Benutzer:Bertonymus

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7523 days of joy and frustration.

Aktuell in Arbeit

• Rot erhöht die anziehungskraft von Frauen: http://www.wissenschaft.de/wissenschaft/news/296859.html
• Lebertran inkonkruenz zwischen spektrum d. W.-artikel und Wiki Vitamin D:
• Triboluminiszenz

In diesem Artikel oder Abschnitt fehlen noch folgende wichtige Informationen:

naturwissenschaftlicher Hintergrund

Hilf der Wikipedia, indem du sie recherchierst und einfügst.

• Javelwasser: 1785 oder 1789 entdeckt
• Claude-Louis Berthollet führt die Eau de Javel (Javelwasser) genannte Chlorbleiche, als das erste chemische Bleichmittel in die Textilindustrie ein.

<a href="http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/pi_2015-01-29_science-and-society-03-11/"><img width="313" height="289" src="http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2015/01/PI_2015-01-29_science-and-society-03-11.png" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Childhood Vaccines" srcset="http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2015/01/PI_2015-01-29_science-and-society-03-11.png 313w, http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2015/01/PI_2015-01-29_science-and-society-03-11-300x277.png 300w, http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2015/01/PI_2015-01-29_science-and-society-03-11-200x185.png 200w, http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2015/01/PI_2015-01-29_science-and-society-03-11-260x240.png 260w, http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2015/01/PI_2015-01-29_science-and-society-03-11-50x46.png 50w" sizes="(max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px" /></a>

Interessante User

Giftmischer

	Vermögensunterschiede in der Weltbevölkerung (Stand 2000)[1]
Die reichsten 1% der Weltbevölkerung	1
...kontrollieren 40% des Weltvermögens	40
Die ärmere Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung	50
...besitzt nur 1% des Weltvermögens	1

Siehe auch z. B. Habitatverlust

Regenwürmer als Treibhausgasproduzenten BioSpektrum, Juni 2009, S. 378 Bei der Passage der Erde durch den Darm wird diese mit einem Glykosaminoglykan-haltigen Schleim versetzt, der mit der Nahrung aufgenommene Mikroorganismen aktiviert.^[2] Diese geben bestimmte Enzyme in den Darmkanal ab, die den Abbau von mit der Erde aufgenommenen organischen Substanzen bewirken bzw. erleichtern, man spricht daher auch von einem "mutualistischen (wechselseitigen) Verdauungssystem".^[3] Bemerkenswert ist, dass diese Prozesse unter anaeroben Bedingungen ablaufen, da der komplette Darm des Regenwurs Sauerstoff-frei ist.^[4]

Aktuelle Studien deuten darauf hin, dass die Mehrzahl der Mikroorganismen im Regenwurmdarm aus der Erde stammen stammen

Phänomenbeschreibung

Die Anregung des Systems erfolgt durch Reibung oder Auseinanderreißen; z.B. bei Zuckerkristallen, beim Öffnen von selbstklebenden Briefumschlägen oder beim Abrollen von Klebeband.^[5] Es handelt sich um eine besondere Form der Lumineszenz.

Vorkommen

Man kann Tribolumineszenz beobachten, wenn man ein Stück Würfelzucker im Dunkeln zerschlägt oder mit einer Zange zerdrückt. Es gibt viele weitere Stoffe, die Tribolumineszenz zeigen, u.a.:

• Traubenzucker
• Quarz
• Marmor
• Fluorit (Flussspat)
• Willemit
• Uranylnitrat
• Triethylgallium

Geschichte

Die hervorragende Wirksamkeit von Lebertran gegen Rachitis wurde 1824 von deutschen Wissenschaftlern entdeckt, etwa zwei Jahre nachdem bekannt wurde, dass Sonnenlicht - in Form der damals populären Sonnenkuren - ebenfalls zur Verhütung bzw. Behandlung dieser Krankheit eingesetzt werden kann. Es dauerte allerdings fast noch weitere hundert Jahre, bis der Zusammenhang zwischen dem heilsamen Effekt des Sonnenlichts und des Fischöls hergestellt werden konnte: Erst 1922 konnte mit Vitamin D der entscheidente Faktor identifiziert werden.^[6] Der Chemiker Prof. Dr. Hans Brockmann (1903–1988) konnte aus Fischleberölen einen Wirkstoff isolieren, der Vitamin D₃ genannt wurde. Dieses Vitamin D₃ ist der antirachitische Faktor des Lebertrans, der zur Bekämpfung der Rachitis viel verwendet wurde.^[7]

Die Entdeckung von Vitamin D ist mit der Suche nach einem Heilmittel für Rachitis verknüpft.^[8] Im Jahr 1919 konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Heilung von Rachitis durch Bestrahlung mit künstlich erzeugtem UV-Licht möglich ist^[9], zwei Jahre später wurde dies ebenfalls durch die Bestrahlung mit normalem Sonnenlicht nachgewiesen.^[10] Unabhängig von diesen Erkenntnissen war etwa zeitgleich der britische Arzt Sir Edward Mellanby davon überzeugt, dass Rachitis durch ein Ernährungsdefizit ausgelöst werde und konnte ebenfalls 1919 an Experimenten mit Hunden zeigen, dass Rachitis durch Butter, Milch und insbesondere Lebertran geheilt werden konnte. Er hielt daraufhin das erst kurz zuvor in Lebertran entdeckte Vitamin A für den auslösenden Faktor. Es war bekannt, dass Vitamin A durch Oxidation zerstört wird. Lebertran verliert deshalb nach oxidativer Behandlung die Fähigkeit, Nachtblindheit zu heilen. So behandelter Lebertran war jedoch weiterhin in der Lage Rachitis zu kurieren. Der Chemiker McCollum in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Kinderarzt John Howland schlossen daraus, dass ein weiterer Stoff unabhängig vom bekannten Vitamin A für diesen Effekt verantwortlich war.^[11] Als das vierte gefundene Vitamin (nach den Vitaminen A, B und C) wurde es daraufhin „Vitamin D“ genannt.

Struktur

Der strukturelle Aufbau der humanen Telomerase konnte 2007 von Scott Cohen und seiner Arbeitsgruppe aufgeklärt werden.^[12]

It consists of two molecules each of human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT), Telomerase RNA (hTR or TERC) and Dyskerin.^[13] The two types of protein subunits of the enzyme are coded by two different genes in the genome. The coding region of the TERT gene is 3396bp, and translates to a protein of 1131 amino acids. The polypeptide folds with TERC (451 nucleotides long), which is not translated and remains as RNA. TERT has a 'mitten' structure that allows it to wrap around the chromosome to add single-stranded telomere repeats.

TERT is a reverse transcriptase, which is a class of enzyme that creates single-stranded DNA using single-stranded RNA as a template. Enzymes of this class (not TERT specifically, but the ones isolated from viruses) are utilized by scientists in the molecular biological process of Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), which allows the creation of several DNA copies of a target sequence using RNA as a template. As stated above, TERT carries its own template around, TERC.

• Mother of Satan Quelle für die Bezeichnung: http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/mother_of_satan/

Arbeitseinkommen

Zählt man die Arbeitseinkommen aller Männer auf der Welt zusammen, so sind diese mehr als doppelt so hoch wie diejenigen aller Frauen der Erde. In jeder Region und jedem Land der Erden verdienen Männer als Frauen. Das größte Ungleichgewicht der Arbeitseinkommen zwischen den Geschlechtern besteht hierbei in Südasien, wo Männer fünf mal mehr erwirtschaften/verdienen als Frauen. Erwerb; Kaufkraftparität

Human Development Index Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$) Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$)

Roughly derived on the basis of the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage, the female and male shares of the economically active population, total female and male population and GDP per capita (in purchasing power parity terms in US dollars; see PPP).

Weltweit höchste und niedrigste jährliche Arbeitsentgelte der Frauen¹
Rang	Land	Wert²	Rang	Land	Wert²
1	Norwegen	7.541	191	Sambia	98
2	Dänemark	6.566	192	Pakistan	97
3	USA	6.355	193	Sudan	93
4	Schweden	6.121	194	Malawi	89
5	Island	5.833	195	Äthiopien	80
6	Kanada	5.668	196	Dem. Rep. Kongo	75
7	Australien	5.327	197	Nigeria	74
8	Luxemburg	5.185	198	Guinea-Bissau	70
9	Finnland	5.062	199	Sierra Leone	42
10	Grönland	4.935	200	Jemen	31
Weltweit höchste und niedrigste jährliche Arbeitsentgelte der Männer¹
Rang	Land	Wert²	Rang	Land	Wert²
1	Luxemburg	23.687	191	Mali	234
2	Irland	14.709	192	Äthiopien	234
3	Schweiz	13.200	193	Niger	232
4	USA	12.416	194	Guinea-Bissau	229
5	Österreich	12.086	195	Madagaskar	222
6	Japan	11.981	196	Burundi	194
7	Norwegen	11.980	197	Sierra Leone	189
8	Hong Kong (VRC)	11.192	198	Dem. Rep. Kongo	189
9	Island	11.151	199	Tansania	158
10	Dänemark	10.841	200	Malawi	145
¹Die Zahlen Stammen aus dem „Development Report“, 2004 des „Development Programm“ der Vereinten Nationen  ²Die Arbeitsentgelte (Einkommen) wurden in US-Dollar-Kaufkraftparitäten (KKP) gemessen und angegeben. Dies geschah, da  man aufgrund unterschiedlicher Wechselkurse und Preise, mit einem Dollar z. B. in Namibia mehr kaufenkann, als in Japan.  KKP entspricht in dieser Tabelle also dem Wert des Arbeitsentgelts an dem Ort wo es verdient wird, gemessen in US-$

Chauncey Starr Quelle: Nature 447, 14.Juni 07, S. 789

Chauncey Starr * 14. April 1912 in Newark (USA); † 17. April 2007 in Atherton (Kalifornien) war ein Pionier der friedlichen Nutzung von Kernergie, Veteran des Manhattan District Projects und Gründer des Electric Power Research Institute (ERPI).

Starr war der zweite Sohn eines jüdisch-russischen Emigranten

Born in Newark, New Jersey, Starr received an electrical engineering degree in 1932 and a Ph.D. in physics in 1935 from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Starr was Vice President of Rockwell International and President of its Atomic International Division. In 1967 he became the Dean of the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science. Six years later he founded the 'Electric Power Research Institute' (EPRI) and was the EPRI's first president. He is the only President Emeritus of the EPRI.

Starr was a member of the Board of Directors at the George C. Marshall Institute, a member of the Board of Science Advisors of the Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) and like most other members of that board he signed the Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change. Since EPRI received funding from the oil industry, his signing was questioned by some, since the declaration starts with "As independent scientists concerned with atmospheric and climate problems ..."

Starr died at his home in Atherton, California from natural causes. The day before his death he celebrated his 95th birthday at an EPRI ceremony. ^[14]

External links

• Chauncey Starr profile via RPI
• Chauncy Starr interview via EPRI
• Chauncey Starr death notice via EPRI

Category:1912 births Category:2007 deaths Starr, Chauncey Category:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni

Vorlage:Us-bio-stub

Wartet auf blau

• Lysosomale Speicherkrankheit
• Operation Morgenröte
• Prunk
• Genetische Immunisierung
• Uí Néill-Dynastie
• Niall of the Nine Hostages
• Raffel (Gerät zur Ernte von Blaubeeren)
• schnellster Trimaran der Welt: Hydroptère
• Aszitesmaus, [[Ascitesmaus]
• Copes Regel, Cope’sche Regel, Copesche Regel, Cope-Regel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope%27s_rule)
• Virophage (siehe hier)
• Spindelgifte (Quellen: http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/muehle-hans-werner-2004-01-16/PDF/Muehle.pdf; http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=957574320&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=957574320.pdf, Siehe en-Wiki: Mitotic inhibitor

Derzeit in Arbeit

Baumkurre

Baumkurren sind spezielle Grundschleppnetze für den Fang von Nordseegarnelen und Plattfischen (z. B. Schollen oder Seezungen) im Wattenmeer. Ein Kurrbaum, eine waagrechte Querstange, hält die Öffnung des Netzes unter Wasser offen. Über kufenartige Schuhe zieht der Kutter das Netz über den Meeresboden. Das Rollengrundtau unter der Netzöffnung beschwert die Baumkurre löst beim Gleiten über den Meeresgrund Erschütterungen aus. Dadurch schrecken die Krabben und Plattfische vom Boden auf und können vom Netz erfasst werden. Auch durch die zwischen den Kufen hängen bis zu zehn Eisenketten (Scheuchketten), werden die am Meeresgrund lebenden Tiere aufgescheucht und ins Schleppnetz getrieben.

Die Fischerei mit Baumkurren fügt dem Ökosystem enormen Schaden zu, da hierdurch der Meeresboden - bei einer Eindringtiefe von bis zu 8 cm - regelrecht umgepflügt und in seiner Struktur verändert wird. Auf weichen Böden können die Schleppspuren eines Grundschleppnetzes im Extremfall bis zu 18 Monate sichtbar sein. Das Umpflügen des Untergrunds durch Grundschleppnetze stellt vielfach eine erhebliche und nachhaltige Beeinträchtigung der auf und in dem Boden lebenden Artengemeinschaften (Biozönose) dar, so dass dem Ökosystem enormen Schaden zugefügt wird.

Auch bei dieser Methode ist der Beifang sehr hoch: Besonders zerstörerisch ist die Seezungenfischerei. Pro Kilo Seezunge werden zehn Kilo Beifang mitgefischt.

Probleme bei der Fischerei mit Baumkurren:

• Zerstörung von Lebensräumen

• Trawlspuren auf dem Meeresboden

• Zerstörung von Organismen auf dem Meeresboden

• Veränderung der Artenzusammensetzung der benthischen Gemeinschaft

• Beifang von marinen Wirbellosen und Nichtzielfischarten

• Discard-Problematik

Vitamin A

• Vitamin A receptor found

Weblinks

• Museumsweg Carolinensiel

[[Kategorie:Fischerei]] [[en:Bottom trawling]] [[fr:Chalutage]] [[nl:Boomkorvisserij]]

Verbesserungswürdig

• Joseph Banks (gemäß Bill Bryson, S. 430f): es fehlen Hinweis auf die Reise mit der Endeavour, Venus-Transit, Jahreszahl, seine Mitfahrt, Australien, viele Details der triumphalen Reise!

stubs

• Chaps

Mehrdeutigkeit nicht berücksichtigt

• Hock (1. Gattungsbegriff in GB für dt. Wein; 2. gemütl. Beisammensein in BW)

Beiträge

• Bertonymus` Beiträge

Werkzeugkasten

Nützliches Wikipedia:Handbuch Wikipedia:Zusammenfassung und Quelle Wikipedia:Textbausteine Wikipedia:Bewertungsbausteine en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Pseudoscience/Green Cheese Model of Lunar Composition Wikipedia:Farbe Wikipedia:Tabellen Wikipedia:Sonderzeichen Wikipedia:Formatvorlagen Wikipedia:Taxoboxen Wikipedia:Bilder Wikipedia:Public-Domain-Bilderquellen Wikipedia:Fragen zur Wikipedia m:Help:WikiHiero_syntax Kennzeichnung eines englischsprachigen Links: Vorlage:En icon Verlinkung direkt zu einem Unterabschnitt eines Artikels (Beispiel): Homöopathie#Kritikpunkte bzw. Homöopathie (unsichtbare Weiterleitung) Wiki-Tabellen (engl.). Farben für Tabellen: Beispiel für multiple Zitation aus einer Quelle: Lungenenzian-Ameisenbläuling Beispiel für ein Stammbaum-Diagramm: Evolutionärer Stammbaum

Portale Wikipedia:Portale Diskussion:Portal Medizin Portal Diskussion:Lebewesen Diskussion:Portal Biologie Kategorie:Portal: Text verbergen "" (Ausdruck in den Anführungszeichen - nur im Bearbeitungsmode sichtbar!) Hoch bzw. Runter-Setzen von Zeichen Im Text: MoO42- (Molybdat). als mathematische Formel: ${\displaystyle \mathrm {MoO_{4}^{2-}(Molybdat).} }$

Sonstiges Schnelllöschkandidaten Wikipedia:Löschkandidaten Wikipedia:Vandalensperrung Lösch-Logbuch Echtzeitliste der letzten Änderungen Einträge von Newbies Server-Status Wikipedia Diskussion:Taxoboxen Überprüfung der Stimmberechtigung Moros` Fundgrube

Insulin glargin
          ┌─────────┐
G-I-V-E-Q-C-C-T-S-I-C-S-L-Y-Q-L-E-N-Y-C-G
            │                       ┌─┘
F-V-N-Q-H-L-C-G-S-H-L-V-E-A-L-Y-L-V-C-G-E-R-G-F-F-Y-T-P-K-T-R-R

d = 2×Δy – Δx ΔO = 2×Δy ΔNO = 2×(Δy − Δx) y = ya Pixel (xa, ya) einfärben Für jedes x von xa+1 bis xe Wenn d ≤ 0 d = d + ΔO ansonsten d = d + ΔNO y = y + 1 Pixel (x, y) einfärben

Untergruppen dendritischer Zellen Plasmacytoide DCs * Expression von TLR7, TLR9 * Expression von aktivierendem FcR Myeloide DCs *

Unterschiede zwischen dendritischen Zellen (DC) und B-Zellen als Antigen-präsentierende Zellen * DCs haben höhere Levels an MHC II und akzessorischen Molekülen * DCs können große Mengen IL-12 ausschütten * DCs nehmen Antigene mit Hilfe von Fc- oder Multi-Lektin-Rezeptoren * B-Zellen dagegen verfügen hierzu über Antigen-spezifische Immunglobulin-Rezeptoren und inhibitorische Fc-gamma-Rezeptoren

Fußnote und Quellenangaben

Im Artikel Brustkrebs findet man eine tolles Beispiel zur Präsentation einer umfangreicher Literaturliste (mit Scrollbalken) - wurde wohl geändert... Bei Prostatakrebs findet man jedenfalls auch Beispiele für eine Mehrfachreferenzierung (z.B.: "A. E. Apolo et al.: Novel tracers and their development for the imaging of metastatic prostate cancer. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. (2008) 49:2031-2041. PMID 18997047" wird zweimal zitiert)

Bei online Vorab-Veröffentlichungen ohne PMID hängt man das DOI wie folgt an doi:10.1126/science.1173826 - einfach das ding innerhalb der geschweiften Doppelklammern hinter die erste Doppelklammner und direkt vor </ref>.

Vorlage zum zitieren von

• Journals^[15],^[16]
• Journal alternativ^[17],
• Webseitenvorlage^[18],
• Nachrichten^[19]
• Büchern (vorläufig)^[2] bzw. ^[20]

Kann man auch mehrfach^[21] zitieren, ohne dass sie in der referenzliste doppelt erscheinen!

Einzelnachweise (scollbar)

1. Internationale Bank für Wiederaufbau und Entwicklung/Weltbank, zitiert in National Geographic, Planet Erde 2008, Unsere Welt im Wandel: Zahlen, Daten, Fakten
2. C. A. Edwards & P. J. Bohlen: Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. Chapmann & Hall, London (1996)
3. D. Trigo et al.: Mutualism between earthworm and soil microflora. Pedobiologia (1999) 43:866-873
4. M. A. Horn et al.: The earthworm gut: An ideal habitat for ingested N2O-producing microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol (2003) 69:1662-1669
5. [www.wissenschaft.de: http://www.wissenschaft.de/wissenschaft/news/296739.html]
6. White J. H. & Tavera-Mendoza, L. R. (2008): Das unterschätzte Sonnenvitamin. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft Bd. 7, S. 40.
7. Friedrich Klages (1961): Einführung in die organische Chemie. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1961, S. 522
8. Artikel (engl) Webseite mit ähnlichem Inhalt, deutsch
9. Huldschinsky, K. Heilung von Rachitis durch Künstliche Höhensonne Deutsche med. Wochenschrift, 1919, 45, 712–713
10. Hess, A. & Unger, L. Cure of infantile rickets by sunlight JAMA, 1921, 77, 39–41
11. J. Biol. Chem. 1922 53: 293-312. PDF
12. Scott B. Cohen, Mark E. Graham, George O. Lovrecz, Nicolai Bache, Phillip J. Robinson, Roger R. Reddel: Protein composition of catalytically active human telomerase from immortal cells. In: Science. 315. Jahrgang, 2007, S. 1850, doi:10.1126/science.1138596, PMID 17395830.
13. Cohen S, Graham M, Lovrecz G, Bache N, Robinson P, Reddel R: Protein composition of catalytically active human telomerase from immortal cells. In: Science. 315. Jahrgang, Nr. 5820, 2007, S. 1850-3, doi:10.1126/science.1138596, PMID 17395830.
14. Wald, Matthew L. (April 19, 2007). Chauncey Starr, 95, Pioneer in Nuclear Energy, Dies. New York Times
15. Mustermann, R. et al.: Vorlage zum zitieren von Journals. In: Nature. 68. Jahrgang, Nr. 787, 2011, S. 1081–1082, PMID 19525405.
16. Dye, C. et Williams, B. G.: The population dynamics and control of tuberculosis. In: Science. 328. Jahrgang, Nr. 5980, 2010, S. 856–861, PMID 20466923.
17. Carsten Egevang, Iain J. Stenhouse, Richard A. Phillips, Aevar Petersen, James W. Fox, and Janet R. D. Silk: Tracking of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea reveals longest animal migration. In: PNAS Early Edition. 107. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, Januar 2010, S. 2078–2081, doi:10.1073/pnas.0909493107, PMID 20080662 (pnas.org).Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Cite journal): "quotes"
18. Vorlage zum zitieren von Webseiten. bild der wissenschaft, abgerufen am 15. Mai 2012.
19. David Kerley: Vorlage zum zitieren von Nachrichten (news), ABC News, March 23 2007. Abgerufen am 23. März 2007
20. Heiko Bellmann: Der Neue Kosmos Schmetterlingsführer, Schmetterlinge, Raupen und Futterpflanzen. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09330-1, S. 150
21. Kay J. and Westhovens, R.: Vorlage zum zitieren von Journals. In: Ann Rheum Dis. 68. Jahrgang, Nr. 787, 2009, S. 1081–1082, PMID 19525405.

Vorlage zum zitieren von

• Journals^[1],
• Webseitenvorlage^[2],
• Nachrichten^[3]
• Büchern (vorläufig)^[4] bzw. ^[5]

Einzelnachweise (Standard)

1. Mustermann, R. et al.: Vorlage zum zitieren von Journals. In: Ann Rheum Dis. 68. Jahrgang, Nr. 787, 2009, S. 1081–1082, PMID 19525405.
2. Vorlage zum zitieren von Webseiten. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2007.
3. David Kerley: Vorlage zum zitieren von Nachrichten (news), ABC News, March 23 2007. Abgerufen am 23. März 2007
4. C. A. Edwards & P. J. Bohlen: Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. Chapmann & Hall, London (1996)
5. Heiko Bellmann: Der Neue Kosmos Schmetterlingsführer, Schmetterlinge, Raupen und Futterpflanzen. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09330-1, S. 150

Quellenangaben wurden früher in der deutschen Wikipedia missbilligt und erst spät aus der englischen Wikipedia übernommen Vorlage:Ref. Dies geschah u.a. in Reaktion auf einen Artikel des Journalisten Seigenthaler Vorlage:Ref, wie auch im Buch von Max Mustermann beschrieben Vorlage:Ref2.
Auch Google führt zu Max Mustermann Vorlage:Ref, jedoch muß man hierbei wegen der Sonderzeichen in der Fußnote, wozu = oder ? zählen, nach dem zweiten senkrechten Strich ein '2=' einfügen.

1. Vorlage:Fußnote
2. Vorlage:Fußnote
3. Vorlage:Fußnote

Zur Verwendung dieser Vorlage siehe Quellenangaben.

Wenn Quellenangaben mangelhaft sind oder fehlen: {Quelle} => aber 2x geschweifte Klammer!

Lückenhinweis

{{Lückenhaft|Formen im Investitionsgütervertrieb und im Konsumgütervertrieb}}

Spezialseite "Verwendung in der Wikipedia"

Listet alle internen Links auf eine bestimmte Seite auf (hier am Bsp. von "Grau"):

http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Whatlinkshere&target=Grau

Diagramme

Horizontaler zeitverlauf: siehe Deep Purple!

Land	Raucheranteil (in %)
Griechenland	45
Frankreich	38
Dänemark	38
Österreich	38
Spanien	37
Belgien	37
Vereinigtes Königreich	35
Deutschland	34
Luxemburg	34
Niederlande	32
Schweiz	31
Finnland	30
Portugal	28
Italien	27
Norwegen	25
Irland	24
Schweden	22
Vereinigte Staaten	21

Anmerkung: Rest der EU-27 umfasst Belgien, Bulgarien, Dänemark, Estland, Finnland, Griechenland, Irland, Lettland, Litauen, Luxemburg, Malta, die Niederlanden, Österreich, Polen, Portugal, Rumänien, Slovakai, Slowenien, Schweden, die Tschechische Republik, Ungarn und Zypern.

So bastle ich eine Pyramide

Level 5

Level 4

Level 3

Level 2

Level 1

Vorlagen

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Interessante Benutzer

• Wiska Bodo
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Liste bekannter Atheisten

Percy Bysshe Shelley, author of The Necessity of Atheism.

In dieser Liste werden Personen aufgeführt, die a) durch verlässliche Quellen als Atheisten identifiziert werden können und b) sich durch ihr Wirken und Werk allgemeines Ansehen und/oder einen breiteren Bekanntheitsgrad erworben haben.

Ein Atheist im Sinne dieser Liste ist eine Person die nicht an die Existenz eines (oder mehrerer) göttlichen Wesen(s) glaubt (siehe auch Atheismus) ^[1] . Different definitions identify various levels of disbelief that an atheist may have. An atheist may be one who asserts that no deities exist,^[2] one who rejects belief in any deities,^[3] or one who simply does not believe in the existence of any deities.^[4][5][6]

This list does not prefer any particular definition of atheist, but gives precedence to a person's self-identification. Only those who have identified as atheists, have been identified as such by reliable sources, or fit the more narrow sense of the word atheist (they have denied the existence of any deities, but do not necessarily identify with atheism) are included.

Persons who have merely expressed skepticism about the existence of any deities or who have criticized religion are excluded. Such sentiments are insufficient to identify someone as an atheist.

Liste

Aktivisten und Bürgerrechtler

Holyoake.

Kropotkin.

Sanger.

• Pietro Acciarito (1871–1943): Italienischer anarchistischer [Aktivist]] welcher plante König Umberto I zu ermorden.^[7]
• Zackie Achmat (1962—): südafrikanischer anti-HIV/AIDS Aktivist; seit 1998 Gründer sowie Vorsitzender der Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), die sich für Aidserkrankte einsetzt.^[8]
• Ayaan Hirsi Ali (1969—): Dänische Feministin und Politikerin.^[9]
• Natalie Angier (1958—): Non-fiction writer and science journalist for The New York Times; 1991 winner of Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting.^[10]
• Dan Barker (1949—): American atheist activist.^[11]
• Richard Carrier (1969—): historian, philosopher and atheist activist.^[12]
• Emma Goldman (1869–1940): Lithuanian-born radical, known for her writings and speeches defending anarchist communism, feminism and atheism.^[13]
• George Holyoake (1817–1906): English secularist, the last person in England to be imprisoned (1842) for being an atheist.^[14]
• Ellen Johnson: current president of American Atheists.^[15]
• Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921): Russian anarchist communist activist and geographer, best known for his book, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which refutes social Darwinism.^[16]
• Taslima Nasrin (1962—): Bangladeshi physician, writer, feminist human rights activist and secular humanist.^[17]
• Michael Newdow (1953—): American physician and attorney, who sued a school district on the grounds that its requirement that children recite the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance, containing the words "under God," breached the separation-of-church-and-state provision in the establishment clause of the United States Constitution.^[18]
• Madalyn Murray O'Hair (1919–1995): founder of American Atheists, campaigner for the separation of church and state; filed the lawsuit that led the US Supreme Court to ban teacher-led prayer and Bible reading in public schools.^[19]
• James Randi, (1928—) magician, debunker and founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation.^[20]
• Margaret Sanger (1879–1966): American birth-control activist, founder of the American Birth Control League, a forerunner to Planned Parenthood. The masthead motto of her newsletter, The Woman Rebel, read: "No Gods, No Masters."^[21]
• Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883–1966): Indian revolutionary freedom fighter, and Hindu nationalist leader.^[22]
• Bhagat Singh (1907–1931): Indian revolutionary freedom fighter.^[23]
• Barbara Smoker (1923—): British humanist activist and freethought advocate. Wrote the book Freethoughts: Atheism, Secularism, Humanism – Selected Egotistically from The Freethinker.^[24]
• David Suzuki (1936—): Canadian university professor, science broadcaster and environmental activist.^[25]
• Polly Toynbee (1946—): columnist for The Guardian.^[26]

Schriftsteller

Asimov.

Clarke.

Lem.

Pullman.

Shaw.

• Douglas Adams (1952–2001): britischer Schriftsteller, Autor von The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.^[27]
• Jorge Amado: Brasilianischer Schriftsteller und einer der bedeutendsten lateinamerikanischen Autoren des 20. Jahrhunderts.^[28]
• Isaac Asimov (1920–1992): Russian-born American author of science fiction and popular science books.^[29]
• Dave Barry (1947–): American humor columnist and author of Big Trouble, among others.^[30]
• Ambrose Bierce (1842–1914?): American writer, author of The Devil's Dictionary.^[31]
• Marshall Brain (1961–) Author of WhyWontGodHealAmputees.com and GodIsImaginary.com and HowStuffWorks founder
• Sir Arthur C. Clarke (1917—): British scientist and science-fiction author.^[32]
• Vardis Fisher (1895–1968): American writer, scholar. Author of atheistic Testament of Man series.^[33]
• Nadine Gordimer (1923—): South African writer and political activist. Her writing has long dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. She won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1991.^[34][35]
• Jan Guillou (1944—): Swedish author and Journalist.^[36]
• Sam Harris (1967—): American author, researcher in neuroscience, author of The End of Faith and Letter to a Christian Nation.^[37]
• Harry Harrison (1925—): American science fiction author, anthologist and artist whose short story "The Streets of Ashkelon" took as its hero an atheist who tries to prevent a Christian missionary from indoctrinating a tribe of irreligious but ingenuous alien beings.^[38]
• Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961): American novelist, short story writer and journalist.^[39]
• Christopher Hitchens (1949—): Author, journalist and essayist.^[40]
• Michel Houellebecq (1958—): French novelist.^[41]
• S. T. Joshi (1958—): American editor and literary critic.^[42]
• Ludovic Kennedy (1919—): British journalist, author, and campaigner for voluntary euthanasia.^[43]
• Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974): Swedish author who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1951. He used religious motifs and figures from the Christian tradition without following the doctrines of the church.^[44]
• Rutka Laskier (1929–1943): Polish Jew who was killed at Auschwitz concentration camp at the age of 14. Because of her diary, on display at Israel's Holocaust museum, she has been dubbed the "Polish Anne Frank." ^[45]
• Stanislaw Lem (1921–2006): Polish science fiction novelist and essayist.^[46]
• Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837): Italian poet, linguist, essayist and philosopher. Leopardi is legendary as an out-and-out nihilist.^[47]
• Primo Levi (1919–1987): Italian novelist and chemist, survivor of Auschwitz concentration camp.^[48]
• Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742 - 1799): German scientist, satirist, philosopher and anglophile. Known as one of Europe's best authors of aphorisms. Satirized religion using aphorisms like "I thank the Lord a thousand times for having made me become an atheist."^[49]
• Pierre Loti (1850–1923): French novelist and travel writer.^[50]
• Joseph McCabe (1867–1955): English writer, anti-religion campaigner.^[51]
• Ian McEwan, CBE (1948—): British author and winner of the Man Booker Prize.^[52]
• China Miéville (1972—): British Science Fiction author.^[53]
• David Mills (author) (1959—): Author who argues in his book Atheist Universe that science and religion cannot be successfully reconciled.^[54]
• Camille Paglia (1947—): American post-feminist literary and cultural critic.^[55]
• Harold Pinter (1930—): British playwright, screenwriter, poet, actor, director, author, and political activist, best known for his plays The Birthday Party (1957), The Caretaker (1959), The Homecoming (1964), and Betrayal (1978). Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005.^[56]
• Terry Pratchett (1948—): English Fantasy author known for his satirical Discworld series.^[57]
• Philip Pullman (1946—): CBE, British author of His Dark Materials fantasy trilogy for young adults, which have atheism as a major theme.^[58]
• Ayn Rand (1905–1982): Russian-born American author and founder of Objectivism.^[59]
• Ron Reagan (1958—): American magazine journalist, board member of the politically activist Creative Coalition, son of former U. S. President Ronald Reagan.^[60]
• Salman Rushdie (1947—): Indian-born British essayist and author of fiction.^[61]
• José Saramago (1922—): Portuguese writer, playwright and journalist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998.^[62]
• Dan Savage (1964—): Author and sex advice columnist.^[63] Despite his atheism, Savage considers himself Catholic "in a cultural sense."^[64]
• George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950): Irish playwright, only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize (Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925) and an Oscar (Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1939 for Pygmalion).^[65][66]
• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822): British Romantic poet, contemporary and associate of John Keats and Lord Byron, and author of The Necessity of Atheism.^[67]
• Warren Allen Smith (1921—): Author of Who's Who in Hell.^[68]
• Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007): American author, writer of Cat's Cradle, among other books. Vonnegut said "I am an atheist (or at best a Unitarian who winds up in churches quite a lot)."^[21]
• Ibn Warraq (1946—): Best-selling author and secularist scholar of Islam currently living in the United States. He is a Muslim apostate and an outspoken critic of Islam who has written extensively on what he views as the oppressive nature of Islam.^[69]
• Gao Xingjian (1940—): Chinese émigré novelist, dramatist, critic, translator, stage director and painter. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000.^[70]

Wirtschaft

Girard.

• Stephen Girard (1750—1831): French sailor turned American banker and philanthropist.^[71]
• Graeme Samuel : Australian businessman, currently serving as the chairman of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.^[72]
• Christer Sturmark (1964—): Swedish IT entrepreneur and chairman of The Swedish Humanist Organisation.^[73]

Humoristen und Komiker

Allen.

Carlin.

• Wil Anderson (1974—): Australian television, radio and stand-up comedian, former host of ABC's The Glass House.^[74]
• Woody Allen (1935—): American film director, actor and comedian. Allen said that "To you I'm an atheist; to God, I'm the Loyal Opposition."^[75]
• Matt Besser (1967—): American comedian^[76]
• George Carlin (1937—): American comedian, actor and author; outspoken atheist who has described religion as being "the greatest bullshit story ever told," that "there's an invisible man living in the sky."^[77]
• Adam Carolla (1964—): American comedian, actor and comedy writer.^[78]
• Jimmy Carr (1972—): British comedian.^[79]
• David Cross (1964—): American actor and comedian.^[80]
• Janeane Garofalo (1964—): American actor and comedian.^[81]
• Ricky Gervais (1961—): British comedian and actor, co-creator of the original version of The Office.^[82][83]
• Kathy Griffin (1963—): American comedian.^[84]
• Robin Ince (1969—): British comedian. (According to his official^[85] MySpace page^[86])
• Patton Oswalt (1969—): American actor and comedian.^[87]
• Julia Sweeney (1959—): American actor and comedian. Alumna of Saturday Night Live, author/performer of a one-woman autobiographical stage show about finding atheism: Letting Go of God.^[88]
• Gene Weingarten (1951—): Humor writer for The Washington Post.^[89]

Film, Radio und Fernsehen

McKellen.

Soderbergh.

Wilder.

• Phillip Adams (1939—): Australian broadcaster, writer, film-maker, left-wing radical thinker and iconoclast. He was the Australian Humanist of the Year in 1987.^[90]
• Brannon Braga (1965–): American TV producer and writer, creator of Star Trek: Enterprise.^[91]
• Derren Brown (1971–): English psychological illusionist, mentalist, and skeptic of paranormal phenomena. Professed to being an atheist in his book Tricks of the Mind and described Bertrand Russell's collection of essays Why I Am Not a Christian "an absolute joy."
• Luis Buñuel (1900–1983): Spanish-born Mexican film-maker, activist of the surrealist movement. Known for his one-liner, "Thank God I'm still an atheist."^[92]
• Adam Carolla (1964—): American comedic radio personality and television personality, best known for co-hosting the radio program Loveline and the television series The Man Show.^[93]
• Stanley Donen (1924—): American film director, best known for his musicals including Seven Brides for Seven Brothers and Singin' in the Rain; awarded honorary Academy Award for lifetime achievement.^[94]
• Paul Giamatti (1967—): American film and television actor.^[95]
• Katharine Hepburn (1907–2003): American actress who appeared in 53 films from 1932 to 1994; winner of four Academy Awards for Best Actress.^[96]
• John Humphrys (1943—): British radio and television presenter who hosted a series of programmes interviewing religious leaders, Humphrys in Search of God.^[97]
• Penn Jillette (1955—): American magician, co-host of the television show Bullshit!, on which he has identified himself as an atheist and criticized various religious beliefs.^[98] He has also taken the Blasphemy Challenge.
• Skandar Keynes (1991—): English actor (Chronicles of Narnia films).^[99]
• Michael Kinsley (1951—): American political journalist, commentator, and television host.^[100]
• Tom Leykis (1956—): radio talk-show host.^[101]
• Paul Mazursky (1930—): American director, producer and actor.^[102]
• Sir Ian McKellen (1939—): English Stage and Screen Actor.^[103]
• Stephen Merchant (1974—): British actor and writer, co-creator of The Office.^[104][105]
• George Meyer (1956—): Producer and writer for The Simpsons.^[106]
• Cillian Murphy (1976—): Irish stage and screen actor.^[107]
• Sarah Polley (1979—): Canadian actress and director.^[108]
• Steven Soderbergh (1963—): American filmmaker, Academy Award-winning director of such films as Traffic, Erin Brockovich, Ocean's Eleven, and Sex, Lies and Videotape.^[109]
• Robert Smith (1972—): former Minnesota Vikings running back and NFL Network football analyst.^[110]
• J. Michael Straczynski (1954—): American writer and producer, creator of Babylon 5.^[111]
• Teller (magician) (1948—): American magician, co-host of the television show Bullshit!.^[98]
• Joss Whedon (1964—): American screenwriter and director, most famous for creating Buffy the Vampire Slayer.^[112]
• Gene Wilder (1933—): American actor best known for his role as Willy Wonka.^[113]

Musik

• Matthew Bellamy (1978—): British guitarist, pianist and vocalist with Muse.^[114]
• Björk (1965—): Icelandic Singer/Song writer, Composer and Producer.^[115]
• Isaac Brock (1975—): American singer, guitarist, banjoist, and songwriter for the indie rock band Modest Mouse.^[116]
• Noel Gallagher (1967—): English Song Writer and Guitarist with Oasis.^[117]
• David Gilmour (1946—): English guitarist and vocalist with Pink Floyd.^[118]
• Greg Graffin (1964—): Lead singer of the punk rock band Bad Religion. Received his zoology PhD with the thesis Monism, Atheism and the Naturalist Worldview: Perspectives from Evolutionary Biology.^[119][120]
• Billy Joel (1949—): American singer, songwriter, and pianist.^[121]
• Lemmy (1945—): English rock singer and bass guitarist, most famous for founding the rock band Motörhead.^[122]
• Till Lindemann (1963—): Lead singer of the German heavy metal band, Rammstein ^[123]
• Emcee Lynx (1980—), anarchist hip hop musician who identifies as potentially pantheist, agnostic or atheist.^[124]
• Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908): Russian Nationalist composer, member of "The Five", best-known for the tone poem Scheherazade.^[125]
• Ned Rorem (1923—): American composer ^[126]

Philosophie

Diderot.

Helvétius.

d'Holbach.

Marx.

Nietzsche.

Russell.

• A. J. Ayer (1910–1989): Philosopher and advocate of logical positivism. Ayer was not an atheist in the sense of asserting that God does not exist, since he viewed such a claim as meaningless. However, he has been classified as a "practical atheist," who finds no reason to worship a deity whose existence cannot be verified.^[127][128]
• Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876): Russian philosopher, writer and anarchist.^[129]
• Albert Camus (1913–1960): French philosopher and novelist, a luminary of existentialism. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.^[130][21]
• Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970): German philosopher who was active in central Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.^[131]
• Benedetto Croce (1886–1952): Italian philosopher and public figure.^[132]
• Daniel Dennett (1942—): American philosopher, author of Breaking the Spell.^[133]
• Diagoras (5th century BCE): Ancient Greek poet and sophist known as the Atheist of Milos, who declared that there were no Gods.^[134]
• Denis Diderot (1713–84): editor-in-chief of the Encyclopédie, who succeeded in bringing about "a revolution in men's minds."^[135]
• Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804–1872): German philosopher whose major work, The Essence of Christianity, maintains that religion and divinity are projections of human nature.^[136]
• Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–71): French philosopher whose ethical and social views helped shape the school of utilitarianism later made famous by Jeremy Bentham.^[135]
• Baron d'Holbach (1723–89): French philosopher and encyclopedist, most famous as being one of the first outspoken atheists in Europe.^[137]
• Paul Kurtz (1925–): Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University at Buffalo (SUNY).^[138]
• John Leslie Mackie (1917–1981): Australian philosopher who specialized in meta-ethics as a proponent of moral skepticism. Wrote The Miracle of Theism, discussing arguments for and against theism and concluding that theism is rationally untenable.^[139]
• Karl Marx (1818–83): German author of Das Kapital, known for his assertion that "Religion is... the opium of the people."^[140]
• Jean Meslier (1678–1733): French village Catholic priest who was found, on his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay, entitled Common Sense but commonly referred to as Meslier's Testament, promoting atheism.^[141][142]
• Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–51): French physician and philosopher, earliest materialist writer of the Enlightenment, claimed as a founder of cognitive science.^[143]
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): German philosopher whose Beyond Good and Evil sought to refute traditional notions of morality. Nietzsche penned a memorable secular statement of the Doctrine of Eternal Recurrence in Thus Spake Zarathustra and is forever associated with the phrase, "God is dead" (first seen in his book, The Gay Science).^[144]
• Piergiorgio Odifreddi (1950—): Italian mathematician, philosopher and science writer.^[145]
• Bertrand Russell, (1872–1970): British philosopher and mathematician. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950. Though he considered himself an agnostic in a purely philosophical context, he said that the label atheist conveyed a more accurate understanding of his views in a popular context.^[146]
• Michael Schmidt-Salomon (1967—), deutscher Autor philosophischer und belletristischer Aufsätze und Bücher, Musiker und Public Relations-Manager und Mitglied der Brights-Bewegung. ^[147]
• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980): French existentialist philosopher, dramatist and novelist who declared that he had been an atheist from age twelve.^[148] Although he regarded God as a self-contradictory concept, he still thought of it as an ideal toward which people strive.^[149] He rejected the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964. According to Sartre, his most-repeated summary of his existentialist philosophy, "Existence precedes essence," implies that humans must abandon traditional notions of having been designed by a divine creator.^[150]
• Peter Singer (1946—): Australian utilitarian philosopher, proponent of animal rights, and Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University.^[151]
• Max Stirner (1806–1856): German-born anarchist philosopher and author of The Ego and Its Own
• Sherwin Wine (1928—2007): Founder of the non-theistic Society for Humanistic Judaism, who has also called himself an "ignostic".^[152]
• Slavoj Žižek (1949—): Slovenian sociologist, postmodern philosopher, and cultural critic.^[153]

Politik und Rechtswesen

Bradlaugh.

Garibaldi.

Stark.

• Shulamit Aloni (1928—): Israelischer Politiker und Aktivist des linken Flügels. Israelische Bildungsministerin von 1992 to 1993.^[154]
• Charles Bradlaugh (1833–1891): Political activist and one of the most famous English atheists of the 19th century.^[155]
• Alastair Campbell (1957—): Director of Communications and Strategy for the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2003.^[156][157]
• Robin Cook (1946–2005): Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs of the UK (1997–2001), whose funeral service was held in the High Kirk of Scotland, where he was described as a "Presbyterian atheist."^[158]
• Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) Leader of the Italian Risorgimento, unifier of Italy, "Hero of the Two Worlds".^[159]
• Mikhail Gorbachow (1931—): Früherer Präsident der Soviet Union und Gewinner des Friedens-Nobelpreises im Jahr 1990.^{[160][161][162]}
• Enver Hoxha: (1908–1985): Communist ruler who declared Albania the first atheist state, and who has been identified as an "arch-atheist."^[163][164]
• M. Karunanidhi (1924—): Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.^[165][166]
• Aleksander Kwaśniewski (1954—): Former President of Poland (1995-2005).^[167]
• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Marxist revolutionary, Bolshevik Leader and President of the All Russian Congress of Peoples' Soviets. Lenin considered atheist propaganda to be essential to promoting communism.^[168]
• Alexander Lukashenko (1954—): President of Belarus, self-described "Russian Orthodox atheist."^[169]
• Mo Mowlam (1949–2005): Former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.^[170]
• Culbert Olson (1876–1962): American politician and Governor of California (1939–1943).^[171]
• Stalin (1879–1953): Soviet head of state.^[172]
• Pete Stark, D.-Calif. (1931—): U.S. Representative; first openly nontheistic member of Congress.^[173]
• Peter Tatchell, human rights activist^[174]
• Leon Trotsky, marxist theorist^[175]
• Bengt Westerberg (1943—): Swedish politician, leader of the Liberal People's Party from 1983 to 1995. Minister for Social Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister from 1991 to 1994. Currently holds office as the Deputy President of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in Geneva, Switzerland.^[176]

Wissenschaft und Technik

Dawkins.

Dirac.

Turing memorial

Watson.

Weinberg.

Datei:Stevewozniak.jpg

Wozniak.

• Peter Atkins (1940—): Professor of chemistry at Lincoln College, Oxford in the University of Oxford, England. Also a prolific writer of popular chemistry textbooks. ^[177]

• Paul D. Boyer (1918—): American biochemist and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1997.^[178]
• Sean M. Carroll (1956—): Theoretical cosmologist specializing in dark energy and general relativity.^[179]
• Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995): Indian American astrophysicist known for his theoretical work on the structure and evolution of stars. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.^[180]
• Richard Dawkins (1941—): British zoologist, biologist, creator of the concepts of the selfish gene and the meme; outspoken atheist and popularizer of science, author of The God Delusion and founder of the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science.^[181]
• Paul Dirac (1902–1984): British theoretical physicist, founder of quantum mechanics, predicted the existence of antimatter; won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.^[182][183]
• Richard Feynman (1918–1988): American theoretical physicist, best known for his work in renormalizing Quantum electrodynamics and his path integral formulation of Quantum Mechanics . He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.^[184]
• Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): Father of psychoanalysis.^[185]
• Christer Fuglesang (1957—), Swedish astronaut and physicist.^[186]
• Vitaly Ginzburg (1916—): Russian theoretical physicist and astrophysicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003. He was also awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1994/95.^[187]
• G. H. Hardy (1877–1947): a prominent English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis.^[188][189]
• Frédéric Joliot-Curie (1900–1958): French physicist and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1935.^[190]
• Harold Kroto (1939—): 1996 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.^[191]
• Alfred Kinsey (1894–1956): American biologist, sexologist and professor of entomology and zoology.^[192]
• Richard Leakey (1944—): Kenyan paleontologist, archaeologist and conservationist.^[193]
• Ernst Mayr (1904–2005): a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. He was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.^[194]
• Jonathan Miller (1934—): British physician, actor, theatre and opera director, and television presenter. Wrote and presented the 2004 television series, Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief, exploring the roots of his own atheism and investigating the history of atheism in the world.^[195]
• Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992): 1978-Nobel-laureate British biochemist. Atheist mother, and himself atheist from age 15.^[196]
• Jacques Monod (1910–1976): French biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.^[197]
• Fritz Müller (1821–1897): German biologist who emigrated to Brazil, where he studied the natural history of the Amazon rainforest and was an early advocate of evolutionary theory.^[198]
• Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967): American geneticist and educator, best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation (X-ray mutagenesis). He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946.^[199]
• PZ Myers (1957—) American biology professor at the University of Minnesota and a science blogger via his blog, Pharyngula.^[200]
• Paul Nurse (1949—): 2001 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine.^[201]
• Linus Pauling (1901–1994): Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (1954) and Peace (1962); considered by many to be the greatest chemist of the 20th century.^[183]
• Steven Pinker (1954—): Canadian born American psychologist.^[202]
• Richard J. Roberts (1943—): British biochemist and molecular biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993 for the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing.^{[203][204][205]}
• Amartya Kumar Sen (1933—): 1998 Nobel Laureate in Economics.^{[206][207][208][209]}
• Claude Shannon (1916–2001): American electrical engineer and mathematician, has been called "the father of information theory", and was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory.^[210]
• Michael Smith (1932–2000): British-born Canadian biochemist and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1993.^[211]
• Richard Stallman (1953—): American software freedom activist, hacker, and software developer.^[212]
• Victor J. Stenger (1935—): emeritus professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Hawaii and adjunct professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado. Author of the book God: The Failed Hypothesis.^[213]
• Leonard Susskind (1940—): American theoretical physicist; a founding father of superstring theory and professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University.^[214]
• Linus Torvalds (1969—): Finnish software engineer, creator of the Linux kernel.^[215]
• Alan Turing (1912–1954): English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. Turing is often considered to be the father of modern computer science. The Turing Award, often recognized as the "Nobel Prize of computing", is named after him.^[216][217]
• James D. Watson (1928—): 1962-Nobel-laureate co-discover of the structure of DNA.^[218][219]
• Steven Weinberg (1933—): American theoretical physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for combining electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force.^[220][221]
• David Sloan Wilson (1949—): American evolutionary biologist, son of Sloan Wilson, proponent of multilevel selection theory and author of several popular books on evolution.^[222]
• Steve Wozniak (1950—): co-founder of Apple Computer and inventor of the Apple I and Apple II.^[223]

Bildende Kunst

Datei:Hatemail225 me.jpg

Smith.

• Mitch Clem (1982—): American cartoonist and webcomic author.^[224]
• Mark Hofmann (1954—): Prolific counterfeiter and ex-Mormon who murdered two people in Salt Lake City, Utah.^{[225] [226]}
• Alexander McQueen (1969—): English fashion designer.^[227]
• "Normal" Bob Smith (1969—): American graphic artist, who prompted controversy with his creation of Jesus Dress Up.^[228]

Einzelnachweise

1. Verschiedene Wörterbücher geben eine Reihe von Definitionen für Unglauben an, from "lack of belief" to "doubt" and "withholding of belief" to "rejection of belief", "refusal to believe", and "denial". Vorlage:Ref harvard
2. "The average theologian (there are exceptions, of course) uses 'atheist' to mean a person who denies the existence of a God."Vorlage:Ref harvard
3. "Atheism is fundamentally a rejection of belief in any God. It is more than a simple lack of belief, as children and some members of tribal societies may not believe out of ignorance." Vorlage:Ref harvard
4. "Atheists are people who do not believe in a god or gods (or other immaterial beings), or who believe that these concepts are not meaningful. Some atheists put it more firmly and believe that god or gods do not exist." Vorlage:Ref harvard
5. "The broader, and more common, understanding of atheism among atheists is quite simply 'not believing in any gods.' No claims or denials are made—an atheist is just a person who does not happen to be a theist." Vorlage:Ref harvard
6. "[Most atheists] would hold that an atheist is a person without a belief in God. The distiniction is small but important. Denying something means that you have knowledge of what it is that you are being asked to affirm, but that you have rejected that particular concept. To be without a belief in God merely means that the term 'god' has no importance or possibly no meaning to you. Belief in God is not a factor in your life. Surely this is quite different from denying the existence of God. Atheism is not a belief as such. It is the lack of belief." Vorlage:Ref harvard
7. Vizetelly, Ernest Alfred (1911), Barcelona Outrages - The Empress Elizabeth and Luccheni, The Anarchists: Their Faith and Their Record, Turnbull and Spears Printers, Edingurgh. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
8. John Carlin: Zackie's story: The man who took on Mbeki - and won In: The Independent, August. Abgerufen am 27. August 2007 „A homosexual, an atheist and a militant anti-apartheid campaigner whose political ideas were forged on an intense reading of Marx, Lenin and Trotsky...“
9. Ian Buruma: Sacred freedom In: Financial Times, August. Abgerufen am 22. Dezember 2006 „Too much reason can reform a faith away, which would be fine with Hirsi Ali, who regards herself as an atheist.“
10. My God Problem
11. Minister Turned Atheist
12. Biography of Richard Carrier
13. Emma Goldman: The Philosophy of Atheism. positiveatheism.org, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2006. Fehler beim Aufruf der Vorlage:Cite web: Der Parameter Datum hat ungültigen Wert.
14. James Meek: Free fall In: Religion in the UK: special report, The Guardian, Februar. Abgerufen am 20. April 2007
15. Ellen Johnson: Welcome from the president of American Atheists. American Atheists, 2006, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2006.
16. "[T]he noblest man, the one really greatest of them all was Prince Peter Kropotkin, a self-professed atheist and a great man of science." — Ely, Robert Erskine (October 10, 1941), New York World-Telegram.
17. "I was born in a Muslim family, but I became an atheist." For freedom of expression, Taslima Nasreen, November 12, 1999 - Taslima Nasreen took the floor during Commission V of UNESCO's General Conference, as a delegate of the NGO International Humanist and Ethical Union (Accessed 23 December 2006).
18. Tom Curry: Atheist pleads with justices to stop recitation of pledge, MSNBC, März. Abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2006
19. Conrad F. Goeringer: The Murray O’Hair Family. American Atheists, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2006. Fehler beim Aufruf der Vorlage:Cite web: Der Parameter Datum hat ungültigen Wert.
20. Randi wrote: "...I am a concerned, forthright, declared, atheist." Our Stance on Atheism, Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF, August 5, 2005. (Accessed 1 June 2007)
21. James A. Haught: 2,000 Years of Disbelief: Famous People with the Courage to Doubt. Prometheus Books, 1996, ISBN 1-57392-067-3, S. 261–262.Fehler in Vorlage:Literatur – *** Ungültig: Seitenzahl mit unnötigem Zusatz
22. The Rediff Interview: Bipan Chandra, Rediff India Abroad, März. Abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2006 „Savarkar was an atheist. When he was the Hindu Mahasabha president he used to give lectures on why there is no god.“
23. Bhagat Singh: Why I Am An Atheist. Boloji Media Inc, 18. Juni 2002, abgerufen am 11. April 2007: „I had become a pronounced atheist.“
24. Barbara Smoker: Freethoughts: Atheism, Humanism, Secularism. Foote (G.W.) & Co Ltd, 2002, ISBN 0-9508243-5-6.
25. Nancy Schiefer: REVIEW:Suzuki laments conscience role. The London Free Press, 28. April 2006, archiviert vom Original am 3. September 2006; abgerufen am 29. Oktober 2007: „As an atheist, Suzuki declares, he has no illusions about life and death, adding that the individual is insignificant in cosmic terms.“ Review of book "David Suzuki: The Autobiography", by David Suzuki (Greystone Books, 2006)
26. Polly Toynbee: This is a clash of civilisations - between reason and superstition In: The Guardian, April. Abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2006 „Even an old atheist like me sees no good in this ignorance of basic Christian myths.“
27. "I am a radical Atheist..." Adams in einem Interview mit American Atheists.
28. Amado wird als ein "ateu convicto" oder "überzeugter Atheist" beschriebenCynara Menezes: Velório de Jorge Amado foi discreto. Folha de S. Paulo, 8. August 2001, abgerufen am 24. November 2007 (portugiesisch).
29. "I am an atheist, out and out. It took me a long time to say it... I don't have the evidence to prove that God doesn't exist, but I so strongly suspect he doesn't that I don't want to waste my time." Isaac Asimov in "Free Inquiry", Spring 1982, vol.2 no.2, p. 9 (See Wikiquote.)
30. "...I decided I was an atheist early on..." Interview with Dave Barry, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 25 November 2001, as reported at celebatheists.com. Retrieved 29 July 2007
31. Multiple quotes from Bierce substantiating his atheist views.
32. "…Stanley [Kubrick] is a Jew and I'm an atheist". Clarke quoted in Jeromy Agel (Ed.) (1970). The Making of Kubrick's 2001: p.306
33. American Atheists article on Fisher .
34. "I have no religion - I'm an atheist, and I don't believe in any afterlife..." looks towards end", BBC News, 2003-06-06. Retrieved on 2007-07-07.
35. "I am an atheist. I wouldn't even call myself an agnostic." The Art of Fiction No. 77: Nadine Gordimer, Interview by the Paris Review Foundation, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-07-24.
36. Vorlage:Sv icon Translation: "I am [an] atheist, but Ann-Marie and I light a candle anyway. I have dedicated "Madame Terror" to her. Since she has helped me much with [my] books, not least with this one, the latest. Much talk on and forth, I've had a lot yellings." "Det ska mycket till för att reta upp mig". Expressen, 3. Dezember 2006, abgerufen am 20. Januar 2007.
37. Author of An Atheist Manifesto
38. "Harry Harrison is a self-confessed atheist" per official website HarryHarrison.com
39. Ernest Hemingway is a noted atheist by several atheist and independent websites. http://www.wonderfulatheistsofcfl.org/Quotes.htm. Also noted for saying "All thinking men are atheist".
40. "Secularism is not just a smug attitude. It is a possible way of democratic and pluralistic life that only became thinkable after several wars and revolutions had ruthlessly smashed the hold of the clergy on the state. ... I have spent all my life on the atheist side of this argument..." Hitchens in Slate.com article, "Bush's Secularist Triumph".
41. Sophie Masson: The Strange Case of Michel Houellebecq. In: Quadrant. XLVII. Jahrgang, Nr. 6, Juni 2003 (org.au [abgerufen am 20. April 2007]).
42. Joshi's book: God's Defenders: What They Believe and Why They Are Wrong at amazon.com.
43. Kennedy's book: All in the Mind: A Farewell to God at amazon.com.
44. "...Lagerkvist... wrote of himself that he was 'a believer without a belief, a religious atheist.'" The Religious Atheist, Time Magazine review of Lagerkvist's book The Death of Ahasuerus, February 23, 1962. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
45. Laskier wrote "The little faith I used to have has been completely shattered. If God existed, He would have certainly not permitted that human beings be thrown alive into furnaces, and the heads of little toddlers be smashed with gun butts or shoved into sacks and gassed to death." New Pages of Past Horror: Writings depict the innocence of a Jewish teen coming of age--and Nazi brutality, Aron Heller, Associated Press, 6 June 2006.
46. An Interview with Stanislaw Lem by Peter Engel. The Missouri Review, Volume 7, Number 2, 1984.
47. In his posthumously published Zibaldone, Leopardi writes, among other such arguments: "In sum, the foundation of everything, and of God himself, is nothing. Since nothing is absolutely necessary, there is no absolute reason why something could not be, or not be in a certain way...And everything is possible, that is there is no absolute reason why some arbitrary thing can not exist, or exist in a certain manner....And there is no absolute distinction between all these possibilities, nor absolute difference between all the possible perfections and so on....It is certain that since the Platonic forms that preexist all things have been destroyed, God is destroyed." (Zib. 1341-42, 18 July, 1821) --trans. Francesco Franco
48. Levi quoted as saying "There is Auschwitz, and so there cannot be God." Interview with Marlboro Press (1989).
49. Waste Books E 252, 1765-1770
50. Repeatedly mentioned in Lesley Blanch's biography of him: Pierre Loti - Travels with the Legendary Romantic.
51. Multiple quotes from McCabe substantiating his atheist view .
52. "Yes, I am an atheist, and probably Briony is, too. Atheists have as much conscience, possibly more, than people with deep religious conviction, and they still have the same problem of how they reconcile themselves to a bad deed in the past. It’s a little easier if you’ve got a god to forgive you." Deborah Solomon: A Sinner's Tale: Questions for Ian McEwan. In: New York Times. 2. Dezember 2007, abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2007.
53. "My distaste for Lewis and Tolkien as writers does not stem from the fact that, as an atheist, I disagree with their religious beliefs or think that religious concerns cannot make great literature." — Reinvigorating the Fantastic, Accessed February 12, 2007.
54. Atheist Universe: The Thinking Person's Answer to Christian Fundamentalism.
55. Salon magazine 28 April 1999
56. Pinter 'on road to recovery', BBC News, August. Abgerufen am 20. April 2007
57. "I'm an atheist, at least to the extent that I don't believe in the objective existence of any big beards in the sky." — The Line One Interview with Terry Pratchett, Gay, Anne, 1999. Accessed December 24, 2006.
58. "As an atheist I'm rather on difficult ground here, but presumably this is what a Christian believes." The Dark Materials debate: life, God, the universe... (interview of Pullman by Rowan Williams), Telegraph.co.uk, 17 March 2004 (Accessed 12 November 2007).
59. "I am an intransigent atheist, but not a militant one." Rand quoted in Michael S. Berliner (1995). Letters of Ayn Rand: March 20, 1965
60. When asked by Larry King if he would ever run for office, Reagan Jr. responded by saying, "I'm an atheist so... I can't be elected to anything, because polls all say that people won't elect an atheist." Interview on Larry King Live, 26 June 2004. See clip.
61. Interview with Rushdie by Gigi Marzullo; Sottovoce, RAIUNO, March 31 2006.
62. CNN reports that: "Among these works are mythical stories through which Saramago, a communist and atheist, weaves his own brand of social and political commentary." In praise of Portuguese (Accessed 30 May 2007)
63. "If Osama bin Laden were in charge, he would slit my throat; my God, I'm an atheist, a hedonist, and a faggot." Skipping Towards Gomorrah: The Seven Deadly Sins and the Pursuit of Happiness in America, Dan Savage, Plume, 2002, p. 258.
64. Savage declared in his syndicated sex advice column: "I'm Catholic — in a cultural sense, not an eat-the-wafer, say-the-rosary, burn-down-the-women's-health-center sense. I attended Quigley Preparatory Seminary North, a Catholic high school in Chicago for boys thinking of becoming priests. I got to meet the Pope in 1979..." Savage Love (column), The Village Voice, April 12, 2005.
65. The Religious Affiliation of Irish Playwright George Bernard Shaw
66. George Bernard Shaw quotations
67. Listing of Shelley's The Necessity of Atheism at Amazon.com .
68. Listing of Smith as a founder of Freethinkers New York.
69. "Warraq's book Why I Am Not a Muslim presents a strident historical, moral, and philosophical indictment of Islam and advocates not just a firm separation of mosque and state but outright atheism." Holy War, by Chris Mooney at The American Prospect online (Archived version accessed 8 December 2007).
70. Nobel Lecture by Gao Xingjian
71. Carole Gray: The Atheist Who Saved The United States (...and the thanks he got for it). In: The American Atheist. 37. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, S. 34–44 (njatheist.org): „One of his longtime employees, whose father had also worked for Stephen, said of him, "on the subject of religion, his opinions were atheistical. Let not the reader start, to find himself in company with one, who utterly disbelieved in all modes of a future existence, and who rejected with inward contempt every formulary of religion, as idle, vain, and unmeaning. Yet such were the convictions of Girard, held to his dying hour, and perpetuated in his last testament as a legacy to future generations .... He was known to be totally irreligious; and to attempt to conceal what is notorious, would be to suppress one of the most extraordinary features of his character."“ Fehler beim Aufruf der Vorlage:Cite journal: Der Parameter 'date' hat ungültigen Wert.
72. "I'm an atheist..." Lane interviews Graeme Samuel, BigIdeas, ABC Radio National, 28 May 2006 (Accessed 2 July 2007)
73. Vorlage:Sv icon Translation: I am also an atheist. I find that just about everybody are atheists. The religions of the world has created many gods. Hinduism has millions. Most of the people I meet that call themselves Christians are atheists when it comes to all gods, except for one. Jag är en sökare!
74. 'Of course, Anderson has never avoided controversy, but this show promises to be his most contentious yet. As an out-and-proud atheist, he's asking, "If the world truly does have an intelligent design, why is everything so f---ed?"' — Lallo, Michael (April 5, 2007), Wil to Succeed, The Age, Fairfax Media. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
75. The BBC found in a worldwide poll that this was the eighth favorite quote among its readers. The BBC reports that "Woody Allen has never been shy about his atheism and often alludes to it in his work." BBC Learning English - Moving Words: Woody Allen Quote Feature. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
76. "...my mother was a Christian from Harrison, Ark., and somehow I’m an atheist now living in L.A." http://www.nashvillescene.com/Stories/Arts/Theater/2006/06/01/Razor_Sharp/index.shtml
77. Quotes from "There Is No God," You Are All Diseased. Carlin says on the same track that "there is no God. None, not one, no God, never was."
78. When asked by Penn Jillette if he was an atheist, Carolla replied "Yes." Interview on Penn Radio, 09-Mar-2006. Audio hosted at Penn Fans website. Accessed 29 October 2007.
79. "There's no God - grow up!". Jimmy Carr: Jimmy Carr Comedian. [DVD]. Hrsg.: Channel 4 DVD. 2007.Fehler bei Vorlage * Pflichtparameter fehlt (Vorlage:Cite video): language
80. Appearance on ABC's "Politically Incorrect" (March 9, 1998) "I was born Jewish, but I am an atheist. I don't believe in God."
81. "Garofalo said "I am a proud atheist." Freethought Radio interview with Janeane Garofalo, 26 May 2007 (quote starts at 19:32). (Accessed 9 June 2007)
82. Gervais states he is an atheist in his Animals live DVD. Also, in a PBS "Fresh Air" interview, December 18, 2006 he said "I'm an atheist," and that Homer Simpson was the closest thing for him to God.
83. In an interview with Daily Mirror, Gervais said: "I'm basically a 'do unto others' type person. I don't have any religious feelings because I'm an atheist, but I live my life like there's a God. And if there was he'd probably love me." See Official homepage (Accessed 21 December 2007).
84. Speaking to Sacramento’s Outword Magazine, Griffin said: "...I think I’m getting more atheist because of the way the country is getting more into bible-thumping." See Quotelines, by Rex Wockner at Windy City Times (Accessed 29 August 2006).
85. Robin Ince Tour Dates. Abgerufen am 10. November 2007.
86. Robin Ince: Myspace.com - Robin Ince. Abgerufen am 10. November 2007.
87. "[Oswalt is] an atheist..." MySpace must be doing something right, Chicago Sun-Times, Oct 5, 2006 by Andy Ihnatko (Accessed 20 December 2006)
88. Interview with Sweeney discussing her atheism.
89. "I found that Archie thing completely creepy. Is that because I am an atheist?" , washingtonpost.com, Aug. 7, 2007. (Accessed 15 August 2007)
90. In a letter by Adams dated 10 August 1993: "I've spent a life-time attacking religious beliefs and have not wavered from a view of the universe that many would regard as bleak. Namely, that it is a meaningless place devoid of deity{{subst:sic}}".
91. Every religion has a mythology. Sidmennt, the Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association, 16. August 2006, abgerufen am 19. Dezember 2006.
92. "Father Julian... and I often talk about faith and the existence of God, but... he's forever coming up against the stone wall of my atheism..." Luis Bunuel (1982, 1985). My Last Breath: p.254.
93. The Adam Carolla Show Blog, February 10, 2006
94. Stephen M. Silverman, Dancing on the Ceiling: Stanley Donen and His Movies, Alfred A. Knopf: New York (1996), page 312.
95. "I never saw Russell lose it on set...", TotalFilm.com, Februar. Abgerufen am 3. März 2007
96. Hepburn stated "I'm an atheist, and that's it. I believe there's nothing we can know except that we should be kind to each other and do what we can for people" in the October 1991 issue of Ladies' Home Journal
97. "A God of mercy, any God, seems out of the question." In Search of God
98. Interview with Penn Jillette in which he mentions his and Teller's atheism.
99. "28.Do you have a religion and if so what is it? I am an Atheist. I know the film's really Christian and everything but it doesn’t really affect me. Oh and you know I’m related to Charles Darwin."
100. "Although Hitchens’s title refers to God, his real energy is in the subtitle: “religion poisons everything.” Disproving the existence of God (at least to his own satisfaction and, frankly, to mine) is just the beginning for Hitchens..." — Michael Kinsley: In God, Distrust. In: New York Times. 13. Mai 2007, abgerufen am 17. Mai 2007.
101. The Seattle Times article confirming that Leykis hosts a radio segment called Ask the Atheist .
102. Stephen Farber: A Night in Hollywood, a Day in Ukraine, The New York Times, Dezember. Abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2006 „I’ve always felt very Jewish but very ambivalent about being Jewish. I’m an atheist.“
103. "I was brought up a Christian, low church, and I like the community of churchgoing. That's rather been replaced for me by the community of people I work with. I like a sense of family, of people working together. But I'm an atheist. So God, if She exists, isn't really a part of my life." - from a January 19, 1996 profile by Tim Appelo found in Mr. Showbiz.
104. "No, I don't believe in God" Vorlage:Cite episode
105. "I've been reading Richard Dawkins' The God Delusion. It's his polemic against religion and even for an avowed atheist like myself, it's quite strong." Vorlage:Citation
106. "As I was saying before, it was so hard for me to be a Catholic. It wound my spring almost to the breaking point. The spring is still uncoiling from those early years. I’m a thoroughly virulent atheist."September 2004 Interview in The Believer
107. Interviewer: "You said that your experiences on Sunshine, and particularly the time you spent with the scientists turned you from an agnostic to an atheist – what changed your perception?" Murphy: "I did a lot of reading, I spoke to those guys a lot, and I was always an agnostic, which I think is a very safe place to be in terms of your faith or lack of... It just seems to me to be irrational that there’s an omnipotent, omnipresent being who was there at the beginning, and will be there forever, it’s not logical, it doesn’t help me as a person..." April 2007 interview in Total Film (Accessed 20 November 2007)
108. "When asked what directors she admires, Polley talks about Ingmar Bergman and Terrence Malick (she says his Thin Red Line "single-handedly brought me out of a deep depression. It shifted something in me. I'm an atheist, but it was the first time that it gave me faith in other people's faith"). Woman on the Verge by Mark Pupo, Toronto Life Magazine, October 2006.
109. Soderbergh siad "I’m a hardcore atheist." State of Independence, by Scotland on Sunday, 23 January 2005, (Accessed 8 June 2007).
110. "Former Minnesota Vikings running back Robert Smith, an atheist, says he has no objection to making religious counseling and services available to interested players." Going long for Jesus, by Tom Krattenmaker at Salon.com (Accessed 29 August 2006).
111. When asked what book he would choose to memorize, Straczynski said "Despite being an atheist, I would probably choose the Book of Job." Online chat with Straczynski, hosted by SciFi.com (Accessed 8 June 2007)
112. Asked if there was a God, Whedon answered, "No." Is There a God?, by Stephen Thompson, 9 October 2002, A.V. Club (Accessed 22 October 2006.)
113. "Well, I'm a Jewish-Buddhist-Atheist, I guess." Abigail Pogrebin: Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk About Being Jewish. Broadway, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0-7679-1612-7, S. 91–99 (webcitation.org).
114. From the March 2001 issue of Kerrang magazine: ""Being an atheist means you have to realise that when you die, that really is it. You've got to make the most of what you've got here and spread as much influence as you can. I believe that you only live through the influence that you spread, whether that means having a kid or making music."
115. "If I get into trouble, there's no God or Allah to sort me out. I have to do it myself."
116. When asked "Do you still consider yourself an atheist?" Brock replies "Pretty much, but there are things that make me think...I'm 100 percent on the whole Christianity thing being a crock of shit..." http://www.avclub.com/content/node/23015
117. The hard-living Oasis star Noel Gallagher has revealed to the New Musical Express that he has read Richard Dawkins’ book The God Delusion and loved it “Anything that disproves God, bring it on”
118. From Newsday, published March 30, 2006: "I'm an atheist, and I don't have any belief in an afterlife..."
119. 'Graffin is a smart, proud atheist...' — Kinsella, Warren (January 2007), The punk and the professor and what they say about God, Anglican Journal. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
120. '[Graffin] describes himself as a naturalist, which to him means someone who holds that the natural world is all there is. "If you can believe in God, then you can believe in anything," he says. "It's a gang mentality."' — Olson, Steve (November 2006), Faces of the New Atheism: The Punk Rocker, Wired News, Condé Nast Publishing. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
121. "I still feel very much like an atheist in the religious aspects of things... But there are spiritual planes that I'm aware of that I don't know anything about and that I can't explain." Billboard Magazine
122. "I'm an atheist and an anarchist" — Chuck Eddy: Damage Case: Lemmy and Motörhead. In: Motörhead Forever. 1997; abgerufen im 1. Januar 1.
123. Stated that he is an Atheist.
124. "The closest word I’ve found to describe [my] belief system is Pantheism, but I could also call myself an agnostic (because I don’t claim to know if my own conception of divinity is ultimately true) or an atheist (because I believe that religions based around personified deities are definitely not true)." — The Universe According to Lynx (June 30, 2007), Soundtrack for Insurrection, circlealpha.com. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
125. The Guardian describes as "a devout atheist - Stravinsky later described him rather disapprovingly as having a mind 'closed to any religious or metaphysical idea'"
126. quoted as saying "I'm an atheist" in interview for American Music Box
127. "Conversely, an absolute denial of God's existence is equally meaningless, since verification is impossible. However, despite this assertion, Ayer may be considered a practical atheist: one who sees no reason to worship an invisible deity." 2000 Years of Disbelief: Famous People with the Courage to Doubt, by James A. Haught, Prometheus Books, 1996, p. 276.
128. "...no one can accuse Ayer the atheist of not heeding the parable of the talents." A book review by D. H. Mellor of The Philosophy of A. J. Ayer, by Lewis Edwin Hahn. Philosophy, Vol. 69, No. 267. (Jan., 1994), pp. 107-110.
129. Multiple quotes from Bakunin substantiating his atheist views.
130. David Simpson writes that Camus affirmed "a defiantly atheistic creed." Albert Camus (1913–1960), The Internet Encyclopedia or Philosophy, 2006, (Accessed 14 June 2007).
131. Martin Gardner said "Carnap was an atheist..." A Mind at Play: An Interview with Martin Gardner, by Kendrick Frazier, Skeptical Inquirer, March/April 1998 (Accessed 2 July 2007).
132. Stated in Will Durant's Outlines of Philosophy
133. Dennett, Daniel C. (2006), Breaking the Spell, Viking (Penguin), ISBN 0-670-03472-X
134. A History of Freethought, Ancient and Modern, to the Period of the French Revolution, J.M. Robertson, Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, In Two Volumes, Vol. I, Watts, 1936. p173 - 174
135. Will and Ariel Durant, Rousseau and Revolution, p. 183
136. positiveatheism.org
137. Will and Ariel Durant, The Age of Voltaire: a History of Civilization in Western Europe from 1715 to 1756, with Special Emphasis on the Conflict between Religion and Philosophy, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1965, pp. 695-714
138. celebatheists.com
139. J. L. Mackie, The Miracle of Theism, 1982.
140. Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, 1843
141. Extracts from Moi Testament published as Superstition in All Ages
142. Will and Ariel Durant, The Age of Voltaire, 1965, pp. 611-17
143. Will and Ariel Durant, The Age of Voltaire, 1965, pp. 617-22
144. Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, aphorisms 108 and 125 )
145. Piergiorgio Odifreddi: Che fine ha fatto Dio? Abgerufen am 9. Oktober 2006 (italienisch).
146. Russell said: "As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist... None of us would seriously consider the possibility that all the gods of Homer really exist, and yet if you were to set to work to give a logical demonstration that Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and the rest of them did not exist you would find it an awful job. You could not get such proof. Therefore, in regard to the Olympic gods, speaking to a purely philosophical audience, I would say that I am an Agnostic. But speaking popularly, I think that all of us would say in regard to those gods that we were Atheists. In regard to the Christian God, I should, I think, take exactly the same line." Am I an Agnostic or an Atheist?, from Last Philosophical Testament 1943–1968, (1997) Routledge ISBN 0-415-09409-7.
147. http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,485459,00.html
148. "He was so thoroughly an atheist that he rarely mentioned it, considering the topic of God to be beneath dicussion. In his autobiography, The Words, Sartre recalled deciding at about age twelve that God does not exist, and hardly thinking about it thereafter." 2000 Years of Disbelief: Famous People with the Courage to Doubt, James A. Haught, Prometheus Books, 1996.
149. Roger Kimball: The World According to Sartre. The New Criterion, 2000, abgerufen am 12. November 2006.Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Cite web): "1"
150. Garth Kemerling: Sartre: Existential Life. In: Philosophy Pages. Britannica Internet Guide Selection, 27. Oktober 2001, abgerufen am 12. November 2006.
151. Joyce Howard Price: Princeton bioethicist argues Christianity hurts animals In: The Washington Times, 4 July 2002 „I am an atheist.“
152. Wine said "I am an atheist." Time Magazine January 29, 1965
153. Atheism is a legacy worth fighting for (as reprinted in the International Herald Tribune), an editorial by Slavoj Zizek, The New York Times, Tuesday, March 14, 2006 (Accessed 2 July 2007).
154. celebatheists.com
155. Bradlaugh professes and defends atheism in his essay A Plea For Atheism.
156. "You are an atheist. Tony Blair is a devout Christian. Did that make you feel uncomfortable?" Campbell answering questions in The Independent newspaper .
157. "Mr Campbell, who is an atheist, has been keen to stop Mr Blair discussing his faith since 1996, when the Labour leader gave an extensive interview on the subject in The Telegraph which proved highly controversial." The Daily Telegraph.
158. Labour Party at prayer salutes Cook the atheist, by Magnus Linklater, The Times, 13 August 2005.
159. In his Life of Garibaldi (1881) Bent reproduces a letter he wrote two years before he died. "Dear Friends-Man created God, not God man-yours ever, Garibaldi."
160. "Ich bin ein Atheist. Aber ich... respektiere die Gefühle und die religiösen Glauben eines jeden Bürgers." ("I am an atheist. But I... respect the feelings and the religious beliefs of each citizen.") Gorbachow in einem Interview mit Peter Jennings, ABC News, 6. Sept., 1991, berichtet in der The New York Times, 7. Sept., 1991.
161. Atheism: An Affirmative View (1980) by Emmett F. Fields
162. hyperhistory.net
163. Sang M. Lee writes that Albania was "[o]fficially an atheist state under Hoxha..." Restructuring Albanian Business Education Infrastructure August 2000 (Accessed 6 June 2007)
164. Kamm, Henry (1993, June 10). 'Hallelujah' is heard in the arch-atheist's temple. New York Times (Late Edition (east Coast)), p. A4. Retrieved August 27, 2007, from National Newspaper Abstracts
165. "Since Karunanidhi is an atheist he seems to believe in Janatha Janardhan rather than the Janardhan (God)....."
166. .....M. Karunanidhi, is a sworn atheist, it is a tussle between personal beliefs and the party's ideological moorings.
167. "I am an atheist and everybody knows it..." Atheist premier attacks lack of Christianity in EU constitution, by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, The Telegraph, 4 June 2003.
168. "[Pod Znamenem Marksizma] must be a militant atheist organ... a journal which sets out to propagandise militant materialism must carry on untiring atheist propaganda and an untiring atheist fight." On the Significance of Militant Materialism, V. I. Lenin, Pod Znamenem Marksizma No. 3, 12 March 1922, as published in Lenin’s Collected Works, Progress Publishers, Moscow, Volume 33, 1972, pp. 227-236 (Translated by David Skvirsky and George Hanna), hosted at Marxists Internet Archive (Accessed 14 November 2007)
169. PERSECUTION WATCH: Belarus. In: vineyardfederalway.org. Abgerufen am 1. September 2006.
170. "She had always proclaimed herself an atheist..." Times obituary: Dr Marjorie Mowlam, 19 August 2005 (Accessed 6 June 2007)
171. The Hon. Atheist Governor: Culbert L. Olson
172. Stalin is quoted as saying "You know, they are fooling us, there is no God...all this talk about God is sheer nonsense" in E. Yaroslavsky, Landmarks in the Life of Stalin, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow 1940
173. Stark called himself "a Unitarian who does not believe in a supreme being" and has been identified as an atheist. Rep. Stark applauded for atheist outlook: Believed to be first congressman to declare nontheism, Associated Press, 13 March 2007 (Accessed 15 June 2007)
174. http://gayswithoutborders.wordpress.com/2007/10/12/peter-tatchell-islamists-betray-palestine/ "They happily work with me, despite my atheism and gayness. This is the kind, gentle face of Islam that never seems to be newsworthy."
175. Trotsky's Testament. Abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2007: „I shall die a proletarian revolutionist, a Marxist, a dialectical materialist, and, consequently, an irreconcilable atheist.“
176. Vorlage:Sv icon "Bengt Westerberg: Humanistisk ledning av Röda Korset". Humanisten, abgerufen am 18. August 2007.Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Cite web): "1" Translation: Interviewer: I would like to ask you about your relation to religion and atheistic humanism. When did you "come out" as [an] atheist and how did it happen?
     Westerberg: If you mean in public, then I revealed it in connection to my candidacy as party leader for the People's Party. I got the question if I believed in God from Thomas Hempel in Radioekot (radioprogram) and answered no. That's when it became known, though I've never made any secret about it.
177. When asked by Rod Liddle in the documentary The Trouble with Atheism "Give me your views on the existence, or otherwise, of God", Peter Atkins replied "Well it's fairly straightforward: there isn't one. And there's no evidence for one, no reason to believe that there is one, and so I don't believe that there is one. And I think that it is rather foolish that people do think that there is one."Vorlage:Cite episode
178. Boyer, Paul. "A Path to Atheism". Freedom From Religion Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
179. Why (Almost All) Cosmologists are Atheists
180. "In his later years, Chandra had openly admitted to being an atheist which also meant that he subscribed to no religion in the customary sense of the word." Vishveshwara, S. 2000. Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections, Current Science, 78(8):1025-1033.
181. Dawkins identifies himself as an atheist in his article "A Challenge to Atheists: Come Out of the Closet," Free Inquiry, Summer 2002. Excerpt reprinted at Positiveatheism.org
182. Werner Heisenberg recollects a friendly conversation among young participants at the 1927 Solvay Conference about Einstein's and Planck's views on religion. Wolfgang Pauli, Heisenberg and Dirac took part in it. Among other things, Dirac said: "I cannot understand why we idle discussing religion. If we are honest — and as scientists honesty is our precise duty — we cannot help but admit that any religion is a pack of false statements, deprived of any real foundation. The very idea of God is a product of human imagination.[...] I do not recognize any religious myth, at least because they contradict one another.[...]" Pauli jokingly said: "Well, I'd say that also our friend Dirac has got a religion and the first commandment of this religion is: God does not exist and Paul Dirac is his prophet." Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations. Harper & Row, New York, ISBN 0-06-131622-9.
183. "... I [Pauling] am not, however, militant in my atheism. The great English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac is a militant atheist. I suppose he is interested in arguing about the existence of God. I am not. It was once quipped that there is no God and Dirac is his prophet." Linus Pauling & Daisaku Ikeda: A Lifeling Quest for Peace: A Dialogue. Jones & Bartlett, 1992, ISBN 0-86720-277-7, S. 22.Fehler in Vorlage:Literatur – *** Ungültig: Seitenzahl mit unnötigem Zusatz
184. Feynman was of Jewish birth, but described himself as "an avowed atheist" by his early youth in Freethought of the Day, Freedom From Religion Foundation, May 11 2006.
185. "[Freud and Jung] were close for several years, but Jung's ambition, and his growing commitment to religion and mysticism — most unwelcome to Freud, an aggressive atheist — finally drove them apart." Sigmund Freud, by Peter Gay, The TIME 100: The Most Important People of the Century.
186. Atlantseglaren från Bromma vill tänja gränsen mot rymden, Dagens Nyheter, December 10, 2006.
187. "I am an atheist, that is, I think nothing exists except and beyond nature."Ginzburg's autobiography at Nobelprize.org
188. "Hardy... was a stringent atheist..." Hit Play on Ramanujan, by Lisa Drostova, East Bay Express, April 30 2003. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
189. "The first Bombe to be delivered was named Agnus by Turing: a joke that atheist Hardy might have made..." Alan Turing — a Cambridge Scientific Mind, by Andrew Hodges, Cambridge Scientific Minds (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Retrieved 2 July 2007.
190. makingthemodernworld.org.uk
191. Harold Kroto claims to have four "religions": humanism, atheism, amnesty-internationalism and humourism.
192. "Kinsey was also shown to be an atheist who loathed religion and its constraints on sex." 'Kinsey' critics ready, Cheryl Wetzstein, The Washington Times. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
193. Richard Leakey, design by Kathryn Parise: [[Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures]]. ISBN 0-312-20626-7, S. 257 ( [2001]).Fehler in Vorlage:Literatur – *** Ungültig: Seitenzahl mit unnötigem ZusatzFehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Cite book): "coauthor; origmonth"
194. An appreciation of biologist Ernst Mayr (1904-2005
195. A Rough History of Disbelief Official BBC site describing the series
196. Nobel Biography.
197. "In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod." Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots, by Richard Lubbock, Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
198. "[Müller] was an atheist..." Review of Müller's biography, by James Mallet, Quarterly Review of Biology 79:196 (2004). Retrieved 2 July 2007.
199. "Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism." Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890–1967, G. Pontecorvo, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 14, Nov., 1968 (Nov., 1968), pp. 348-389 (Quote from p. 353) Retrieved 14 July 2007.
200. "I was brought up a Lutheran, but I became an atheist" — PZ Myers (February 14, 2007), It's the arrogance, stupid, Pharyngula. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
201. "I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic." Nurse's autobiography at Nobelprize.org
202. "I never outgrew my conversion to atheism at 13, but at various times was a serious cultural Jew." The Guardian Profile: Steven Pinker: the mind reader, Guardian News and Media Limited, November 6, 1999. Abgerufen am 10. Dezember 2006
203. "The Nobel Laureate Dr Richard Roberts will give a public lecture entitled A Bright Journey from Science to Atheism..." A bright journey to atheism, or a road that ignores all the signs?, The Irish Times, April 20, 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
204. "...Rich Roberts... delivered a public lecture on his Bright journey from Science to Atheism in April 2006." Events listing on the website of Humani, The Humanist Association of Northern Ireland, Retrieved 24 July 2007.
205. Roberts versus God: No Contest, review of Roberts' talk A Bright Journey from Science to Atheism, written by Les Reid, and published on the Belfast Humanist Group website. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
206. Reported lecture
207. Self-proclaimed
208. World Bank
209. Press meeting
210. "Shannon described himself as an atheist and was outwardly apolitical." William Poundstone, Fortune's Formula, Hill and Wang: New York (2005), page 18.
211. Smith, Michael. Michael Smith: Autobiography. Nobel Prize.org. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
212. Stallman's former personal ad
213. God: The Failed Hypothesis. How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist.
214. In a review of Susskind's book The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design, Michael Duff writes that Susskind is "a card-carrying atheist." Life in a landscape of possibilities, December 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
215. "[I am] completely a-religious—atheist. I find that people seem to think religion brings morals and appreciation of nature. I actually think it detracts from both." Interview: Linus Torvalds in Linux Journal 1 November 1999. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
216. "This loss shattered Turing's religious faith and led him into atheism..." Time 100 profile of Alan Turing, p. 2
217. "He was an atheist..." Alan Turing: Father of the computer, BBC News, 28 April 1999. Retrieved 11 June 2007.
218. Watson is identified as an atheist by his acquaintance, Rabbi Marc Gellman. Trying to Understand Angry Atheists: Why do nonbelievers seem to be threatened by the idea of God?, by Rabbi Marc Gellman, Newsweek, 28 April 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2006.
219. When asked by a student if he believed in God, Watson replied "Oh, no. Absolutely not... The biggest advantage to believing in God is you don't have to understand anything, no physics, no biology. I wanted to understand." JoAnne Viviano: Nobel Prize-winning scientist wows some, worries others, The Vindicator, 19 October 2007. Abgerufen am 19. Oktober 2007
220. In a review of Susskind's book The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design, string theorist Michael Duff identifies Steven Weinberg as an "arch-atheist".
221. In the book The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins identifies Steven Weinberg as an atheist.richarddawkins.net.
222. Natalie Angier: The Origin of Religions, From a Distinctly Darwinian View In: New York Times, Dezember, S. F5. Abgerufen am 11. Juni 2007 „...I don't believe in God. I tell people I'm an atheist, but a nice atheist.“
223. Vorlage:Cite website
224. "The thing is that, as an athiest{{subst:sic}}, I don't BELIEVE in Satan." — Mitch Clem: Tour V. In: San Antonio Rock City. 13. Februar 2006, abgerufen am 3. Januar 2006.
225. "He admited later that he actually was trying to change church [Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints] history, because he said that he had become an atheist when he was a teenager." The Anthon Forgeries, from the documentary series "Masterminds." Originally aired in 2004 (Season 1, Episode 1).
226. "Hofmann, an atheist who kept up all appearances of being a good member of the LDS Church, was known for his historical "discoveries," many of which were intended to cast doubt on the official history of the church." Notorious incidents over the years, Jerry D. Spangler and Bob Bernick Jr., Deseret Morning News, March 15, 2003 (Accessed 17 December 2007).
227. celebatheists.com
228. Smith's explanation of his atheism to a hate mailer on his website

Notes

Vorlage:Reflist

References

• Vorlage:Note labelBBC: Ethics and Religion - Atheism. bbc.co.uk, abgerufen am 22. Oktober 2006.
• Vorlage:Note labelAustin Cline: What Is the Definition of Atheism? about.com, 2006, abgerufen am 21. Oktober 2006.
• Vorlage:Note labelAlbert Lyngzeidetson: [[Comparative religion|Comparative Religions]]: A Guide to World Religions. QuickStudy: BarCharts, Inc, 2003, ISBN 1-57222-744-3.
• Vorlage:Note label[[Oxford English Dictionary|The Oxford English Dictionary]]. Second Edition Auflage. Oxford University Press, USA, 1989, ISBN 0-19-861186-2.
• Vorlage:Note labelVorlage:Note label Stein, Gordon (Hrsg.): An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. New York: Prometheus, 1980.

Siehe auch

• Liste bekannter Agnostiker
• Liste bekannter Humanisten
• Liste atheistischer Organisationen

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