古
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Han character
古 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十口 (JR), four-corner 40600, composition ⿱十口)
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №53
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 171, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3233
- Dae Jaweon: page 380, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 568, character 3
- Unihan data for U+53E4
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 古 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Ideogram (指事) : A shield (十, contraction of 盾) and the radical of the mouth (口) that partly indicates pronunciation as well. Original form of 固 (OC *kaːs). (Qiu Xigui, Ding Shan). Compare oracle bone forms with 干, 盾.
Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of 苦 (kǔ).
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gu3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гў (gw, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): gu3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gu3 / gu2
- Northern Min (KCR): gǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gū / kū
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou3 / kou3
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 5ku / 3ku
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gu3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
- Wade–Giles: ku3
- Yale: gǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
- Palladius: гу (gu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gu3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гў (gw, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gu2
- Yale: gú
- Cantonese Pinyin: gu2
- Guangdong Romanization: gu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: gu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kú
- Hakka Romanization System: guˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gu3
- Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gu3 / gu2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku⁴⁵/, /ku⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gū / kū
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku³³/, /kʰu³³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note: kū - in 古田 (Kŭ-chèng).
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gou3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔu⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gou3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔu³³²/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: kou3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɔu⁴⁵³/
- (Putian)
Note: kou3 - in 古田 (kou3 ceng2).
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: gu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: kuX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kaːʔ/
Definitions
古
Compounds
- 七古
- 上古 (shànggǔ)
- 不古
- 中古 (zhōnggǔ)
- 五古
- 亙古／亘古 (gèngǔ)
- 仿古 (fǎnggǔ)
- 作古 (zuògǔ)
- 來古／来古
- 先古 (xiāngǔ)
- 千古 (qiāngǔ)
- 博古 (bógǔ)
- 印古什 (Yìngǔshí)
- 反古 (fǎngǔ)
- 口古月
- 古井 (gǔjǐng)
- 古井無波／古井无波
- 古人 (gǔrén)
- 古今 (gǔjīn)
- 古今中外 (gǔjīnzhōngwài)
- 古代 (gǔdài)
- 古作
- 古來／古来 (gǔlái)
- 古例
- 古典 (gǔdiǎn)
- 古典主義／古典主义 (gǔdiǎnzhǔyì)
- 古冊／古册 (kó͘-chheh) (Min Nan)
- 古制 (gǔzhì)
- 古剎／古刹 (gǔchà)
- 古勁／古劲
- 古勒巴格 (Gǔlèbāgé)
- 古動物學／古动物学 (gǔdòngwùxué)
- 古厝 (gǔcuò)
- 古史 (gǔshǐ)
- 古國／古国 (gǔguó)
- 古坑 (Gǔkēng)
- 古城 (gǔchéng)
- 古城口 (Gǔchéngkǒu)
- 古堡
- 古墓 (gǔmù)
- 古夫 (Gǔfū)
- 古奧／古奥
- 古妝／古妆
- 古始
- 古姆 (Gǔmǔ)
- 古學／古学
- 古寫／古写
- 古寺
- 古屋 (gǔwū)
- 古山 (Gǔshān)
- 古巴 (Gǔbā)
- 古幣／古币 (gǔbì)
- 古廟／古庙 (gǔmiào)
- 古式 (gǔshì)
- 古往今來／古往今来 (gǔwǎngjīnlái)
- 古德
- 古怪 (gǔguài)
- 古意 (gǔyì)
- 古憋
- 古拙 (gǔzhuó)
- 古文 (gǔwén)
- 古文字 (gǔwénzì)
- 古方 (gǔfāng)
- 古方兒／古方儿
- 古早 (gǔzǎo)
- 古昔 (gǔxī)
- 古晉／古晋 (Gǔjìn)
- 古時／古时 (gǔshí)
- 古曆／古历
- 古書／古书 (gǔshū)
- 古本 (gǔběn)
- 古板 (gǔbǎn)
- 古柯 (gǔkē)
- 古植物學／古植物学 (gǔzhíwùxué)
- 古樂／古乐 (gǔyuè)
- 古槧／古椠
- 古樓／古楼 (Gǔlóu)
- 古樸／古朴 (gǔpǔ)
- 古橋溝／古桥沟 (Gǔqiáogōu)
- 古氣／古气
- 古江巴格 (Gǔjiāngbāgé)
- 古法
- 古渡 (gǔdù)
- 古為今用／古为今用
- 古爾邦節／古尔邦节 (Gǔ'ěrbāngjié)
- 古物 (gǔwù)
- 古猿
- 古玉
- 古玩 (gǔwán)
- 古琴 (gǔqín)
- 古瓷
- 古生代 (Gǔshēng Dài)
- 古生物 (gǔshēngwù)
- 古生界
- 古畫／古画 (gǔhuà)
- 古白文 (gǔbáiwén)
- 古石 (Gǔshí)
- 古磚／古砖
- 古祠
- 古稀 (gǔxī)
- 古箏／古筝 (gǔzhēng)
- 古籀
- 古籍 (gǔjí)
- 古老 (gǔlǎo)
- 古老肉
- 古者 (gǔzhě)
- 古舊／古旧 (gǔjiù)
- 古色古香 (gǔsègǔxiāng)
- 古茶
- 古董 (gǔdǒng)
- 古蘭經／古兰经 (Gǔlánjīng)
- 古裝／古装 (gǔzhuāng)
- 古記／古记
- 古訓／古训 (gǔxùn)
- 古話／古话 (gǔhuà)
- 古詩／古诗 (gǔshī)
- 古語／古语 (gǔyǔ)
- 古調不彈／古调不弹
- 古諺／古谚 (gǔyàn)
- 古賢／古贤 (gǔxián)
- 古賦／古赋
- 古趣
- 古路 (Gǔlù)
- 古跡／古蹟／古迹 (gǔjì)
- 古遊／古游
- 古道 (gǔdào)
- 古道熱腸／古道热肠 (gǔdàorècháng)
- 古遠／古远
- 古邈
- 古都 (gǔdū)
- 古鄰／古邻
- 古銅／古铜
- 古銅色／古铜色 (gǔtóngsè)
- 古錢／古钱 (gǔqián)
- 古錐／古锥 (kó͘-chui) (Min Nan)
- 古門／古门
- 古陸／古陆
- 古隸／古隶
- 古雅 (gǔyǎ)
- 古音 (gǔyīn)
- 古韻／古韵 (gǔyùn)
- 古風／古风 (gǔfēng)
- 古驛／古驿 (Gǔyì)
- 古體詩／古体诗 (gǔtǐshī)
- 唐古拉 (Tánggǔlā)
- 大古
- 太古 (tàigǔ)
- 好古 (hàogǔ)
- 存古 (cúngǔ)
- 希古
- 師古／师古
- 弔古／吊古
- 往古
- 待古
- 徐古 (Xúgǔ)
- 復古／复古 (fùgǔ)
- 慕古
- 懷古／怀古 (huáigǔ)
- 振古
- 擬古／拟古 (nǐgǔ)
- 敻古
- 暮古
- 曠古／旷古 (kuànggǔ)
- 汲古 (jígǔ)
- 治古
- 泥古 (nìgǔ)
- 海西蒙古族藏族自治州
- 淳古
- 特古
- 玍古 (gǎgu)
- 疑古 (yígǔ)
- 盤古／盘古 (Pángǔ)
- 盤古壋／盘古垱 (Pángǔdàng)
- 萬古／万古 (wàngǔ)
- 秦古 (Qíngǔ)
- 稽古 (jīgǔ)
- 積古／积古
- 終古／终古 (zhōnggǔ)
- 考古 (kǎogǔ)
- 肅北蒙古族自治縣／肃北蒙古族自治县
- 自古 (zìgǔ)
- 艾古斯 (Àigǔsī)
- 花古 (Huāgǔ)
- 蒙古 (Měnggǔ)
- 蒙古族 (Měnggǔzú)
- 覽古／览古 (lǎngǔ)
- 訪古／访古
- 說古／说古
- 講古／讲古 (jiǎnggǔ)
- 譀古／𰶆古 (hàm-kó͘) (Min Nan)
- 變古／变古
- 轢古／轹古
- 近古 (jìngǔ)
- 述古
- 遠古／远古 (yuǎngǔ)
- 邃古 (suìgǔ)
- 門古寺／门古寺 (Méngǔsì)
- 高古
Descendants
Others:
- → Vietnamese: cũ
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gù
- Wade–Giles: ku4
- Yale: gù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
- Palladius: гу (gu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
古
Pronunciation 3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ku
- Wade–Giles: kʻu1
- Yale: kū
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ku
- Palladius: ку (ku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
古
- † Only used in 古成.
References
- “古”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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