辅助性检查可以提供一些额外资讯,以利排除其他诊断。血液检查也可以协助排除阿尔茨海默病以外的诊断[26],偶见有些病因是可以治愈的[134]。常见的血检项目包含甲状腺功能测试(英语:thyroid function tests)、维生素B12、梅毒检测、代谢性疾病检查(如肾功能检查、电解质水平,以及糖尿病检查)、重金属水平,以及贫血等等。另外也必须谵妄的可能性。
早在古希腊罗马时代,当时的哲学家和医师就已经发现年老与失智的关联性[22]。1901年,德国精神科医师爱罗斯·阿尔茨海默描述了第一个阿尔茨海默病病例。这名病患是一名名叫奥古斯特·迪特(英语:Auguste D)的50岁女性,阿尔茨海默持续追踪迪特的病程进展至病人于1906年死亡为止,并在之后发表该病例[238]。其后五年,陆续又出现了11例类似的病例报告,其中有些论文已经用“阿尔茨海默病”来称呼此疾病[22]。1910年7月15日,艾米尔·克雷珀林于《精神科学课本》(Textbook of Psychiatry)第八版中首次将这些症状描述为一个单一疾病,并将奥古斯特的部分症状(如幻觉和妄想)及病理特征(血管硬化)划出该病的描述范围[239]。艾米尔采用了“阿尔茨海默病”这个名字,并同时将其称为“早发性老年痴呆”(presenile dementia)将其视为是老年痴呆的一个亚型[240]。
截至1970年代为止,阿尔茨海默病的诊断仍然仅限于描述45至65岁之间,提早出现特定痴呆状的患者。直到1977年,一场阿尔茨海默病研讨会共识认定,阿尔茨海默病和老年痴呆的临床和病理表征大致相同。虽然同时也强调两者的病因学可能不同[241],但这样的共识已促使阿尔茨海默病的诊断,不再应该限定于特定年纪的患者[242]。此后一段时期,超过65岁且拥有阿尔茨海默病症状的患者,另被描述为“阿尔茨海默型老年痴呆”(senile dementia of the Alzheimer type,SDAT)。如今,阿尔茨海默病已经被接受为医学的正式名词,描述各年龄患者某种共同特定症状的病征[243]。
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