F | ﮺ | 4 titik | tiada | ٮ | ت | |||
ڄ | ڄـ ـڄـ ـڄ | represents the "c" voiceless dental affricate /t͡s/ phoneme in Bosnian. | U+0684 | ﮾ | tiada | 2 titik
(vertically) |
ح | ج | |||
ڃ | ڃـ ـڃـ ـڃ | represents the "ć" voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/ phoneme in Bosnian. | U+0683 | ﮵ | tiada | 2 titik | ح | ح ج | |||
چ | چـ ـچـ ـچ | Che, used to represent /t͡ʃ/ ("ch"). It is used in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Urdu, Kashmiri and Kurdish. /ʒ/ in Egypt. | U+0686 | ﮹ | tiada | 3 titik | ح | ج | |||
څ | څـ ـڅـ ـڅ | Ce, used to represent the phoneme /t͡s/ in Pashto. | U+0685 | ﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | ح | ج خ ح | |||
ݗ | ݗـ ـݗـ ـݗ | represents the "đ" voiced alveolo-palatal affricate /d͡ʑ/ phoneme in Bosnian. | U+0757 | ﮴ | 2 titik | tiada | ح | ح | |||
ځ | ځـ ـځـ ـځ | Źim, used to represent the phoneme /d͡z/ in Pashto. | U+0681 | ◌ٔ | Hamza | tiada | ح | ج خ ح | |||
ݙ | ݙ ـݙ | used in Saraiki to represent a Voiced alveolar implosive /ɗ̢/. | U+0759 | ﯀ | ﮾ | small
ط |
2 titik
(vertically) |
د | د | ||
ڊ | ڊ ـڊ | used in Saraiki to represent a voiced retroflex implosive /ᶑ/. | U+068A | ﮳ | tiada | 1 dot | د | د | |||
ڈ | ڈ ـڈ | Ḍal, used to represent a Ḍ (a voiced retroflex plosive /ɖ/) in Punjabi, Kashmiri and Urdu. | U+0688 | ◌ؕ | small ط | tiada | د | د | |||
ڌ | ڌ ـڌ | Dhal, used to represent the phoneme /d̪ʱ/ in Sindhi | U+068C | ﮴ | 2 titik | tiada | د | د | |||
ډ | ډ ـډ | Ḍal, used to represent the phoneme /ɖ/ in Pashto. | U+0689 | ﮿ | tiada | ring | د | د | |||
ڑ | ڑ ـڑ | Ṛe, represents a retroflex flap /ɽ/ in Punjabi and Urdu. | U+0691 | ◌ؕ | small ط | tiada | ر | ر | |||
ړ | ړ ـړ | Ṛe, used to represent a retroflex lateral flap in Pashto. | U+0693 | ﮿ | tiada | ring | ر | ر | |||
ݫ | ݫ ـݫ | used in Ormuri to represent a voiced alveolo-palatal fricative /ʑ/, as well as in Torwali. | U+076B | ﮽ | 2 titik
(vertically) |
tiada | ر | ر | |||
ژ | ژ ـژ | Že / zhe, used to represent the voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ in, Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Urdu, Punjabi and Uyghur. | U+0698 | ﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | ر | ز | |||
ږ | ږ ـږ | Ǵe / ẓ̌e, used to represent the phoneme /ʐ/ /ɡ/ /ʝ/ in Pashto. | U+0696 | ﮲ | ﮳ | 1 dot | 1 dot | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ر | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ز | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڕ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڕ ـڕ | used in Kurdish to represent rr /r/ in Soranî dialect. | U+0695 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ٚ | tiada | V pointing down | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ر | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ر | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݭ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݭـ ـݭـ ـݭ | used in Kalami to represent a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/, and in Ormuri to represent a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /ɕ/. | U+076D | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮽ | 2 titik vertically | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)س | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)س | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݜ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݜـ ـݜـ ـݜ | used in Shina to represent a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/. | U+075C | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮺ | 4 titik | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)س | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ش س | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ښ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ښـ ـښـ ـښ | X̌īn / ṣ̌īn, used to represent the phoneme /x/ /ʂ/ /ç/ in Pashto. | U+069A | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮲ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮳ | 1 dot | 1 dot | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)س | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ش س | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڜ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڜـ ـڜـ ـڜ | Unofficially used to represent Spanish words with /t͡ʃ/ in Morocco. | U+069C | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮶ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮹ | 3 titik | 3 titik | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)س | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ش س | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڨ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڨـ ـڨـ ـڨ | Ga, used to represent the voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ in Algerian and Tunisian. | U+06A8 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ٯ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ق | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)گ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)گـ ـگـ ـگ | Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Kurdish, Uyghur, Mesopotamian, Urdu and Ottoman Turkish. | U+06AF | line | horizontal line | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)گ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ګ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ګـ ـګـ ـګ | Gaf, used to represent the phoneme /ɡ/ in Pashto. | U+06AB | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮿ | ring | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ک | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݢ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݢـ ـݢـ ـݢ | Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ in the Jawi script of Malay. | U+0762 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮲ | 1 dot | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ک | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڬ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڬـ ـڬـ ـڬ | U+06AC | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮲ | 1 dot | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | ||||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ؼ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ؼـ ـؼـ ـؼ | Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ in the Pegon script of Indonesian. | U+08B4 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮳ | tiada | 1 dot | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڭ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڭـ ـڭـ ـڭ | Ng, used to represent the /ŋ/ phone in Ottoman Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uyghur, and to unofficially represent the /ɡ/ in Morocco and in many dialects of Algerian. | U+06AD | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)أي | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)أيـ ـأيـ ـأي | Ee, used to represent the phoneme /eː/ in Somali. | U+0623 U+064A | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٔ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮵ | Hamza | 2 titik | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)اى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)أ + Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ئ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ئـ ـئـ ـئ | E, used to represent the phoneme /e/ in Somali. | U+0626 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٔ | Hamza | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي ی | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ىٓ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ىٓـ ـىٓـ ـىٓ | Ii, used to represent the phoneme /iː/ in Somali and Saraiki. | U+0649 U+0653 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٓ | Madda | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ؤ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ؤ ـؤ | O, used to represent the phoneme /o/ in Somali. | U+0624 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٔ | Hamza | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ؤ | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۅ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۅ ـۅ | Ö, used to represent the phoneme /ø/ in Kyrgyz. | U+0624 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌̵ | StrikethroughSaiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000) | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ې | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ېـ ـېـ ـې | Pasta Ye, used to represent the phoneme /e/ in Pashto and Uyghur. | U+06D0 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮾ | tiada | 2 titik vertical | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ی | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)یـ ـیـ ـی | Nārīna Ye, used to represent the phoneme [ɑj] and phoneme /j/ in Pashto. | U+06CC | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮵ | 2 titik
(start + mid) |
tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۍ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ـۍ | end
only |
X̌əźīna ye Ye, used to represent the phoneme [əi] in Pashto. | U+06CD | line | horizontal
line |
tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ئ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ئـ ـئـ ـئ | Fāiliya Ye, used to represent the phoneme [əi] and /j/ in Pashto, Punjabi, Saraiki and Urdu | U+0626 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٔ | Hamza | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي ى | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)أو | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)أو ـأو | Oo, used to represent the phoneme /oː/ in Somali. | U+0623 U+0648 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٔ | Hamza | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)او | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)أ + Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ﻭٓ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ﻭٓ ـﻭٓ | Uu, used to represent the phoneme /uː/ in Somali. | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ﻭ + Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٓ U+0648 U+0653 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٓ | Madda | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ﻭ + Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٓ | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڳ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڳـ ـڳـ ـڳ | represents a voiced velar implosive /ɠ/ in Sindhi and Saraiki | U+06B1 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮾ | horizontal
line |
2 titik | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)گ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڱ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڱـ ـڱـ ـڱ | represents the Velar nasal /ŋ/ phoneme in Sindhi. | U+06B1 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮴ | 2 titik + horizontal
line |
tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)گ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ک | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)کـ ـکـ ـک | Khē, represents /kʰ/ in Sindhi. | U+06A9 | tiada | tiada | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ک | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڪ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڪـ ـڪـ ـڪ | "Swash kāf" is a stylistic variant of Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك in Arabic, but represents un- aspirated /k/ in Sindhi. | U+06AA | tiada | tiada | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڪ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك or Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڪ | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݣ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݣـ ـݣـ ـݣ | used to represent the phoneme /ŋ/ (pinyin ng) in Chinese. | U+0763 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮹ | tiada | 3 titik | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ک | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڼ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڼـ ـڼـ ـڼ | represents the retroflex nasal /ɳ/ phoneme in Pashto. | U+06BC | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ں | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮿ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮲ | 1 dot | ring | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ن | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڻ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڻـ ـڻـ ـڻ | represents the retroflex nasal /ɳ/ phoneme in Sindhi. | U+06BB | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ؕ | small Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ط | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ں | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ن | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݨ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݨـ ـݨـ ـݨ | used in Punjabi to represent /ɳ/ and Saraiki to represent /ɲ/. | U+0768 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮲ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﯀ | 1 dot + small Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ط | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ں | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ن | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڽ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڽـ ـڽـ ـڽ | Nya /ɲ/ in the Jawi script. | U+06BD | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ں | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ن | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۑ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۑـ ـۑـ ـۑ | Nya /ɲ/ in the Pegon script. | U+06D1 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮹ | tiada | 3 titik | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڠ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڠـ ـڠـ ـڠ | Nga /ŋ/ in the Jawi script and Pegon script. | U+06A0 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ع | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)غ | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݪ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݪـ ـݪـ ـݪ | used in Marwari to represent a retroflex lateral flap /ɺ̢/, and in Kalami to represent a voiceless lateral fricative /ɬ/. | U+076A | line | horizontal
line |
tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ل | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ل | |||
Templat:Uninastaliq | ࣇ ࣇ ࣇ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ࣇ - or alternately typeset as Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)لؕ - is used in Punjabi to represent voiced retroflex lateral approximant /ɭ/[38] | U+08C7 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ؕ | small Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ط | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ل | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ل | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)لؕ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)لؕـ ـلؕـ ـلؕ | U+0644 U+0615 | |||||||||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڥ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڥـ ـڥـ ـڥ | Vi, used in Algerian Arabic and Tunisian Arabic when written in Arab script to represent the sound /v/ (unofficial). | U+06A5 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮹ | tiada | 3 titik | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڡ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ف | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڤ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڤـ ـڤـ ـڤ | Ve, used in by some Arab speakers to represent the phoneme /v/ in loanwords, and in the Kurdish language when written in Arab script to represent the sound /v/. Also used as pa /p/ in the Jawi script and Pegon script. | U+06A4 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڡ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ف | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۏ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۏ ـۏ | Va in the Jawi script. | U+06CF | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮲ | 1 dot | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۋ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۋ ـۋ | represents a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ in Kyrgyz, Uyghur, and Old Tatar; and /w, ʊw, ʉw/ in Kazakh; also formerly used in Nogai. | U+06CB | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۆ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۆ ـۆ | represents "O" /o/ in Kurdish, and in Uyghur it represents the sound similar to the French eu and œu /ø/ sound. It represents the "у" close back rounded vowel /u/ phoneme in Bosnian. | U+06C6 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٚ | V pointing down | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۇ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۇ ـۇ | U, used to represents the Close back rounded vowel /u/ phoneme in Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uyghur. | U+06C7 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ُ | DammaSaiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000) | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ێ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ێـ ـێـ ـێ | represents Ê or É /e/ in Kurdish. | U+06CE | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٚ | V pointing down | 2 titik
(start + mid) |
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ھ
Templat:Uninastaliq |
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ھـ ـھـ ـھ
Templat:Uninastaliq |
Do-chashmi he (two-eyed hāʼ), used in digraphs for aspiration /ʰ/ and breathy voice /ʱ/ in Punjabi and Urdu. Also used to represent /h/ in Kazakh, Sorani and Uyghur.Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000) | U+06BE | tiada | tiada | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ھ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ه | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ە | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ە ـە | Ae, used represent /æ/ and /ɛ/ in Kazakh, Sorani and Uyghur. | U+06D5 | tiada | tiada | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ھ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)إ | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ے | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ـے | end
only |
Baṛī ye ('big yāʼ'), is a stylistic variant of ي in Arab, but represents "ai" or "e" /ɛː/, /eː/ in Urdu and Punjabi. | U+06D2 | tiada | tiada | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ے | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڞ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڞـ ـڞـ ـڞ | used to represent the phoneme /tsʰ/ (pinyin c) in Chinese. | U+069E | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮶ | 3 titik | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ص | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ص ض | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ط | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)طـ ـطـ ـط | used to represent the phoneme /t͡s/ (pinyin z) in Chinese. | U+0637 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ط | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ط | ||||||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۉ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ۉ ـۉ | represents the "o" open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/ phoneme in Bosnian. | U+06C9 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٛ | V pointing up | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)و | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݩ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ݩـ ـݩـ ـݩ | represents the "nj" palatal nasal /ɲ/ phoneme in Bosnian. | U+0769 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)﮲ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٚ | 1 dot
V pointing down |
tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ں | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ن | ||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڵ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڵـ ـڵـ ـڵ | used in Kurdish to represent ll /ɫ/ in Soranî dialect. | U+06B5 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٚ | V pointing down | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ل | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ل | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڵ | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ڵـ ـڵـ ـڵ | represents the "lj" palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/ phoneme in Bosnian. | U+06B5 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٚ | V pointing down | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ل | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ل | |||
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)اٖى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)اٖىـ ـاٖىـ ـاٖى | represents the "i" close front unrounded vowel /i/ phoneme in Bosnian. | U+0627 U+0656 U+0649 | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)◌ٖ | Alef | tiada | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)اى | Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)اٖ + Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ى |
Kebanyakan bahasa yang menggunakan aksara berdasarkan aksara Arab menggunakan bentuk asas yang sama. Kebanyakan huruf tambahan dalam bahasa yang menggunakan aksara berdasarkan aksara Arab dibina dengan menambah (atau mengalih keluar) diakritik pada huruf Arab sediada. Beberapa lainan gaya dalam bahasa Arab mempunyai makna yang berbeza dalam bahasa lain. Sebagai contoh, bentuk lainan untuk kāf (Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ك ک ڪ) digunakan dalam sesetengah bahasa dan kadangkala mempunyai penggunaan khusus. Dalam bahasa Urdu dan beberapa bahasa jirannya, huruf Hā telah menyimpang kepada dua bentuk: do-čašmī hē (Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ھ) dan gōl hē (Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ),[39] manakala suatu bentuk lainan yā (Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ي) yang dipanggil baṛī yē (Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)ے) digunakan pada hujung beberapa perkataan.[39]
Saiz unstrip melebihi hadnya (5,000,000)
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