群體智能

群體智能（粵拼：kwan4 tai2 zi3 nang4；英文：swarm intelligence，SI）係指一個由好多個體組成嘅系統喺自我組織（self-organization）下展現嘅智能或者類似有智能嘅行為。「自我組織」意思係指系統嘅組成元件有地區性（local；淨係同周圍嘅元件有直接互動）嘅互動，引致整體上出現一個特定嘅運作規律^[1]^[2]。

舉個例說明，一個蜜蜂竇由大量嘅個體（一隻隻蜜蜂）組成；每隻蜜蜂都會按某啲法則行動，個體蜜蜂之間有地區性嘅互動（一隻蜜蜂會同佢周圍嘅蜜蜂互動，但好少可會有得同時同成個竇嘅蜜蜂互動）；呢啲眾多嘅活動最後令成個竇整體上曉作出「建立新竇（自我複製）」同埋「維持自己存在」等嘅行為－就彷彿好似個竇係一隻有智能嘅生物個體噉樣^[3]。自然界有好多會展現出群體智能嘅系統－研究顯示除咗蜜蜂之外，有好多個品種嘅魚、雀鳥以至係群居嘅哺乳類動物喺一大群行動嗰陣都會展示出群體智能^[1]^[4]。

除咗喺自然科學上引人注意，群體智能嘅諗頭仲啟發咗人工智能（AI）領域嘅研究^[5]：例如喺電子遊戲嘅人工智能噉，戰略遊戲等嘅遊戲類型好多時都會涉及個遊戲程式控制一大柞 NPC 行動（例：玩家所指揮嘅虛擬士兵），而呢個過程經已有可能用到模擬群體智能嘅演算法，務求令啲士兵一齊行動嗰陣能夠展示出適當嘅行為，等玩家能夠投入^[6]。

一個人工群體智能程式可以大致想像成以下嘅虛擬碼^[7]：

 初始化
 While 個程式行緊，一路重複做以下嘅嘢：
   Foreach 個體，計算佢下一步嘅行為； ${\text{Next behavior}}=f({\text{Local factors}})$ ，「local factors」係啲地區性嘅變數，例如「距離隔離嗰個個體幾遠」。
   按計算結果更新個世界嘅狀態。
   有某啲方法決定係咪要結束個 while 迴圈。

如果呢個程式做出嘅整體行為具有智能具有嘅特性嘅話，噉個人工智能程式就可以稱得上係展現群體智能。

Bonabeau, Eric; Dorigo, Marco; Theraulaz, Guy (1999). Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems. ISBN 978-0-19-513159-8.
Kennedy, James; Eberhart, Russell C. (2001-04-09). Swarm Intelligence. ISBN 978-1-55860-595-4.
Engelbrecht, Andries (2005-12-16). Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence. Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-09191-3.

[1]
E. Bonabeau, M. Dorigo, and G. Theraulaz. Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial System. Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.
[2]
Beni, G., Wang, J. (1993). "Swarm Intelligence in Cellular Robotic Systems". Proceed. NATO Advanced Workshop on Robots and Biological Systems, Tuscany, Italy, June 26–30 (1989). pp. 703–712.
[3]
Karaboga, D., & Akay, B. (2009). A survey: algorithms simulating bee swarm intelligence. Artificial intelligence review, 31(1-4), 61.
[4]
Solé R, Rodriguez-Amor D, Duran-Nebreda S, Conde-Pueyo N, Carbonell-Ballestero M, Montañez R (October 2016). "Synthetic Collective Intelligence". BioSystems. 148: 47–61.
[5]
Machine Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Twitter 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期2020年2月18號，.. Towards Data Science.
[6]
Gonzalez, I., & Garrido, L. (2011, November). Spatial Distribution through Swarm Behavior on a Military Group in the Starcraft Video Game (PDF). In 2011 10th Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 77-82). IEEE.
[7]
Ahmed, H., & Glasgow, J. (2012). Swarm intelligence: concepts, models and applications. School Of Computing, Queens University Technical Report.

Marco Dorigo and Mauro Birattari (2007). "Swarm intelligence" in Scholarpedia.
Antoinette Brown. Swarm Intelligence.

[bonabeau1999-1] [1]
E. Bonabeau, M. Dorigo, and G. Theraulaz. Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial System. Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.

[2] [2]
Beni, G., Wang, J. (1993). "Swarm Intelligence in Cellular Robotic Systems". Proceed. NATO Advanced Workshop on Robots and Biological Systems, Tuscany, Italy, June 26–30 (1989). pp. 703–712.

[3] [3]
Karaboga, D., & Akay, B. (2009). A survey: algorithms simulating bee swarm intelligence. Artificial intelligence review, 31(1-4), 61.

[4] [4]
Solé R, Rodriguez-Amor D, Duran-Nebreda S, Conde-Pueyo N, Carbonell-Ballestero M, Montañez R (October 2016). "Synthetic Collective Intelligence". BioSystems. 148: 47–61.

[5] [5]
Machine Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Twitter 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期2020年2月18號，.. Towards Data Science.

[6] [6]
Gonzalez, I., & Garrido, L. (2011, November). Spatial Distribution through Swarm Behavior on a Military Group in the Starcraft Video Game (PDF). In 2011 10th Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 77-82). IEEE.

[ahmedglasgow2012-7] [7]
Ahmed, H., & Glasgow, J. (2012). Swarm intelligence: concepts, models and applications. School Of Computing, Queens University Technical Report.

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群體智能

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