dér

See also: der, dêr, dër, děr, -der, and der-

Danish

Adverb

dér

1. der, with emphasis

Hungarian

Etymology

Of unknown origin.^[1] Note resemblance to (and more discussion at) White Hmong te (“frost”), though the vast time depth required for a relation (i.e. when the pre-Uralic tribes were still in China), relative simplicity of the word structure, and absence in other Uralic languages (assuming the word existed in Proto-Uralic) makes a connection highly speculative.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdeːr]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eːr

Noun

dér (usually uncountable, plural derek)

1. frost

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	dér	derek
accusative	deret	dereket
dative	dérnek	dereknek
instrumental	dérrel	derekkel
causal-final	dérért	derekért
translative	dérré	derekké
terminative	dérig	derekig
essive-formal	dérként	derekként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	dérben	derekben
superessive	déren	dereken
adessive	dérnél	dereknél
illative	dérbe	derekbe
sublative	dérre	derekre
allative	dérhez	derekhez
elative	dérből	derekből
delative	dérről	derekről
ablative	dértől	derektől
non-attributive possessive – singular	déré	dereké
non-attributive possessive – plural	déréi	derekéi

Possessive forms of dér

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	derem	dereim
2nd person sing.	dered	dereid
3rd person sing.	dere	derei
1st person plural	derünk	dereink
2nd person plural	deretek	dereitek
3rd person plural	derük	dereik

Derived terms

• deres

See also

• zúzmara

References

1. dér in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Further reading

• dér in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• dér in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *dakrom, from Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru. Celtic cognates include Welsh deigryn and Cornish dager. More distant Indo-European relatives include Old Norse tár, Old Armenian արտասուք (artasukʻ), Ancient Greek δάκρυ (dákru), and Latin lacrima.^[1]

Alternative forms

• dǽr (Milan glosses)

Noun

dér n (nominative plural dér)

1. tear, teardrop (from the eyes)

Inflection

Neuter o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	dérN	dérN	dérL, déra
vocative	dérN	dérN	dérL, déra
accusative	dérN	dérN	dérL, déra
genitive	déirL	dér	dérN
dative	dérL	déraib	déraib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Quotations

• c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 23^a13

  .i. robtar lugu na dǽr quam ad·fiadatar.

  i.e. the tears were fewer than are related.

• c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 66, pages 115-179:

  Níco[n]·tald-som iarum dér dia gruad statim co·tánic dochum Findio.

  Immediately thereafter, he did not wipe the tear from his cheek until he came to Findio.

Descendants

• Middle Irish: dér f
  • Irish: deoir
  • Scottish Gaelic: deur
  • Manx: jeir

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “dér”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

·dér

1. third-person singular future/present subjunctive prototonic of do·éirig

Mutation

Mutation of dér

radical	lenition	nasalization
dér	dér pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/	ndér

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

1. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dakro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 87