pango

Latin

Alternative forms

• pacō, pagō (Archaic Latin)

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *pangō, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-. Cognates include Ancient Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈpan.ɡoː/, [ˈpäŋɡoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈpan.ɡo/, [ˈpäŋɡo]

Verb

pangō (present infinitive pangere, perfect active pepigī or pānxī or pēgī, supine pānctum or pā̆ctum); third conjugation

1. to fasten, fix, set, especially drive, sink, force in

   Synonyms: cōnserō, cōnfīgō, fīgō, illigō, colligō, ligō, adalligō, nectō, cōnectō, vinculō

   Antonyms: explicō, absolvō, dissolvō, solvō

   • 1839 [8th century CE], Paulus Diaconus, edited by Karl Otfried Müller, Excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi De significatione verborum, page 212, line 7:

     Pangere fīgere, unde plantae pangī dīcuntur, quum in terram dēmittuntur; inde etiam versūs pangī vel fīgī in cērā dīcuntur.

     Pangere means to drive in, whence plants are said to be planted, when set into the ground; therefore verses too are said to be written or set in wax.

2. (by extension) to set, plant
   • 4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Re Rustica 11.2.42:

     Hōc eōdem mēnse in pastinātō sēmināriō novissima positiō est oleāris tāleae, eamque oportet, cum pānxeris, fimō et cinere mīxtīs oblinere, et superpōnere mūscum, nē sōle findātur.

     In the same month is the last season for olive cuttings in a trenched nursery-bed, and you should besmear it with manure and ash mixed together when you plant it, and to set moss over it, so that they may not be split by the sun.

   1. (transferred) to beget (children)
3. (chiefly poetic) to compose, make heard or give out
   1. (usually) in verse
      • c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 1.933–934:

        […] deinde quod obscūrā dē rē tam lūcida pangō
        carmina, mūsaeō contingēns cūncta lepōre.

        […] then because I compose poems so lucid about such an obscure
        subject, touching everything with the grace of the Muses.

      • c. 19 BCE, Horace, Ars Poetica 416:

        Nunc satis est dīxisse: “ego mīra poēmata pangō.”

        Nowadays it's enough to say “I compose wonderful poems.”

      • 37 CE, Martial, Epigrammata 3.38.7–8

        Sī nihil hinc veniet, pangentur carmina nōbīs:
             audieris, dīcēs esse Marōnis opus.

        If nothing will come out of that, poems shall be composed by us:
             should you hear, you'd say it's Maro's work.

   2. (rare) in prose
      • 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 2.6.2:

        Itaque ἀνέκδοτα ā nōbīs, quae tibi ūnī legāmus, Theopompiō genere aut etiam asperiōre multō pangentur.

        Therefore anecdotes, which I shall only read to you, will be composed by me, in Theopompian style or even more savage.

   3. in song
      • 239 BCE – 169 BCE, Ennius, Annales 293:

        Tibia Mūsārum pangit melos

        The pipe sings the melody of the Muses.

      • c. 310 CE – c. 395 CE, Ausonius, Commemorātiō professōrum Burdigalēnsium 10.42–45:

        Pange et Anastasiō
        flēbile, Mūsa, melum
        et memorā tenuem
        nēnia, grammaticum.

        Sing to Anastasius too
        a flowing melody, Muse,
        and remember the delicate
        grammaticus, O dirge.

4. (Late Latin, Medieval Latin, poetic) to celebrate, tell of, record, compose accounts of
   • a. 405 CE, Prudentius, Liber Cathēmerinōn 9.7:

     Facta nōs et iam probāta pangimus mīrācula.

     We tell of miracles done and already proven.

   • 1225 CE – 1274 CE, Thomas Aquinas, Pange lingua 1–6:

     Pange, lingua, glōriōsī
     corporis mystērium,
     sanguinisque prētiōsī,
     quem in mundī pretium
     frūctus ventris generōsī
     rēx effūdit gentium.

     Tell, tongue, of the mystery
     of the glorious Body,
     and of the precious blood,
     which, for the price of the world,
     the Fruit of the noble Womb,
     the King of Nations spilled.

5. (figuratively, almost exclusively perfect or participle) to fix, determine
   1. to agree upon, settle

      Synonyms: concordō, condīcō, conveniō, cōnsentiō, assentiō, concurrō, cōnstō, congruō

      Antonyms: discordō, dissentiō, variō, dissideō, abhorreō

      • c. 190 BCE – 185 BCE, Plautus, Bacchides 4.8.38:

        Dūcentīs Philippīs rem pepigī.

        I've settled the matter for two hundred Philippics.

      • 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.115–116:

        […] Vēlāmina Thisbēs
        tollit et ad pactae sēcum fert arboris umbram.

        The cloak of Thisbe
        he picks up and takes it with him to the shadow of the agreed upon tree.

      • c. 69 CE – p. 122 CE, Suetonius, Dē rhētoribus 1.9:

        Aestīvō tempore adulēscentēs urbānī cum Ōstiam vēnissent, lītus ingressī, piscātōrēs trahentēs rēte adiērunt et pepigērunt, bolum quantī ēmerent.

        When youths from the city came to Ostia in the summer, having went on the beach, they approached the net-drawing fishermen and agreed on what they should pay for the haul.

   2. (finance) to settle a price or monetary value
      • 44 BCE, Cicero, De Officiis 3.107:

        Quod enim ita iūrātum est, ut mēns conciperet fierī oportere, id servandum est; quod aliter, id sī nōn fēcerit, nūllum est periūrium. Ut, sī praedōnibus pactum prō capite prētium non attulerīs, nūlla fraus sit, nē sī iūrātus quidem id nōn fēcerīs.

        That is to be kept, which is so sworn, that the mind conceives that it must be done; else, if one didn't do it, it's no perjury. Like, if you didn't bring the pirates the price settled for your head, there were no fraud, not even if you didn’t do it having vowed to prior.

      • c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum Vespasian 23.period2:

        Quendam ē cārīs ministrīs dispēnsātiōnem cuidam quasi frātrī petentem cum distulisset, ipsum candidātum ad sē vocāvit; exāctāque pecūniā, quantam is cum suffrāgātōre suō pepigerat, sine morā ōrdināvit; interpellantī mox ministrō: “Alium tibi,” ait, “quaere frātrem; hic, quem tuum putās, meus est.”

        When he [‌Vespasian] put off one of his dear servants requesting a stewardship for someone as for a brother, he called the candidate himself to him; and, having asked for as much money as that man had agreed with his advocate, he appointed him without delay; to the servant, soon asking about the matter, he said: “Search for another brother; this one, whom you believe your own, is mine.”

   3. to make an agreement, pledge

      Synonyms: pacīscor, ī̆cō, percutiō, feriō

      • 44 BCE, Cicero, De Officiis 3.92:

        Sī quis medicāmentum cuipiam dederit ad aquam intercutem pepigeritque, sī eō medicāmentō sānus factus esset, nē illō medicāmentō umquam posteā ūterētur, sī eō medicāmentō sānus factus sit et annīs aliquot post inciderit in eundem morbum nec ab eō, quīcum pepigerat, impetret, ut iterum eō liceat utī, quid faciendum sit.

        What were to be done, if someone gave somebody a medicine for dropsy and made an agreement that, if he were to be made healthy by that medicine, he would never use that medicine afterwards, then, if he were made healthy by that medicine and some years afterwards fell sick to the same disease and didn't manage to get permission from the one he made a pledge with to use it again.

      • 59 BC–AD 17, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 1.30.7:

        Pūblicō auxiliō nūllō adiūtī sunt, valuitque apud Vēientēs—nam dē cēterīs minus mīrum est—pacta cum Rōmulō indūtiārum fidēs.

        They were helped by no public aid, and the faith of the truce, agreed upon with Romulus, held among the Veiians—for it's less of a wonder concerning the others.

      • c. 330 CE, Juvencus, Evangeliorum libri 4.513–516:

        Pars strīctīs gladiīs pars fīdēns pondere clāvae
        sīgna sequēbātur Iūdae prōmissa furentis.
        Ōscula nam pepigit sēsē contingere Chrīstī,
        quō facile ignōtum caperet miserābile vulgus.

        One part with drawn swords, another confident in the weight of the cudgel
        was following the promised signs of thievish Judas.
        For he agreed to give Christ a kiss,
        so that the pitiable masses could easily capture the unknown one.

      • 4th C. CE, Saint Jerome, Vulgate, Genesis 15:18:

        In illō diē pepigit Dominus foedus cum Ābram, dīcēns: “Sēminī tuō dabō terram hanc ā fluviō Aegyptī ūsque ad fluvium magnum Euphrāten […] ”

        On that day the Lord made a covenant with Abraham, saying: “To your seed shall I give this land, from the river of Egypt all the way to the great river Euphrates […] ”

      1. (of marital matters) to promise, pledge, arrange, undertake to perform

         Synonyms: dēspondeō, voveō, spondeō, stipulor, ostentō, profiteor, polliceor, prōmittō

         • c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 62.26–29:

           Hespere, quī caelō lūcet iūcundior ignis?
           qui dēspōnsa tuā firmēs connūbia flammā,
           quae pepigēre virī, pepigērunt ante parentēs,
           nec iūnxēre prius quam sē tuus extulit ardor.

           Hesperus, what happier fire shines in the sky?
           for you strengthen with your flame the contracted marriages,
           which husbands have arranged, which parents have arranged beforehand,
           and united not before your fire arose.

         • c. 117 CE, Tacitus, Annales 12.5.1:

           Gāiō Pompēiō Quīntō Vērāniō cōnsulibus pactum inter Claudium et Agrippīnam mātrimōnium iam fāmā, iam amōre inlicitō fīrmābātur.

           With Gnaeus Pompeius and Quintus Veranius as consuls, the espousal agreed between Claudius and Agrippina was already being strengthened by rumour, by illicit love.

      2. (almost exclusively of women) to betroth, promise in wedlock
         • 43 BCE – c. 17 CE, Ovid, The Heroines 8.95–96:

           Nōn cultūs tibi cūra meī, nec pacta marītō
                intrāvī thalamōs mātre parante novōs.

           My rearing was not your concern, nor have I, betrothed to a husband,
                entered new bedchambers, with mother preparing them.

         • c. 90 CE, Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 584–586:

           Quāque iterum tacitō sparsit vaga lūmina vultū
           aut frātris quaerēns aut pactī coniugis arma,
           saevus ibī miserae sōlusque occurrit Iāsōn.

           And wherever she cast wandering eyes with silent face
           either searching for her brother's or her betrothed husband's weapons,
           there fierce Jason, alone, met her.

Usage notes

The third principal part pānxī is very rare; outside a few textually uncertain attestations, the above quotation from Columella is the only place it is found. The perfect pēgī might belong to the archaic form pagō/pacō instead.

Conjugation

Conjugation of pangō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	pangō	pangis	pangit	pangimus	pangitis	pangunt
	imperfect	pangēbam	pangēbās	pangēbat	pangēbāmus	pangēbātis	pangēbant
	future	pangam	pangēs	panget	pangēmus	pangētis	pangent
	perfect	pānxī, pēgī, pepigī	pānxistī, pēgistī, pepigistī	pānxit, pēgit, pepigit	pānximus, pēgimus, pepigimus	pānxistis, pēgistis, pepigistis	pānxērunt, pānxēre, pēgērunt, pēgēre, pepigērunt, pepigēre
	pluperfect	pānxeram, pēgeram, pepigeram	pānxerās, pēgerās, pepigerās	pānxerat, pēgerat, pepigerat	pānxerāmus, pēgerāmus, pepigerāmus	pānxerātis, pēgerātis, pepigerātis	pānxerant, pēgerant, pepigerant
	future perfect	pānxerō, pēgerō, pepigerō	pānxeris, pēgeris, pepigeris	pānxerit, pēgerit, pepigerit	pānxerimus, pēgerimus, pepigerimus	pānxeritis, pēgeritis, pepigeritis	pānxerint, pēgerint, pepigerint
passive	present	pangor	pangeris, pangere	pangitur	pangimur	pangiminī	panguntur
	imperfect	pangēbar	pangēbāris, pangēbāre	pangēbātur	pangēbāmur	pangēbāminī	pangēbantur
	future	pangar	pangēris, pangēre	pangētur	pangēmur	pangēminī	pangentur
	perfect	pānctus or pā̆ctus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	pānctus or pā̆ctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	pānctus or pā̆ctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	pangam	pangās	pangat	pangāmus	pangātis	pangant
	imperfect	pangerem	pangerēs	pangeret	pangerēmus	pangerētis	pangerent
	perfect	pānxerim, pēgerim, pepigerim	pānxerīs, pēgerīs, pepigerīs	pānxerit, pēgerit, pepigerit	pānxerīmus, pēgerīmus, pepigerīmus	pānxerītis, pēgerītis, pepigerītis	pānxerint, pēgerint, pepigerint
	pluperfect	pānxissem, pēgissem, pepigissem	pānxissēs, pēgissēs, pepigissēs	pānxisset, pēgisset, pepigisset	pānxissēmus, pēgissēmus, pepigissēmus	pānxissētis, pēgissētis, pepigissētis	pānxissent, pēgissent, pepigissent
passive	present	pangar	pangāris, pangāre	pangātur	pangāmur	pangāminī	pangantur
	imperfect	pangerer	pangerēris, pangerēre	pangerētur	pangerēmur	pangerēminī	pangerentur
	perfect	pānctus or pā̆ctus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	pānctus or pā̆ctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	pange	—	—	pangite	—
	future	—	pangitō	pangitō	—	pangitōte	panguntō
passive	present	—	pangere	—	—	pangiminī	—
	future	—	pangitor	pangitor	—	—	panguntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		pangere	pānxisse, pēgisse, pepigisse	pānctūrum esse, pā̆ctūrum esse	pangī	pānctum esse, pā̆ctum esse	pānctum īrī, pā̆ctum īrī
participles		pangēns	—	pānctūrus, pā̆ctūrus	—	pānctus, pā̆ctus	pangendus, pangundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		pangendī	pangendō	pangendum	pangendō	pānctum, pā̆ctum	pānctū, pā̆ctū

Derived terms

• appingō (appangō)
• compingō
• dēpangō
• *expingō
• impingō
• oppingō
• pā̆cticius
• pā̆ctilis
• pā̆ctimōnium
• pā̆ctiō
• pā̆ctō
• pā̆ctor
• pā̆ctōrium
• pā̆ctuor
• pā̆ctus
• pagmentum
• pānctilis
• pānctiō
• pangitō
• prōpāgō
• suppingō

Related terms

• pāgina
• pāgus
• pālus
• pignus
• pīla
• prōpāgēs
• prō̆pāgō
• repāgēs
• repāgula
• compāgēs

References

• “pango”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “pango”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• pango in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “pango, pago, paco” in volume 10,1, column 203, line 13 in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present

Maori

Etymology

Cognate with Hawaiian pano.

Noun

pango

1. black (colour/color)

See also

Colors in Maori · ngā tae (layout · text)

mā, tea	kiwikiwi	pango
whero, kura	karaka; parauri	kōwhai, renga
	kākāriki	kārikiuri
	kikorangi	kahurangi
tūāuri	waiporoporo	māwhero

References

• Tregear, Edward (1891) Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary‎, Wellington, New Zealand: Lyon and Blair, page 312

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

pango (ma class, plural mapango)

1. cave

Etymology 2

From -panga (“to rent”).

Noun

pango (n class, plural pango)

1. rent

   Synonym: kodi

Tagalog

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /paˈŋoʔ/ [pɐˈŋoʔ]
• Rhymes: -oʔ
• Syllabification: pa‧ngo

Adjective

pangô (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜅᜓ)

1. snub-nosed

   Synonym: sarat

Uneapa

Etymology

From Proto-Western Oceanic *paŋo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paŋo/

Verb

pango

1. to hunt

Further reading

• Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 377