⻑

See also: 表, 长, 衣, and 튽

長 U+9577, 長 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577 ← 镶 [U+9576] CJK Unified Ideographs 镸 → [U+9578]

⾧ U+2FA7, ⾧ KANGXI RADICAL LONG ← ⾦ [U+2FA6] Kangxi Radicals ⾨ → [U+2FA8]

⻑ U+2ED1, ⻑ CJK RADICAL LONG ONE ← ⻐ [U+2ED0] CJK Radicals Supplement ⻒ → [U+2ED2]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Alternative forms

• 镸 (when used as a radical)

Han character

See images of
Radical 168 長

長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 7173₂, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸𰀀⿺乀丿(HT))

1. Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived characters

• Appendix:Chinese radical/長
• 倀, 𫪛, 㙊, 𪥽, 帳, 張, 悵, 掁, 涱, 𤟔, 𪯹, 棖, 𤊞, 𪺑, 脹, 𭀫, 𤬅, 𤲘, 𥇔, 䂻, 𬔡, 𧛇, 粻, 𦁢, 䗅, 𢐘, 䛫, 賬(𧹔), 䠆, 躼, 𮝙, 𮡙, 鋹, 𬼓, 䩨, 韔, 餦, 𮪉, 𩳤, 𩸕, 𮦳
• 𬪆, 𡘷, 萇, 㷃, 𥮲, 𩭨, 鼚, 𪠍, 痮, 𦹥

See also

• 𤭖, 髟, 瓺, 肆, 套
• 蕻, 隂, 𨼲

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1328, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
• Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
• Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese

trad.		長
simp.		长
alternative forms		镸 仧 𠑿 𡕣 𠇬

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 長
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

	Old Chinese
張	*taŋ, *taŋs
餦	*taŋ
粻	*taŋ
漲	*taŋ, *taŋʔ, *taŋs
長	*taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs
脹	*taŋs
痮	*taŋs
帳	*taŋs
賬	*taŋs
倀	*tʰaŋ, *rtaːŋs
鼚	*tʰaŋ
鋹	*tʰaŋʔ
悵	*tʰaŋs
韔	*tʰaŋs
萇	*daŋ
瓺	*daŋ, *daŋs
棖	*rdaːŋ
掁	*rdaːŋ

Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Pictogram (象形) – an old man with long hair; an ancient variant still used is 镸 (e.g., ⾽ and 鬓).

Compare 彡 and the top component of 老 and its variant 考.

Etymology

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1

Variety	Location	edit 長 (長短)
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/ /t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/ /t͡suə¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/zã²³/
	Suzhou	/zã¹³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑi³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
	Xiangtan	/ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tiɔŋ³⁵/ /tŋ̍³⁵/ /t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/touŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/tɔŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/ /tɯŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/siaŋ³¹/ /ʔdo³¹/

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	直良切
Baxter	drjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ȡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ȡĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cháng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	coeng4

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	長
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	cháng
Middle Chinese	‹ drjang ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
English	long (adj.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	2/3
No.	1276
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	長
Old Chinese	/*daŋ/

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): cháng (chang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cang²

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): cháng

  (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): chán

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чон (čon, I)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): coeng⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ciang³

• Gan (Wiktionary): cong²
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chhòng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): cong²

• Jin (Wiktionary): con¹
• Northern Min (KCR): dǒ̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): dòng / diòng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tn̂g / tôⁿ / tiô / tiôⁿ / tiông / tiâng / chhiâng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): deng⁵ / ciang⁵

  (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): do⁵

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶zan / ²zan / ²dzan
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhan²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: cháng
    • Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cháng
    • Wade–Giles: chʻang²
    • Yale: cháng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charng
    • Palladius: чан (čan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: cang²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: cháng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
  • (Nanjing)
    • Nanjing Pinyin: chán
    • Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): chan²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰã²⁴/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чон (čon, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: coeng⁴
    • Yale: chèuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: cêng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ciang³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiaŋ²²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: cong²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhòng
    • Hakka Romanization System: cong^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: cong²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: cong²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: con¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǒ̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dòng / diòng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /touŋ⁵³/, /tuoŋ⁵³/

Note:

• dòng - colloquial;
• diòng - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tn̂g
    • Tâi-lô: tn̂g
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dngg
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tŋ̍¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /tŋ̍²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Penang): /tŋ̍²³/
  • (Hokkien: Changtai, Longyan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tôⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tônn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dvoo
    • IPA (Longyan): /tõ¹¹/
    • IPA (Changtai): /tɔ̃²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiô
    • Tâi-lô: tiô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diooi
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tio²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tio¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Changtai)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiôⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tiônn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dviooi
    • IPA (Changtai): /tiɔ̃²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiông
    • Tâi-lô: tiông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dioong
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /tiɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ²³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiâng
    • Tâi-lô: tiâng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diaang
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiaŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Changtai): /tiaŋ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiâng
    • Tâi-lô: tshiâng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chiaang
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiaŋ²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡sʰiaŋ²⁴/
Note:
• tn̂g/tôⁿ - colloquial;
• tiô/tiôⁿ - colloquial (only used in 長泰／长泰);
• tiông/tiâng - literary;
• chhiâng - literary (limited, e.g. 笨長／笨长 and 高長／高长).
• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: deng⁵ / ciang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tṳ̂ng / tshiâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɯŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
• deng5 - colloquial;
• ciang5 - literary.
• • (Leizhou)
    • Leizhou Pinyin: do⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /tɔ²²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶zan
    • MiniDict: zan^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zã²³/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ²zan
    • MiniDict: zan^平
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /zã²²³/
  • (Northern: Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ²dzan
    • MiniDict: dzan^平
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /d͡zɑŋ²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: zhan²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡san¹³/

---

• Dialectal data

---

• Middle Chinese: drjang

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*daŋ/

Definitions

長

1. long (of distance)

   長征／长征  ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March

2. length

   全長／全长  ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)

3. long (in space); far; distant
4. long (of time); lasting
5. (Northern Wu, of a person) tall

   我比伊長三十厘米。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
   我比伊长三十厘米。 [Shanghainese, simp.]

   ⁶ngu ⁵pi ⁶yi ⁶zan ¹se-zeq₈ ⁶li-mi₆ [Wugniu]

   I'm taller than him by thirty centimeters.

6. everlasting; permanent
7. constantly; frequently

   See also: 常

8. straight; perfectly straight
9. upright; right; good; fine
10. strength; advantage; merit
11. skill; specialism
12. to excel in
13. (Mainland China Hokkien) to take advantage of someone
14. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) segment of time or object

    分做兩長 [Hokkien, trad.]
    分做两长 [Hokkien, simp.]

    hun chòe nn̄g tn̂g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

    to divide into two segments

15. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) regularly; often; frequently
16. a surname

Synonyms

(tall):

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		高
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	高
	Taiwan	高
	Malaysia	高
	Singapore	高
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	高
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	高
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	高
	Wuhan	高, 長 †
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	高
	Hefei	高
Cantonese	Guangzhou	高
	Hong Kong	高
	Taishan	高
	Yangjiang	高
	Singapore (Guangfu)	高
Gan	Nanchang	高, 猛 †
Hakka	Meixian	高
	Changting	高
	Wuping	高
	Liancheng	高
	Ninghua	高
Jin	Taiyuan	高
Northern Min	Jian'ou	高
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	懸
	Fuzhou (Changle)	懸
	Fuqing	懸
	Pingtan	懸
	Yongtai	懸
	Gutian	懸
	Fu'an	懸
	Ningde	懸
	Shouning	懸
	Zhouning	懸
	Matsu	懸
Southern Min	Xiamen	懸, 躼 †
	Quanzhou	懸, 躼 †
	Zhangzhou	懸, 躼 †
	Zhao'an	懸
	Taipei	懸, 躼 †
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	懸, 躼 †
	Kaohsiung	懸, 躼 †
	Yilan	懸, 躼 †
	Changhua (Lukang)	懸, 躼 †
	Taichung	懸
	Tainan	懸, 躼 †
	Hsinchu	懸
	Kinmen	懸
	Penghu (Magong)	懸
	Penang (Hokkien)	懸
	Singapore (Hokkien)	懸, 躼 †
	Manila (Hokkien)	懸, 躼 †
	Chaozhou	懸
	Shantou	懸
	Singapore (Teochew)	懸
	Wenchang	懸
	Qionghai	懸
	Singapore (Hainanese)	懸
Puxian Min	Putian	懸
	Xianyou	懸
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	懸
Wu	Shanghai	高, 長 †
	Suzhou	高, 長 †
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	長, 高
	Wenzhou	高, 長 †
Xiang	Changsha	高, 上
	Shuangfeng	高, 長 †
Note	† - of a person's height

Dialectal synonyms of 高 (“tall; high”) [map]

Compounds

• 不氣長／不气长
• 久長／久长 (jiǔcháng)
• 伸長／伸长 (shēncháng)
• 保長／保长 (bǎozhǎng)
• 修長／修长 (xiūcháng)
• 優長／优长
• 內長城／内长城
• 全長／全长 (quáncháng)
• 外長城／外长城
• 天長日久／天长日久 (tiānchángrìjiǔ)
• 天長節／天长节 (tiānchángjié)
• 子長／子长 (Zǐcháng)
• 寸長／寸长
• 專長／专长 (zhuāncháng)
• 履長／履长
• 廣長舌／广长舌
• 延長／延长 (yáncháng)
• 延長線／延长线 (yánchángxiàn)
• 延長賽／延长赛
• 悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
• 所長／所长
• 手長的／手长的
• 扛長活／扛长活
• 拉長／拉长 (lācháng)
• 拉長線／拉长线
• 拉長臉／拉长脸
• 揚長／扬长
• 擅長／擅长 (shàncháng)
• 斜長石／斜长石 (xiéchángshí)
• 月長石／月长石 (yuèchángshí)
• 波長／波长 (bōcháng)
• 深長／深长 (shēncháng)
• 漫長／漫长 (màncháng)
• 片長／片长
• 特長／特长 (tècháng)
• 狹長／狭长 (xiácháng)
• 瘦長／瘦长 (shòucháng)
• 睡長覺／睡长觉
• 短長／短长
• 等長／等长
• 細水長流／细水长流 (xìshuǐchángliú)
• 細長／细长 (xìcháng)
• 綿長／绵长 (miáncháng)
• 說短長／说短长
• 說長短／说长短
• 賣長舌／卖长舌
• 身長／身长 (shēncháng)
• 車長／车长
• 輝長岩／辉长岩
• 長三／长三
• 長世／长世
• 長久／长久 (chángjiǔ)
• 長亭／长亭 (chángtíng)
• 長人／长人 (chángrén)
• 長休告／长休告
• 長休飯／长休饭
• 長住／长住 (chángzhù)
• 長便／长便
• 長信宮／长信宫
• 長假／长假 (chángjià)
• 長兵／长兵
• 長冊／长册
• 長刀／长刀 (chángdāo)
• 長句／长句 (chángjù)
• 長吁
• 長吁短嘆／长吁短叹 (chángxūduǎntàn)
• 長吟／长吟
• 長吻魚／长吻鱼
• 長命／长命 (chángmìng)
• 長命縷／长命缕
• 長命釘／长命钉
• 長命鎖／长命锁 (chángmìngsuǒ)
• 長嘆／长叹 (chángtàn)
• 長嘯／长啸 (chángxiào)
• 長噸／长吨 (chángdūn)
• 長圍／长围
• 長圓／长圆 (chángyuán)
• 長坂／长坂
• 長坂坡／长坂坡
• 長城／长城 (Chángchéng)
• 長埫口／长埫口 (Chángtǎngkǒu)
• 長堰／长堰 (Chángyàn)
• 長堤／长堤
• 長壽／长寿 (chángshòu)
• 長壽麵／长寿面 (chángshòumiàn)
• 長夏／长夏
• 長夜／长夜 (chángyè)
• 長夜飲／长夜饮
• 長天／长天 (chángtiān)
• 長夫／长夫
• 長存／长存 (chángcún)
• 長安／长安 (cháng'ān)
• 長局／长局 (chángjú)
• 長尾猴／长尾猴
• 長尾雞／长尾鸡
• 長尾鮫／长尾鲛
• 長居／长居
• 長島／长岛 (Chángdǎo)
• 長崎／长崎 (Chángqí)
• 長嶺／长岭 (Chánglǐng)
• 長川／长川 (chángchuān)
• 長工／长工 (chánggōng)
• 長干巷
• 長干曲
• 長年／长年
• 長年菜／长年菜
• 長庚／长庚 (chánggēng)
• 長度／长度 (chángdù)
• 長廊／长廊 (chángláng)
• 長征 (chángzhēng)
• 長思／长思
• 長性／长性 (chángxìng)
• 長恨傳／长恨传
• 長恨歌／长恨歌
• 長慶集／长庆集
• 長慶體／长庆体
• 長戳／长戳
• 長才／长才 (chángcái)
• 長打／长打 (chángdǎ)
• 長技／长技 (chángjì)
• 長挑／长挑
• 長拳／长拳
• 長揖／长揖
• 長攙攙／长搀搀
• 長方／长方 (chángfāng)
• 長方形／长方形 (chángfāngxíng)
• 長方體／长方体 (chángfāngtǐ)
• 長日／长日
• 長明燈／长明灯 (chángmíngdēng)
• 長春／长春 (Chángchūn)
• 長春河／长春河 (Chángchūn Hé)
• 長春花／长春花 (chángchūnhuā)
• 長曆／长历
• 長書／长书
• 長期／长期 (chángqī)
• 長材／长材
• 長林／长林
• 長板／长板
• 長枷／长枷
• 長案／长案
• 長梁 (Chángliáng)
• 長條兒／长条儿
• 長條圖／长条图
• 長楸／长楸
• 長楊／长杨
• 長槍／长枪 (chángqiāng)
• 長樂／长乐 (chánglè)
• 長樂宮／长乐宫 (Chánglègōng)
• 長歌／长歌 (chánggē)
• 長歲錢／长岁钱
• 長毛／长毛
• 長毛絨／长毛绒 (chángmáoróng)
• 長毛象／长毛象 (chángmáoxiàng)
• 長江／长江 (Cháng Jiāng)
• 長江埠／长江埠 (Chángjiāngbù)
• 長泰／长泰 (Chángtài)
• 長河／长河 (chánghé)
• 長治／长治 (Chángzhì)
• 長法／长法 (chángfǎ)
• 長波／长波 (chángbō)
• 長流／长流
• 長湖／长湖 (Chánghú)
• 長港／长港 (Chánggǎng)
• 長漏／长漏
• 長潭河／长潭河 (Chángtánhé)
• 長濱／长滨 (Chángbīn)
• 長灘／长滩 (Chángtān)
• 長班／长班
• 長生／长生 (chángshēng)
• 長生庫／长生库
• 長生果／长生果 (chángshēngguǒ)
• 長生殿／长生殿 (Chángshēng Diàn)
• 長白山／长白山 (Chángbáishān)
• 長相思／长相思
• 長眠／长眠 (chángmián)
• 長短／长短 (chángduǎn)
• 長短句／长短句 (chángduǎnjù)
• 長石／长石 (chángshí)
• 長磧／长碛 (Chángqì)
• 長程／长程 (chángchéng)
• 長空／长空 (chángkōng)
• 長竿／长竿
• 長笛／长笛 (chángdí)
• 長策／长策 (chángcè)
• 長箋／长笺
• 長算／长算
• 長篇／长篇 (chángpiān)
• 長紅／长红
• 長統襪／长统袜 (chángtǒngwà)
• 長線／长线 (chángxiàn)
• 長編／长编 (chángbiān)
• 長纓／长缨 (chángyīng)
• 長耳公／长耳公
• 長耳鴞／长耳鸮
• 長腰／长腰
• 長腳蜂／长脚蜂
• 長臂猿／长臂猿 (chángbìyuán)
• 長臂蝦／长臂虾
• 長至／长至
• 長舌／长舌 (chángshé)
• 長舌婦／长舌妇 (chángshéfù)
• 長舌頭／长舌头
• 長著臉／长著脸
• 長處／长处 (chángchù)
• 長號／长号
• 長虹／长虹 (chánghóng)
• 長蟲／长虫
• 長行／长行 (chángxíng)
• 長衫／长衫 (chángshān)
• 長袂／长袂
• 長袍／长袍 (chángpáo)
• 長角果／长角果
• 長解／长解
• 長話／长话 (chánghuà)
• 長談／长谈 (chángtán)
• 長調／长调 (chángdiào)
• 長豇豆／长豇豆
• 長足／长足 (chángzú)
• 長跑／长跑 (chángpǎo)
• 長路／长路 (chánglù)
• 長跪／长跪 (chángguì)
• 長車／长车
• 長轂／长毂
• 長辭／长辞 (chángcí)
• 長逝／长逝 (chángshì)
• 長途／长途 (chángtú)
• 長遠／长远 (chángyuǎn)
• 長邁／长迈
• 長里崗／长里岗
• 長針／长针 (chángzhēn)
• 長鋏／长铗
• 長鋒筆／长锋笔
• 長錢／长钱
• 長鎗／长枪 (chángqiāng)
• 長鎩／长铩
• 長鏡頭／长镜头
• 長鑱／长镵
• 長門／长门
• 長門賦／长门赋
• 長關／长关
• 長陵／长陵
• 長陽／长阳 (Chángyáng)
• 長隨／长随
• 長離／长离
• 長青／长青 (chángqīng)
• 長青樹／长青树
• 長項／长项 (chángxiàng)
• 長頭布／长头布
• 長頸鹿／长颈鹿 (chángjǐnglù)
• 長風／长风 (chángfēng)
• 長馬／长马
• 長驅／长驱 (chángqū)
• 長骨／长骨 (chánggǔ)
• 長髮／长发 (chángfà)
• 長鬣／长鬣
• 長魟／长𫚉 (chánghóng)
• 長鯨／长鲸
• 長鳴／长鸣 (chángmíng)
• 長黑／长黑
• 長鼓／长鼓 (chánggǔ)
• 長鼻目／长鼻目
• 長齋／长斋 (chángzhāi)
• 長齡／长龄
• 長龍／长龙 (chánglóng)
• 鞭長莫及／鞭长莫及 (biānchángmòjí)
• 音長／音长
• 頎長／颀长 (qícháng)
• 馬齒長／马齿长

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (長):

• → Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō); 長(じょう) (jō)
• → Korean: 장(長) (jang)
• → Vietnamese: trường (長), tràng (長)

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知丈切
Baxter	trjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨɐŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiɐŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiɑŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈɨaŋX/
Li Rong	/ȶiaŋX/
Wang Li	/ȶĭaŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯aŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoeng2

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	長
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ trjangX ›
Old Chinese	/*traŋʔ/
English	grow; elder
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	1/3
No.	1263
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	長
Old Chinese	/*taŋʔ/

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): zhǎng (zhang³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˇ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җон (žon, II)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zoeng²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ziang²

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chóng
• Eastern Min (BUC): diōng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tióng / tiáng / tiúⁿ / tióⁿ / tiáuⁿ / chiáng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ziang² / dion²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tsan

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhǎng
    • Wade–Giles: chang³
    • Yale: jǎng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaang
    • Palladius: чжан (čžan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җон (žon, II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zoeng²
    • Yale: jéung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zêng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sœːŋ³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ziang²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chóng
    • Hakka Romanization System: zong^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zong³
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡soŋ³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: diōng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuoŋ³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Changtai)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
    • Tâi-lô: tióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Changtai): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiáng
    • Tâi-lô: tiáng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diarng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /tiaŋ⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiúⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tiúnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dviuo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiũ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /tiũ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiũ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tiónn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dvioir
    • IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /tiɔ̃⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Penang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiáuⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tiáunn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dviao
    • IPA (Penang): /tiãu⁴⁴⁵/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiáng
    • Tâi-lô: tsiáng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciarng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siaŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡siaŋ⁵³/

Note:

• tióng/tiáng - literary;
• tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
• chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ziang² / dion²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiáng / tióⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siaŋ⁵²/, /tĩõ⁵²/
Note:
• ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
• dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵tsan
    • MiniDict: tsan^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tsan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sã³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: trjangX

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*traŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*taŋʔ/

Definitions

長

1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop

   長大／长大  ―  zhǎngdà  ―  to grow old

   我家的樹長得很健康。 [MSC, trad.]
   我家的树长得很健康。 [MSC, simp.]

   Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]

   The tree in my house is growing healthily.

2. (transitive, with 得 (de), of a person's appearance) to look; to appear

   他長得很像他爸爸。 [MSC, trad.]
   他长得很像他爸爸。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā zhǎng de hěn xiàng tā bàbà. [Pinyin]

   He looks a lot like his dad.

   他長得又高又帥。 [MSC, trad.]
   他长得又高又帅。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā zhǎng de yòu gāo yòu shuài. [Pinyin]

   He is tall and handsome.

3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up

   See also: 漲

5. to nourish
6. old (of age)

   年長／年长  ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior

7. senior; elder

   兄長／兄长  ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother

8. leader; master; chief; head
9. eldest; oldest
10. to exalt; to honor

    • 乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是長，是信是使，是以為大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是长，是信是使，是以为大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

      From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

      Nǎi wéi sìfāng zhī duōzuì būtáo, shì chóng shì zhǎng, shì xìn shì shǐ, shì yǐwéi dàfū qīngshì. [Pinyin]

      They are only the fugitives from all quarters, loaded with crimes, whom he honours and exalts, whom he employs and trusts, making them great officers and high nobles.

11. to wield; to be in control of

Synonyms

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		生, 長
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		長
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	長
	Singapore	長
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	長
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	生
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	長
	Xi'an	長
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	生
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	長
	Guilin	長
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	生
Cantonese	Guangzhou	生
	Hong Kong	生
	Dongguan	生
Gan	Lichuan	長
	Pingxiang	生
Hakka	Meixian	生
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	生
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	生
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	生
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	生
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	生
Jin	Taiyuan	長
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	生
Southern Min	Xiamen	生
	Quanzhou	生
	Zhangzhou	生
	Taipei	生 GT
	Singapore (Hokkien)	生
	Shantou	生
	Jieyang	生
	Leizhou	生
	Haikou	生
Wu	Suzhou	長
	Ningbo	生
	Wenzhou	生
	Jinhua	生
Xiang	Loudi	生
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Dialectal synonyms of 長 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]

Compounds

• 不學長俊／不学长俊
• 不長眼睛／不长眼睛
• 不長進／不长进
• 亭長／亭长 (tíngzhǎng)
• 伍長／伍长
• 使長／使长
• 停留長智／停留长智
• 兄長／兄长 (xiōngzhǎng)
• 典獄長／典狱长 (diǎnyùzhǎng)
• 再長爹娘／再长爹娘
• 列車長／列车长
• 副會長／副会长
• 副議長／副议长
• 助長／助长 (zhùzhǎng)
• 千夫長／千夫长
• 司長／司长 (sīzhǎng)
• 名譽校長／名誉校长
• 君長／君长
• 團長／团长 (tuánzhǎng)
• 土生土長／土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
• 土長根生／土长根生
• 增長／增长 (zēngzhǎng)
• 增長見識／增长见识
• 大家長／大家长
• 大長公主／大长公主
• 女長須嫁／女长须嫁
• 嫡長子／嫡长子 (dízhǎngzǐ)
• 學長／学长 (xuézhǎng)
• 官長／官长 (guānzhǎng)
• 客長／客长
• 家長／家长 (jiāzhǎng)
• 家長制／家长制
• 審判長／审判长 (shěnpànzhǎng)
• 將兵長史／将兵长史
• 尊長／尊长 (zūnzhǎng)
• 山長／山长
• 州長／州长 (zhōuzhǎng)
• 市長／市长 (shìzhǎng)
• 師長／师长 (shīzhǎng)
• 年長／年长 (niánzhǎng)
• 店長／店长 (diànzhǎng)
• 庭長／庭长
• 廠長／厂长 (chǎngzhǎng)
• 廳長／厅长 (tīngzhǎng)
• 彼長我消／彼长我消
• 成長／成长 (chéngzhǎng)
• 成長率／成长率 (chéngzhǎnglǜ)
• 成長股／成长股
• 戶長／户长
• 拉名糧長／拉名粮长
• 拔苗助長／拔苗助长 (bámiáozhùzhǎng)
• 挾長／挟长
• 排長／排长 (páizhǎng)
• 揠苗助長／揠苗助长 (yàmiáozhùzhǎng)
• 敖不可長／敖不可长
• 教務長／教务长
• 教學相長／教学相长 (jiàoxuéxiāngzhǎng)
• 旅長／旅长 (lǚzhǎng)
• 族長／族长 (zúzhǎng)
• 晶粒生長／晶粒生长
• 會長／会长 (huìzhǎng)
• 村生泊長／村生泊长
• 村長／村长 (cūnzhǎng)
• 根生土長／根生土长
• 案長／案长
• 校長／校长 (xiàozhǎng)
• 機長／机长 (jīzhǎng)
• 次長／次长 (cìzhǎng)
• 水長船高／水长船高
• 沒出長／没出长
• 沒長眼／没长眼
• 沒長進／没长进
• 消長／消长 (xiāozhǎng)
• 滋長／滋长 (zīzhǎng)
• 火長／火长
• 王長／王长
• 班長／班长 (bānzhǎng)
• 理事長／理事长 (lǐshìzhǎng)
• 生長／生长 (shēngzhǎng)
• 生長期／生长期 (shēngzhǎngqī)
• 生長激素／生长激素 (shēngzhǎng jīsù)
• 生長素／生长素 (shēngzhǎngsù)
• 生長輪／生长轮
• 生長點／生长点
• 甲長／甲长
• 痴長／痴长 (chīzhǎng)
• 瘋長／疯长
• 百夫長／百夫长 (bǎifūzhǎng)
• 盟長／盟长 (méngzhǎng)
• 目無尊長／目无尊长 (mùwúzūnzhǎng)
• 省長／省长 (shěngzhǎng)
• 社長／社长 (shèzhǎng)
• 祕書長／秘书长 (mìshūzhǎng)
• 科長／科长 (kēzhǎng)
• 稍長膽壯／稍长胆壮
• 站長／站长 (zhànzhǎng)
• 糧長／粮长
• 級長／级长 (jízhǎng)
• 組長／组长 (zǔzhǎng)
• 經濟成長／经济成长
• 縣長／县长 (xiànzhǎng)
• 署長／署长 (shǔzhǎng)
• 翁長／翁长
• 老身長子／老身长子
• 老道長／老道长
• 股長／股长 (gǔzhǎng)
• 船長／船长 (chuánzhǎng)
• 艦長／舰长 (jiànzhǎng)
• 色長／色长
• 茁長／茁长 (zhuózhǎng)
• 草長鶯飛／草长莺飞
• 董事長／董事长 (dǒngshìzhǎng)
• 處長／处长 (chùzhǎng)
• 見不長／见不长
• 見長／见长
• 觸類而長／触类而长
• 課長／课长 (kèzhǎng)
• 議長／议长 (yìzhǎng)
• 護士長／护士长 (hùshìzhǎng)
• 負成長／负成长
• 軍長／军长 (jūnzhǎng)
• 連長／连长 (liánzhǎng)
• 道長／道长 (dàozhǎng)
• 部會首長／部会首长
• 部長／部长 (bùzhǎng)
• 部隊長／部队长
• 鄉長／乡长 (xiāngzhǎng)
• 鄰長／邻长
• 酋長／酋长 (qiúzhǎng)
• 酋長制度／酋长制度
• 里長 (lǐzhǎng)
• 鈞長／钧长
• 鋪長／铺长
• 鎮長／镇长 (zhènzhǎng)
• 長上／长上 (zhǎngshàng)
• 長俊／长俊 (zhǎngjùn)
• 長兄／长兄 (zhǎngxiōng)
• 長公主／长公主
• 長史／长史 (zhǎngshǐ)
• 長吏／长吏 (zhǎnglì)
• 長君／长君
• 長君之惡／长君之恶
• 長大／长大 (zhǎngdà)
• 長大成人／长大成人
• 長子／长子
• 長孫／长孙 (zhǎngsūn)
• 長孫媳／长孙媳
• 長官／长官 (zhǎngguān)
• 長尾巴／长尾巴
• 長幼／长幼 (zhǎngyòu)
• 長幼尊卑／长幼尊卑 (zhǎngyòuzūnbēi)
• 長幼有序／长幼有序
• 長成／长成 (zhǎngchéng)
• 長房／长房 (zhǎngfáng)
• 長機／长机 (zhǎngjī)
• 長水／长水 (Chángshuǐ)
• 長沙／长沙 (Chángshā)
• 長男／长男 (zhǎngnán)
• 長相／长相 (zhǎngxiàng)
• 長老／长老 (zhǎnglǎo)
• 長老教會／长老教会 (Zhǎnglǎo Jiàohuì)
• 長老會／长老会 (Zhǎnglǎohuì)
• 長者／长者 (zhǎngzhě)
• 長脾氣／长脾气
• 長親／长亲
• 長輩／长辈 (zhǎngbèi)
• 長進／长进 (zhǎngjìn)
• 院長／院长 (yuànzhǎng)
• 陡長／陡长
• 隊長／队长 (duìzhǎng)
• 雄長／雄长
• 靈長目／灵长目 (Língzhǎngmù)
• 靈長類／灵长类
• 館長／馆长 (guǎnzhǎng)
• 首長／首长 (shǒuzhǎng)
• 首長制／首长制
• 馬齒徒長／马齿徒长
• 駕長／驾长
• 鶯飛草長／莺飞草长
• 齋長／斋长

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (長):

• → Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō)
• → Korean: 장(長) (jang)
• → Vietnamese: trưởng (長)

Pronunciation 3

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	直亮切
Baxter	drjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡiɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨaŋH/
Li Rong	/ȡiaŋH/
Wang Li	/ȡĭaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi̯aŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoeng6

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	3/3
No.	1280
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	仗
Old Chinese	/*daŋs/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhàng (zhang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˋ

• Eastern Min (BUC): diông
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tióng

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhàng
    • Wade–Giles: chang⁴
    • Yale: jàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: janq
    • Palladius: чжан (čžan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: diông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuɔŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
    • Tâi-lô: tióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: drjangH

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*daŋs/

Definitions

長

1. (archaic) length; measure of length

   See also: 丈

2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue

   今旦飯長野儕。 [Eastern Min, trad.]
   今旦饭长野侪。 [Eastern Min, simp.]

   gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]

   There is a lot of leftover food today.

Compounds

• 一無長物／一无长物
• 別無長物／别无长物
• 家無長物／家无长物
• 身無長物／身无长物
• 長物／长物

 

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 長

長

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

1. long, lengthy
2. long time
3. growing, increasing
4. excellent, great
5. comfortable, relaxing
6. elder, old, senior
7. chief, head, leader
8. Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

Readings

• Go-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)、じょう (jō)^{←ぢやう (dyau, historical)}
• Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)^{←ちやう (tyau, historical)}
• Kun: ながい (nagai, 長い, Jōyō)、おさ (osa, 長)^{←をさ (wosa, 長, historical)}、たける (takeru, 長ける)、つかさ (tsukasa, 長)
• Nanori: いえ (ie)、すすむ (susumu)、たけ (take)、たけし (takeshi)、つね (tsune)、ながし (nagashi)、のぶ (nobu)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)、まさ (masa)、まさる (masaru)、ます (masu)、みち (michi)

Compounds

Compounds

• 長(ちょう)歌(か) (chōka)
• 長(ちょう)句(く) (chōku)
• 長(ちょう)躯(く) (chōku)
• 長(ちょう)兄(けい) (chōkei)
• 長(ちょう)子(し) (chōshi)
• 長(ちょう)時(じ)間(かん) (chō-jikan)
• 長(ちょう)州(しゅう) (chōshū)
• 長(ちょう)女(じょ) (chōjo)
• 長(ちょう)上(じょう) (chōjō)
• 長(ちょう)短(たん) (chōtan)
• 長(ちょう)調(ちょう) (chōchō)
• 長(ちょう)刀(とう) (chōtō)
• 長(ちょう)男(なん) (chōnan)
• 長(ちょう)髪(はつ) (chōhatsu, “long hair”)
• 長(ちょう)夜(や) (chōya)
• 長(ちょう)老(ろう) (chōrō)
• 長(ちょう)銘(めい) (chōmei): (swords) an inscription that includes some personal details about the swordsmith
• 一(いっ)長(ちょう)一(いっ)短(たん) (itchō-ittan)
• 院(いん)長(ちょう) (inchō)
• 延(えん)長(ちょう) (enchō)
• 課(か)長(ちょう) (kachō)
• 会(かい)長(ちょう) (kaichō)
• 学(がく)長(ちょう) (gakuchō)
• 係(かかり)長(ちょう) (kakarichō)
• 楽(がく)長(ちょう) (gakuchō)
• 機(き)長(ちょう) (kichō)
• 組(くみ)長(ちょう) (kumichō)
• 薩(さっ)長(ちょう) (Satchō)
• 市(し)長(ちょう) (shichō)
• 社(しゃ)長(ちょう) (shachō)
• 船(せん)長(ちょう) (senchō)
• 村(そん)長(ちょう) (sonchō)
• 町(ちょう)長(ちょう) (chōchō)
• 店(てん)長(ちょう) (tenchō)
• 班(はん)長(ちょう) (hanchō)
• 番(ばん)長(ちょう) (banchō)
• 部(ぶ)長(ちょう) (buchō)
• 防(ぼう)長(ちょう) (Bōchō)
• 霊(れい)長(ちょう) (reichō)
• 長官(かみ) (kami)
• 長(なぎ)刀(なた), 薙(なぎ)刀(なた), 眉(な)尖(ぎ)刀(なた) (naginata)
• 長押(なげし) (nageshi)
• 長閑(のどか) (nodoka)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
長
ちょう Grade: 2
on'yomi

/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC drjang) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ちょー [chóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞ː]

Noun

長(ちょう) • (chō) ^{←ちやう (tyau)?}

1. chief, head, leader

   班(はん)長(ちょう)

   han chō

   the group leader

2. strong point

   Antonym: 短 (tan)

   長(ちょう　)を伸(　の)ばす

   chō o nobasu

   enrich a strong point

3. (music) major

   Antonym: 短 (tan)

Proper noun

長(ちょう) • (Chō) ^{←ちやう (Tyau)?}

1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
長
おさ Grade: 2
kun'yomi

/wosa/ → /osa/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.^[3]

Considering the derivation of 幼い (osanai, “early childhood, infancy”) as 長 (osa) + 無い (nai, “not, without, lacking”), this osa might have originally included overtones of "senior, elder". Compare English seniority, elderdom for a similar intersection of age and authority.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) おさ [óꜜsà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [o̞sa̠]

Noun

長(おさ) • (osa) ^{←をさ (wosa)?}

1. [from 720] chief, head, leader

   Synonym: 頭 (kashira)

Derived terms

• 幼(おさな)い (osanai, “early childhood, infancy”)
• 治(おさ)める (osameru, “to quell; to govern, to control”, transitive), 収(おさ)まる (osamaru, “to be settled down; to be in place”, intransitive)
• 村(むら)長(おさ) (mura osa, “village chief”)
• 里(さと)長(おさ) (sato osa, “hamlet leader”)

Proper noun

長(おさ) • (Osa) ^{←をさ (Wosa)?}

1. a place name
2. a surname

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
長
なが Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).

Alternative forms

• 永

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) なが [náꜜgà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [na̠ɡa̠]

Prefix

長(なが) • (naga-) 

1. long

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 長(なが)雨(あめ) (nagāme), 長雨(ながめ), 霖(ながめ) (nagame)
• 長(なが)岡(おか) (Nagaoka)
• 長(なが)唄(うた) (nagauta)
• 長(なが)刀(がたな) (nagagatana)
• 長(なが)崎(さき) (Nagasaki)
• 長(なが)襦(じゅ)袢(ばん) (naga-juban, “underkimono”)
• 長(なが)門(と) (Nagato)
• 長(なが)野(の) (Nagano)
• 長(なが)話(ばなし) (nagabanashi)
• 長(なが)め, 長(なが)目(め) (nagame)
• 長(なが)銘(めい) (nagamei)
• 面(おも)長(なが) (omonaga)
• 気(き)長(なが) (kinaga)
• 日(ひ)長(なが) (hinaga)
• 夜(よ)長(なが) (yonaga)

Proper noun

長(なが) • (Naga) 

1. a surname

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
長
つかさ Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
官 司 首 宰 省

From Old Japanese.

Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) +‎ さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) つかさ [tsùkásá] (Heiban – [0])^[1][2]
• (Tokyo) つかさ [tsùkáꜜsà] (Nakadaka – [2])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨ̥ka̠sa̠]

Noun

長(つかさ) • (tsukasa) 

1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
2. an official

   Synonym: 役人 (yakunin)

3. government service

Proper noun

長(つかさ) • (Tsukasa) 

1. a surname
2. a unisex given name

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
長
たき Grade: 2
irregular

⟨taki₁⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/

Possibly a variant of take below.^[4] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.

Alternative forms

• 丈

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ta̠kʲi]

Noun

長(たき) • (taki) 

1. height

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
長
たけ Grade: 2
irregular

⟨take₂⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/

Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

Alternative forms

• 丈

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) たけ [tàkéꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [ta̠ke̞]

Noun

長(たけ) • (take) 

1. height

Proper noun

長(たけ) • (Take) 

1. a surname

Etymology 7

Kanji in this term
長
たける Grade: 2
irregular

Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).

Proper noun

長(たける) • (Takeru) 

1. a surname
2. a male or female given name

Etymology 8

Kanji in this term
長
ひさし Grade: 2
irregular

From Old Japanese.

Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).

Proper noun

長(ひさし) • (Hisashi) 

1. a surname
2. a male or female given name

References

1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
3. “長”, in 日本国語大辞典‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
4. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC drjang, “long”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	긴 (Yale: kin)	댱 (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕa̠ŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [장]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

長

Wikisource 長 (eumhun 길 장 (gil jang))

1. Hanja form^? of 장 (“long; lengthy”). [prefix]

Compounds

Compounds

• 연장 (延長, yeonjang)
• 신장 (身長, sinjang)
• 장고 (長考, janggo)
• 장광설 (長廣舌, janggwangseol)
• 장기 (長期, janggi)
• 장단 (長短, jangdan)
• 장문 (長文, jangmun)
• 장발 (長髮, jangbal)
• 장성 (長城, jangseong)
• 장소 (長所, jangso)
• 장수 (長壽, jangsu)
• 장어 (長魚, jang'eo)
• 장음 (長音, jang'eum)
• 장작 (長斫, jangjak)
• 장점 (長點, jangjeom)
• 장화 (長靴, janghwa)
• 최장 (最長, choejang)
• 파장 (波長, pajang)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX, “grow; elder”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	길 (Yale: kil)	댱 (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

長 (eumhun 어른 장 (eoreun jang))

1. Hanja form^? of 장 (“head; chief; manager”). [noun, suffix]
2. Hanja form^? of 장 (“to grow; to develop”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds

• 성장 (成長, seongjang)
• 조장 (助長, jojang)
• 장관 (長官, janggwan)
• 총장 (總長, chongjang)
• 회장 (會長, hoejang)
• 사장 (社長, sajang)
• 과장 (課長, gwajang)
• 의장 (議長, uijang)
• 교장 (校長, gyojang)
• 시장 (市長, sijang)
• 실장 (室長, siljang)
• 부장 (部長, bujang)
• 장남 (長男, jangnam)
• 반장 (班長, banjang)
• 가장 (家長, gajang)
• 수장 (首長, sujang)
• 선장 (船長, seonjang)
• 소장 (所長, sojang)
• 단장 (團長, danjang)
• 대장 (隊長, daejang)
• 계장 (係長, gyejang)
• 청장 (廳長, cheongjang)
• 원장 (院長, wonjang)
• 원장 (園長, wonjang)
• 장로 (長老, jangno)
• 서장 (署長, seojang)
• 학장 (學長, hakjang)
• 병장 (兵長, byeongjang)
• 촌장 (村長, chonjang)
• 기장 (機長, gijang)
• 함장 (艦長, hamjang)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

長: Hán Việt readings: trường (直(trực)良(lương)切(thiết))^[1][2][3], trưởng (展(triển)兩(lưỡng)切(thiết))^[1][2][3], tràng^[3]
長: Nôm readings: tràng^[1][2][4], trường^[1][2][4], trưởng^[1][2][4], dài^[1], chường^[2], trành^[3], trườn^[5]

Etymology 1

Chữ Hán form of trưởng (“head; leader; to grow”).

Compounds

Derived terms

• 部長 (bộ trưởng)
• 外長 (ngoại trưởng)
• 省長 (tỉnh trưởng)
• 市長 (thị trưởng)
• 社長 (xã trưởng)
• 校長 (hiệu trưởng)
• 副校長 (phó hiệu trưởng)
• 會長 (hội trưởng)
• 組長 (tổ trưởng)
• 隊長 (đội trưởng)
• 族長 (tộc trưởng)
• 家長 (gia trưởng)
• 酋長 (tù trưởng)
• 兄長 (huynh trưởng)
• 生長 (sinh trưởng)
• 增長 (tăng trưởng)
• 長成 (trưởng thành)
• 長老 (trưởng lão)
• 長房 (trưởng phòng)
• 長孫 (trưởng tôn)
• 長男 (trưởng nam)
• 長女 (trưởng nữ)
• 長村 (trưởng thôn)
• 長者 (trưởng giả)

Etymology 2

Chữ Hán form of trường (“long (of distance and time)”).

Compounds

Derived terms

• 長期 (trường kỳ)
• 長度 (trường độ)
• 長征 (trường chinh)
• 長壽 (trường thọ)
• 長生 (trường sinh)
• 長江 (Trường Giang)
• 所長 (sở trường)

References

1. Nguyễn (2014).
2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
3. Trần (2004).
4. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
5. Hồ (1976).