家長

See also: 家长

Chinese

		home; family; ‑ist home; family; ‑ist; ‑er; ‑ian; measure word for stores and schools	long; length; forever long; length; forever; always; constantly; chief; head; elder; to grow; to develop
trad. (家長)		家	長
simp. (家长)		家	长

Wikipedia has an article on:

• 家長

Etymology

Semantically parallel to Proto-Indo-European *déms pótis (“master of the house”), whence Ancient Greek δεσπότης (despótēs), Sanskrit दम्पति (dampati), etc.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	家	長
Reading #	1/1	2/3
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	古牙切	知丈切
Baxter	kae	trjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠa/	/ʈɨɐŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚa/	/ʈiɐŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ka/	/ȶiɑŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨ/	/ʈɨaŋX/
Li Rong	/ka/	/ȶiaŋX/
Wang Li	/ka/	/ȶĭaŋX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ka/	/ȶi̯aŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiā	zhǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaa1	zoeng2

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	家	長
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiā	zhǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ kæ ›	‹ trjangX ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁra/	/*traŋʔ/
English	household	grow; elder
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	家	長
Reading #	1/1	1/3
No.	5919	1263
Phonetic component	家	長
Rime group	魚	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	嘉	長
Old Chinese	/*kraː/	/*taŋʔ/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiāzhǎng

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚ ㄓㄤˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa¹ zoeng²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâ-chóng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ka-tióng / kee-tiáng / ka-tiúⁿ / kee-tióⁿ / ke-tiúⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gê¹ ziang² / gê¹ diên²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiāzhǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚ ㄓㄤˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiajhǎng
    • Wade–Giles: chia¹-chang³
    • Yale: jyā-jǎng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiajaang
    • Palladius: цзячжан (czjačžan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gaa¹ zoeng²
    • Yale: gā jéung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaa¹ dzoeng²
    • Guangdong Romanization: ga¹ zêng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 嘉獎 / 嘉奖 家長 / 家长

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâ-chóng
    • Hakka Romanization System: ga^ˊ zong^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ga¹ zong³
    • Sinological IPA: /ka²⁴ t͡soŋ³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka-tióng
    • Tâi-lô: ka-tióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ka'diorng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ka³³ tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ka⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kee-tiáng
    • Tâi-lô: kee-tiáng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiaŋ⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka-tiúⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: ka-tiúnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ka'dviuo
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiũ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiũ⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kee-tióⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kee-tiónn
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔ̃⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-tiúⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: ke-tiúnn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ke'dviuo
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ke⁴⁴⁻³³ tiũ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ke⁴⁴⁻³³ tiũ⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gê¹ ziang² / gê¹ diên²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ke tsiáng / ke tiéⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ke³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ⁵²/, /ke³³⁻²³ tĩẽ⁵²/

---

• Middle Chinese: kae trjangX

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤra  traŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kraː  taŋʔ/

Noun

家長

1. head of a household; family head; patriarch

   • 若處家得罪於家長，猶有鄰家所避逃之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     若处家得罪于家长，犹有邻家所避逃之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mozi, c. 4^th century BCE

     Ruò chùjiā dézuì yú jiācháng, yóu yǒu línjiā suǒ bìtáo zhī. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. parent(s) or guardian of a minor (especially a student)

   見家長／见家长  ―  jiàn jiāzhǎng  ―  (of a student's teacher or a person's partner) to meet one's parents

Synonyms

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		父母, 爺娘, 怙恃, 雙親
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		父母, 雙親, 父母親
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	爹媽, 老家兒
	Taiwan	爸媽
	Singapore	爸媽, 家長
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	老的兒, 爹媽
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	老兒的
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	媽爸
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	娘老子
	Lanzhou	娘老子, 老漢們
	Ürümqi	娘老子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	娘老子, 媽老漢兒
	Chongqing	媽老漢兒
	Wuhan	娘老子, 兩老
	Liuzhou	娘老子
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	娘老子
	Yangzhou	娘老子
	Nantong	爺娘
Cantonese	Guangzhou	老豆老母
	Hong Kong	老豆老母, 爹哋媽咪, 阿爸阿媽
	Yangjiang	老子阿奶
Gan	Nanchang	爺娘
	Pingxiang	娘爺
Hakka	Meixian	爺哀
	Xingning	爺哀
	Huidong (Daling)	阿爸阿姆
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	阿姆阿爸
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	爺哀
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	阿爸阿姆
	Liannan	爺哀
	Jiexi	爺哀
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	爺哀
	Changting	爹哀, 爺哀
	Wuping	爺哀
	Wuping (Yanqian)	爺哀
	Wuping (Pingyu)	爺哀
	Ninghua	爹母
	Ningdu	爹姐
	Ruijin	哀爹, 爺娘, 爺哀
	Shicheng	爹哀
	Shangyou (Shexi)	爺姐
	Tonggu (Sandu)	娘爺
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	爺姐
	Dayu	爺佬姐佬
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	爺哀, 爺母, 兩老
	Hong Kong	阿爸阿姆
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	老子阿奶
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	父母
	Xinyi (Sihe)	爺哀
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	爺哀
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	爸媽
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	父母親
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	爺哀
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	爺哀, 爸哀
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	爸哀
	Luchuan	爸媽
Huizhou	Jixi	娘老子, 老子娘, 老子爺娘
Jin	Taiyuan	爹娘
	Xinzhou	老子娘
Northern Min	Jian'ou	爹奶
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	爸奶
	Matsu	爸奶
Southern Min	Xiamen	爸母, 老爸母
	Quanzhou	爸母, 老爸母
	Jinjiang	爸母
	Zhangzhou	爸母, 老爸母
	Zhao'an	爸母
	Taipei	爸母
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	爸母
	Kaohsiung	爸母
	Yilan	爸母
	Changhua (Lukang)	爸母
	Taichung	爸母
	Tainan	爸母
	Hsinchu	爸母
	Kinmen	爸母
	Penghu (Magong)	爸母
	Penang (Hokkien)	爸母
	Singapore (Hokkien)	爸母
	Manila (Hokkien)	爸母
	Chaozhou	父嬡, 爸母
	Jieyang	父嬡
	Singapore (Teochew)	爸母
Wu	Shanghai	爺娘
	Suzhou	爺娘
	Danyang	娘啊老子, 爺娘 rare
	Hangzhou	娘老子
	Ningbo	爹娘
	Wenzhou	奶阿伯, 阿伯奶
Xiang	Changsha	爺娘
	Shuangfeng	爺娘

Dialectal synonyms of 父母 (“father and mother; parents”) [map]

Derived terms

• 大家長 / 大家长
• 家長主義 / 家长主义 (jiāzhǎng zhǔyì)
• 家長制 / 家长制
• 家長會 / 家长会 (jiāzhǎnghuì)
• 家長黨 / 家长党 (jiāzhǎngdǎng)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (家長):

• → Japanese: 家(か)長(ちょう) (kachō)
• → Korean: 가장(家長) (gajang)
• → Vietnamese: gia trưởng (家長)

Japanese

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

家長

Wikipedia ^ja

Kanji in this term
家	長
か Grade: 2	ちょう Grade: 2
on'yomi

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Householder

Wikipedia

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 家長 (MC kae trjangX).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ka̠t͡ɕo̞ː]

Noun

家(か)長(ちょう) • (kachō) 

1. the head of a household, a householder
2. a patriarch
3. a matriarch

Usage notes

• Historically, this role has more commonly been filled by a man. However, this word alone is generally not gender-specific, and can refer to either a male or female head of household. To specify a particular gender, this word may be prefixed with either 女 (onna, “woman”) or 男 (otoko, “man”).

Synonyms

• 族長(ぞくちょう) (zokuchō): the head of a family or clan

See also

• 女家長(おんなかちょう) (onna kachō): a matriarch, the female head of a household
• 男家長(おとこかちょう) (otoko kachō): a patriarch, the male head of a household
• 女族長(おんなぞくちょう) (onna zokuchō): a matriarch, the female head of a family or clan
• 男族長(おとこぞくちょう) (otoko zokuchō): a patriarch, the male head of a family or clan

Korean

Hanja in this term
家	長

Noun

家長 • (gajang) (hangeul 가장)

1. hanja form^? of 가장 (“the head of a family”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
家	長

Noun

家長

1. chữ Hán form of gia trưởng (“the head of a family”).

Adjective

家長

1. chữ Hán form of gia trưởng (“patriarchal; paternalistic”).