經濟學:一個經濟體都可以想像成一片網絡;一個經濟體由大量嘅經濟個體(節點)組成,好似係消費者同企業呀噉;是但攞兩個經濟個體嚟睇,嗰兩個個體之間都可能有某啲關係(節點之間嘅線)-例如消費者 A 同消費者 B 係朋友關係,所以零舍會影響彼此嘅經濟決策,又或者企業 X 同企業 Y 之間係同盟嘅關係,所以 X 會將重要情報提供俾 Y 但唔會俾第啲企業(關係又有分好多唔同種)[22];可以睇埋社會網絡嘅概念。
... 如此類推,當中 time n 係指「第 n 點時間」,就做到可以大致想像個系統「跟住會點變化」;但想像如果變數嘅數量係(例如)10,000,條數就撈絞到冇可能齋靠人手計。噉講即係,人之所以難以預測複雜系統嘅行為,其中一個主因係佢哋冇能力計嗮個系統咁多變數嘅值會點隨時間變化[註 2]。噉原則上,如果有某啲技術能夠做到以極快速度計大量嘅數,就有可能達致預測到複雜系統嘅行為-電腦正正就係能夠高速計好多數嘅機械[41][42]。
混沌[歐 12]係分析複雜系統嗰陣成日撞到嘅一種問題:系統梗會有某啲 input,而系統跟住落嚟嘅狀態會取決於 input 同系統打前嘅狀態;想像兩個經濟體 A 同 B,喺開始嗰陣()兩個經濟體狀態完全一樣咁滯,不過响一開始嗰時 A 嘅人口大過 B 少少(例如 A 人口係 100,002 而 B 人口係 100,000);直覺上會覺得,A 同 B 跟住落嚟嘅變化會係完全一樣咁滯,但實際嘅研究發現並唔係噉-研究表明,兩個經濟體有可能會隨時間變到完全唔一樣,例如 A 變成世界最大經濟體,同時 B 進入經濟衰退,最後 A 嘅 GDP 係 B 嘅 10 倍;混沌指嘅就係噉嘅現象-個系統嘅初始狀態唔同咗少少,跟住落嚟嘅變化規律都會唔同嗮,彷彿好似個系統係完全「混沌、無章可循」噉嘅樣[44][45]。
想像一個理想化嘅世界,個系統完美可擴縮,就算啲客對貨嘅需求量突然升咗 n 倍,間企業都可以齋靠增加貨車嘅數量(俾多啲資源落去)就應付到嗮啲客嘅需求;
喺現實(唔理想化)嘅世界,間企業要面對諸多限制(可擴縮度有上限),例如佢淨係得 m 咁多間貨倉可以用(而因為第啲企業都喺度爭貨倉用,間企業冇得話增加貨倉就增加到),如果啲客對貨嘅需求量突然升咗 n 倍,間企業就算增加貨車數量,都會因為「想入間貨倉攞貨嘅工人多得滯,工作效率反而跌咗」等嘅原因,搞到應付工作嘅能力冇相應噉提升。
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引咗嗰段嘅英文原文:"At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts."
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