frost

See also: Frost and fröst

frost on Wikipedia

Alternative forms

froste (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle English frost, from an unmetathesized variant of Old English forst (“frost”), from Proto-Germanic *frustaz (“frost”), from Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with West Frisian froast (“frost”), Dutch vorst (“frost”), German Frost (“frost”), Swedish frost (“frost”), Norwegian frost (“frost”), Icelandic frost (“frost”), Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost, rime, snow”). Related to freeze.

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /fɹɒst/
(General American) IPA^(key): /fɹɔst/
(cot–caught merger) IPA^(key): /fɹɑst/
Audio (US): (file)
Rhymes: -ɒst, -ɔːst

Noun

frost (countable and uncountable, plural frosts)

A cover of minute ice crystals on objects that are exposed to the air. Frost is formed by the same process as dew, except that the temperature of the frosted object is below freezing.
The cold weather that causes these ice crystals to form.
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 31:40:
  Thus I was; in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by night; and my sleep departed from mine eyes.
- 1748, David Hume, Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral., London: Oxford University Press, published 1973, § 47:
  It is more probable, in almost every country of Europe, that there will be frost sometime in January, than that the weather will continue open throughout that whole month;
(figurative) Coldness or insensibility; severity or rigidity of character.
- 1815 February 24, [Walter Scott], Guy Mannering; or, The Astrologer. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and Archibald Constable and Co., […], →OCLC:
  It was one of those moments of intense feeling when the frost of the Scottish people melts like a snow-wreath.
(obsolete) The act of freezing; the congelation of water or other liquid.
A shade of white, like that of frost.
frost:
(slang, dated) A disappointment; a cheat.
(television) A kind of light diffuser.
- 2013, Alan Bermingham, Location Lighting for Television, pages 9–26:
  Frosts and diffusion are flame retardant and produce similar results except that some of the frosts are very subtle in their effects. For example: Hamburg Frost will soften the beam edge with little additional spread of the beam.

Derived terms

Translations

cover of minute ice crystals

Ainu: シンナㇺ (sinnam)
Albanian: ngricë (sq) f, brymë (sq) f, çaf (sq) m
Amis: 'o'ol
Arabic: صَقِيع m (ṣaqīʕ)
Hijazi Arabic: صقيع m (ṣagīʕ)

Moroccan Arabic: جْريحة f (jriḥa)
Armenian: եղյամ (hy) (eġyam)
Aromanian: brumã f
Assamese: নিয়ৰ (nir)
Aymara: juyphi
Azerbaijani: qırov (az)
Bashkir: ҡырау (qıraw)
Basque: antzigar, intzigar
Belarusian: і́ней m (ínjej), шэ́рань f (šéranʹ)
Bulgarian: слана (bg) f (slana), скреж (bg) m (skrež)
Catalan: gelada (ca) f, glaçada (ca) f, gebre (ca) m
Chinese:
Cantonese: 霜 (soeng¹)

Mandarin: 霜 (zh) (shuāng)
Chuvash: тӑм (tăm)
Cimbrian: bròzama f, bròst m
Crimean Tatar: qırav
Czech: jinovatka (cs) f, mráz (cs) m
Danish: frost (da) c
Dutch: rijp (nl), rijm (nl)
Esperanto: prujno (eo)
Estonian: härmatis (et)
Faroese: frost n
Finnish: kuura (fi), huurre (fi), härmä (fi)
French: givre (fr) m
Galician: rosada (gl) f, xeada (gl) f, lazo (gl) m, carazo (gl) m, pruina f, estromba f
German: Reif (de) m
Greek: πάγος (el) m (págos), πάχνη (el) f (páchni)
Ancient: κρυμός m (krumós), πάγος (el) m (págos), πάχνη f (pákhnē)
Guaraní: eláda (gn)
Hebrew: כְּפוֹר (he) m (k'for)
Hungarian: dér (hu), zúzmara (hu)
Icelandic: hrím n
Irish: sioc m, siocán m, reo m, cuisne m
Italian: brina (it) f
Japanese: 霜 (ja) (しも, shimo)
Karachay-Balkar: къырау (qırau)
Karaim: kyrav
Karakalpak: qıraw
Kazakh: қырау (qyrau)
Khakas: хро (xro)
Korean: 서리 (ko) (seori)
Kumyk: къырав (qıraw)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: xwîsar (ku) f
Kyrgyz: кыроо (ky) (kıroo)
Lao: ນ້ຳກະດ້າງ (nam ka dāng), ໝອກຂຸ້ນ (mǭk khun)
Latin: pruīna f, gelicidium n
Latvian: please add this translation if you can
Lithuanian: please add this translation if you can
Luxembourgish: Räif m
Malay: ibun (ms)
Manchu: ᡤᡝᠴᡝᠨ (gecen)
Maori: hukapapa, hukapuri, hukatū, hauhunga
Navajo: shoh, dahtooʼ tin, dah tin
Neapolitan: ggelo
Nogai: кырав (kırav)
Norman: gélée f
Norwegian:
Bokmål: rim (no) n, frost (no) m

Nynorsk: frost m
Occitan: gibre (oc) m, glacina f
Old English: hrīm m
Ottoman Turkish: قراغو (kırağu, kırağı)
Persian: هسر (fa) (hasar)
Plautdietsch: Frost m
Polabian: morz m
Polish: mróz (pl) m
Portuguese: geada (pt) f
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi: ਕੱਕਰ m (kakkar)

Shahmukhi: کَکَّر m (kakkar)
Quechua: qasa
Romanian: brumă (ro) f
Russian: и́ней (ru) m (ínej), и́зморозь (ru) f (ízmorozʹ)
Sanskrit: हिम (sa) m (himá)
Scottish Gaelic: reòthadh m
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: мра̏з m, и̑ње n, сла́на f

Roman: mrȁz (sh) m, ȋnje (sh) n, slána (sh) f
Shor: қыраа (qyraa)
Slovak: mráz m
Slovene: ivje n, slana f
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: mroz m
Southern Altai: кыру (kïru)
Spanish: escarcha (es) f, carama f, cencellada (es) f, cenceñada f, recencellada f
Swedish: frost (sv) c, rimfrost (sv) c
Tagalog: eskartsa, yamog, andap
Tai Nüa: ᥛᥨᥭᥴ (móy)
Tarifit: ajris m
Tatar: кырау (tt) (qıraw)
Telugu: హిమము (te) (himamu)
Thai: น้ำค้างแข็ง (nám káang kɛ̌ɛng)
Tofa: һыраа (hyraa)
Turkish: kırağı (tr)
Tuvan: хыраа (xıraa)
Ukrainian: і́ній m (ínij)
Uyghur: qiro (Latin)
Uzbek: qirov (uz)
Venetan: bròxa (vec) f, bróxema (vec) f
Vietnamese: sương giá (vi)
Volapük: flod (vo)
Walloon: djalêye (wa) f
Welsh: rhew (cy) m, barrug (cy) m
Yiddish: יאָדלעבוים m (yodleboym)
ǃXóõ: ǁqa̰ã

cold weather that would cause frost

Albanian: ngricë (sq) f
Arabic: صَقِيع m (ṣaqīʕ), صَقْعَة f (ṣaqʕa) (severe cold)
Egyptian Arabic: صقيع (saqīʕ), تلج m (talg)
Armenian: սառնամանիք (hy) (saṙnamanikʻ)
Aromanian: dzer
Azerbaijani: ayaz (az), don (az), sazaq, şaxta (az)
Belarusian: маро́з m (maróz)
Bulgarian: мраз (bg) m (mraz)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 嚴寒 / 严寒 (zh) (yánhán), 冰凍 / 冰冻 (zh) (bīngdòng), 寒冷 (zh) (hánlěng), 霜 (zh) (shuāng)
Cimbrian: bròst m
Coptic:
Bohairic: ⲱϫⲉⲃ m (ōčeb), ⲡⲁⲭⲛⲏ f (pakhnē),

Sahidic: ⲱϭⲃ m (ōcb), ⲡⲁⲭⲛⲏ f (pakhnē),
Czech: mráz (cs) m
Danish: frost (da) c
Dutch: vorst (nl)
Esperanto: frosto
Estonian: hall (et), külm (et)
Finnish: pakkanen (fi), halla (fi)
French: gel (fr) m
Galician: xeada (gl) f, xieira f, mangra f
Georgian: ყინვა (q̇inva)
German: Frost (de) m
Greek: παγετός (el) m (pagetós), παγωνιά (el) f (pagoniá)
Hebrew: קָרָה (he) f (qará)
Hungarian: fagy (hu)
Icelandic: frost (is) n
Ingrian: halla
Italian: gelata (it) f, gelo (it) m
Japanese: 霜 (ja) (しも, shimo)
Kazakh: аяз (aäz), суық (suyq)
Korean: 서리 (ko) (seori)
Kyrgyz: аяз (ky) (ayaz), суук (ky) (suuk)
Latvian: sals (lv) m
Lithuanian: please add this translation if you can
Luxembourgish: Frascht m
Macedonian: мраз (mk) m (mraz)
Northern Sami: buolaš
Norwegian:
Bokmål: frost (no) m, kulde (no) m

Nynorsk: frost m
Old English: frost (ang) m
Ottoman Turkish: آیاز (ayaz)
Persian: یخبندان (fa) (yaxbandân), سرما (fa) (sarmâ)
Polish: mróz (pl) m
Portuguese: geada (pt) f, frio (pt) m
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi: ਕੱਕਰ m (kakkar)

Shahmukhi: کَکَّر m (kakkar)
Romanian: ger (ro) n
Russian: моро́з (ru) m (moróz), за́морозки (ru) pl (zámorozki)
Sanskrit: हिम (sa) m (himá)
Scottish Gaelic: reòthadh m
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: мра̏з m

Roman: mrȁz (sh) m
Slovak: mráz m
Slovene: mraz (sl) m, zmrzal f
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: mroz m
Spanish: helada (es) f
Swedish: frost (sv) c
Tajik: хунукӣ (xunuki), сармо (tg) (sarmo), аёс (ayos)
Telugu: హిమము (te) (himamu)
Turkish: don (tr), soğuk (tr)
Turkmen: aýaz (tk)
Ukrainian: моро́з m (moróz)
Uzbek: ayoz (uz), sovuq (uz)
Vietnamese: băng giá (vi)
Walloon: djalêye (wa) f
Welsh: heth (cy) f, tywydd barugog m
Yiddish: פֿראָסט m (frost)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Icelandic: ^{(please verify)} frost (is) n, ^{(please verify)} kuldi (is) m
Italian: ^{(please verify)} brina (it) f, ^{(please verify)} galaverna (it) f, ^{(please verify)} gelo (it) m
Latin: ^{(please verify)} pruīna f
Norman: ^{(please verify)} g'lée f (Jersey)
Vilamovian: ^{(please verify)} fröst

Verb

frost (third-person singular simple present frosts, present participle frosting, simple past and past participle frosted)

(transitive) To cover with frost.
(intransitive) To become covered with frost.
- 1975, Brian W. Blouet, Merlin P. Lawson, editors, Images of the Plains: The Role of Human Nature in Settlement, University of Nebraska Press, page 142:
  “The weather is pleasant while it frosted a little at night.”
(transitive) To coat (something, e.g. a cake) with icing to resemble frost.
(transitive, informal) To anger or annoy.
I think the boss's decision frosted him a bit.
(transitive) To sharpen (the points of a horse's shoe) to prevent it from slipping on ice.
(transitive) To bleach individual strands of hair while leaving adjacent strands untouched.

Derived terms

frosting

Translations

to cover with frost

Finnish: huurtaa, huurruttaa

to become covered with frost

Bulgarian: попарвам (bg) (poparvam), заскрежавам (zaskrežavam)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 結霜 / 结霜 (zh) (jiéshuāng)
Dutch: berijpen
Finnish: huurtua (fi), kuuraantua
Galician: xear (gl), xiar, barutar
Georgian: მოყინვა (moq̇inva)
Greek: παγώνω (el) (pagóno)
Icelandic: hríma
Italian: brinare (it)
Polish: oszronić
Portuguese: escarchar (pt)
Romanian: bruma (ro)
Russian: обледене́ть (ru) (obledenétʹ)
Spanish: escarchar (es) (intr. impers.)
Swedish: frosta (sv)
Turkish: buzlanmak (tr)
Venetan: broxar

to coat with icing

Finnish: kuorruttaa (fi)
German: glasieren (de)
Italian: glassare
Maori: pani
Polish: lukrować (pl), polukrować (pl)
Russian: оледени́ть (ru) (oledenítʹ), заледени́ть (ru) (zaledenítʹ)
Spanish: glasear (es), granizar (es)
Swedish: glacera

to anger or annoy

Chinese:
Mandarin: 惹毛 (zh) (rěmáo)
Finnish: harmittaa (fi), ryydyttää, suututtaa (fi), ärsyttää (fi)
Italian: gelare (it)
Russian: вымора́живать (ru) impf (vymoráživatʹ), вы́морозить (ru) pf (výmorozitʹ)

to sharpen the points of a horse's shoe

Finnish: kärpätä

to bleach individual strands of hair

Finnish: raidoittaa

Anagrams

forts, frots

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Etymology

From Old Norse frost.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /frɔst/, [fʁ̥ʌsd̥]

Noun

frost c (singular definite frosten, not used in plural form)

frost

Declension

More information common gender, Singular ...

common gender	Singular
common gender	indefinite	definite
nominative	frost	frosten
genitive	frosts	frostens

Close

Declension of frost

References

“frost” in Den Danske Ordbog

Etymology

From Old Norse frost.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /frɔst/
Rhymes: -ɔst

Noun

frost n (genitive singular frosts, nominative plural frost)

frost

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	frost	frostið	frost	frostin
accusative	frost	frostið	frost	frostin
dative	frosti	frostinu	frostum	frostunum
genitive	frosts	frostsins	frosta	frostanna