bruma

See also: brumă and brumã

French

Verb

bruma

1. third-person singular past historic of brumer

Anagrams

• rumba

Icelandic

Etymology

From brum (“bud”) +‎ -a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈprʏːma/
• Rhymes: -ʏːma

Verb

bruma (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative brumaði, supine brumað)

1. (intransitive, botany) to bud

Conjugation

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að bruma
supine (sagnbót)		brumað
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		brumandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég bruma	við brumum	present (nútíð)	ég brumi	við brumum
	þú brumar	þið brumið		þú brumir	þið brumið
	hann, hún, það brumar	þeir, þær, þau bruma		hann, hún, það brumi	þeir, þær, þau brumi
past (þátíð)	ég brumaði	við brumuðum	past (þátíð)	ég brumaði	við brumuðum
	þú brumaðir	þið brumuðuð		þú brumaðir	þið brumuðuð
	hann, hún, það brumaði	þeir, þær, þau brumuðu		hann, hún, það brumaði	þeir, þær, þau brumuðu
imperative (boðháttur)	bruma (þú)	brumið (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	brumaðu	brumiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

bruma — active voice (germynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að brumast
supine (sagnbót)		brumast
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		brumandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég brumast	við brumumst	present (nútíð)	ég brumist	við brumumst
	þú brumast	þið brumist		þú brumist	þið brumist
	hann, hún, það brumast	þeir, þær, þau brumast		hann, hún, það brumist	þeir, þær, þau brumist
past (þátíð)	ég brumaðist	við brumuðumst	past (þátíð)	ég brumaðist	við brumuðumst
	þú brumaðist	þið brumuðust		þú brumaðist	þið brumuðust
	hann, hún, það brumaðist	þeir, þær, þau brumuðust		hann, hún, það brumaðist	þeir, þær, þau brumuðust
imperative (boðháttur)	brumast (þú)	brumist (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	brumastu	brumisti *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

brumast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	brumaður	brumuð	brumað		brumaðir	brumaðar	brumuð
accusative (þolfall)	brumaðan	brumaða	brumað		brumaða	brumaðar	brumuð
dative (þágufall)	brumuðum	brumaðri	brumuðu		brumuðum	brumuðum	brumuðum
genitive (eignarfall)	brumaðs	brumaðrar	brumaðs		brumaðra	brumaðra	brumaðra
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	brumaði	brumaða	brumaða		brumuðu	brumuðu	brumuðu
accusative (þolfall)	brumaða	brumuðu	brumaða		brumuðu	brumuðu	brumuðu
dative (þágufall)	brumaða	brumuðu	brumaða		brumuðu	brumuðu	brumuðu
genitive (eignarfall)	brumaða	brumuðu	brumaða		brumuðu	brumuðu	brumuðu

brumaður — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbru.ma/
• Rhymes: -uma
• Hyphenation: brù‧ma

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin brūma.

Noun

bruma f (plural brume)

1. mist, haze

Related terms

• brumale
• brumaio

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βρῶμα (brôma). Cf. Spanish broma.

Noun

bruma f (plural brume)

1. shipworm

Further reading

• bruma1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
• bruma2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

• rumba, umbra

Latin

Etymology

Doublet of brevissima (“shortest”), superlative form of brevis (“short”), without reformation of the superlative ending; parallel e.g. to extrēmus (see -issimus for more). The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈbruː.ma/, [ˈbruːmä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈbru.ma/, [ˈbruːmä]

Noun

brūma f (genitive brūmae); first declension

1. the winter solstice
   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 1.163:

     Brūma novī prīma est veterisque novissima sōlis.

     The winter solstice is the first day of the new sun, and the last of the old

2. (by extension) winter, winter cold

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	brūma	brūmae
genitive	brūmae	brūmārum
dative	brūmae	brūmīs
accusative	brūmam	brūmās
ablative	brūmā	brūmīs
vocative	brūma	brūmae

Derived terms

• brūmālis
• brūmāria
• brūmōsus (Late Latin)

Descendants

• Eastern Romance:
  • Aromanian: brumã
  • Romanian: brumă
• Old Occitan: bruma
  • Catalan: broma
  • Occitan: bruma
• Old Galician-Portuguese:
  • Portuguese: bruma
• Old Spanish:
  • Spanish: bruma
• → Albanian: brymë
• → Old French: brume
  • French: brume
    • → English: brume
• ⇒ Vulgar Latin: brūmārius (“November”)
  • Eastern Romance:
    • Aromanian: brumar
    • Romanian: brumar
  • Old French:
    • French: Brumaire
  • Rhaeto-Romance:
    • Friulian: brumâr
  • → Albanian: brymës

References

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 76
• “bruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “bruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• bruma in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• bruma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan bruma, from Latin bruma (“winter solstice, winter”). Cognate with French brume.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

bruma f (plural brumas)

1. (Gascony, Languedoc, Limousin, Vivaro-alpine) fog

Derived terms

• brumós
• brumada
• brumor
• brumèra
• brumèc
• brumatge

Dialectal variants

• broma (Gascon)

Synonyms

• nèbla (Languedoc, Provençal)
• tuba (Languedoc)
• braulhard (Limousin)
• fum (Limousin, Languedoc)

Portuguese

bruma

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese bruma, from Latin brūma.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈbɾũ.mɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈbɾũ.mɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈbɾu.ma/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈbɾu.mɐ/

• Hyphenation: bru‧ma

Noun

bruma f (plural brumas)

1. mist (water or other liquid finely suspended in air)

   Synonyms: cerração, nevoeiro, névoa, neblina

Related terms

• brumaceiro
• brumal
• brumoso

 

Romanian

Etymology

From brumă +‎ -a.

Verb

a bruma (third-person singular present brumează, past participle brumat) 1st conjugation

1. (impersonal) to have frost form
2. to form frost, become covered in hoarfrost, rime

Conjugation

infinitive			a bruma
gerund			brumând
past participle			brumat
number		singular			plural
person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	—	—	brumează	—	—	brumează
	imperfect	—	—	bruma	—	—	brumau
	simple perfect	—	—	brumă	—	—	brumară
	pluperfect	—	—	brumase	—	—	brumaseră
subjunctive		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	—	—	să brumeze	—	—	să brumeze
imperative		—	tu	—	—	voi	—
	affirmative		—			—
	negative		—			—

    conjugation of bruma (first conjugation, -ez- infix, third-person only)

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin brūma.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɾuma/ [ˈbɾu.ma]
• Rhymes: -uma
• Syllabification: bru‧ma

Noun

bruma f (plural brumas)

1. haze, especially costal fog or haar
2. (archaic) winter

   Synonym: invierno

Derived terms

• abrumar

 

Further reading

• “bruma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10