家
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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家 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十一尸人 (JMSO), four-corner 30232, composition ⿱宀豕)
Historical forms of the character 家 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kraː) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢑓 (, “male pig”).[1] See 𢑓 (xiá) for more.
Later the phonetic component have been corrupted to 豕 so Shuowen Jiezi considered it Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kraː) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + abbreviated phonetic 豭 (OC *kraː, “pig”).
Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007).
嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”).
Variety | Location | 家 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ |
Harbin | /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡ɕiɑ²¹/ | |
Jinan | /t͡ɕia²¹³/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡ɕia²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕia²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡ɕia²¹/ | |
Xining | /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡ɕia³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ 國~ /ka⁵⁵/ 人~ | |
Chengdu | /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ | |
Kunming | /t͡ɕia̠⁴⁴/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡ɕiɑ³¹/ | |
Hefei | /t͡ɕia²¹/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕia¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /t͡ɕiɑ¹³/ /t͡ɕiɑ⁵³/ 娘~ | |
Hohhot | /t͡ɕia³¹/ /t͡ɕiaʔ⁰/ 人~ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ka⁵³/ /t͡ɕia⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /kɑ⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/ | |
Hangzhou | /t͡ɕiɑ³³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ko³³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕia³¹/ /ka³¹/ |
Tunxi | /kɔ¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕia³³/ /ka³³/ |
Xiangtan | /kɒ³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kɑ⁴²/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /ka⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /kɑ²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ka⁵³/ |
Nanning | /ka⁵⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /ka⁵⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ka⁵⁵/ /ke⁵⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ka⁴⁴/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ka⁵⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /ke³³/ /ka³³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /ka²³/ /kia²³/ /kɛ²³/ |
Rime | |
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Character | 家 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
Openness (開合) | Open |
Division (等) | II |
Fanqie | 古牙切 |
Baxter | kae |
Reconstructions | |
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/kˠa/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/kᵚa/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/ka/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/kaɨ/ |
Li Rong |
/ka/ |
Wang Li |
/ka/ |
Bernard Karlgren |
/ka/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
jiā |
Expected Cantonese Reflex |
gaa1 |
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 家 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
jiā |
Middle Chinese |
‹ kæ › |
Old Chinese |
/*kˁra/ |
English | household |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
---|---|
Character | 家 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
No. | 5919 |
Phonetic component |
家 |
Rime group |
魚 |
Rime subdivision |
0 |
Corresponding MC rime |
嘉 |
Old Chinese |
/*kraː/ |
家
家
家
For pronunciation and definitions of 家 – see 傢 (“stubborn, obstinate, intransigent”). (This character is the simplified form of 傢). |
Notes:
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家
{{rfdef}}
.Cognate with 姑 (gū).
家
⟨ipe1⟩ → /ipʲe/ → /iɸe/ → /iwe/ → /ie/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ipia. Possibly cognate with Old Korean 邑勒 (iprʌk, “house”).[1]
Possibly related to 廬 (iho → io, “temporary hut”).
Cognate with 内 (uchi, “middle”),[2] from Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *utui.
Contraction of uchi above.
Often following the genitive case marker の (no) which contracts to -n.
For pronunciation and definitions of 家 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 家, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”), so likely a latter borrowing from Middle Chinese.
From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”), so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.
家 (dā)
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