重金屬在生活中很常見，例如鐵佔所有精煉金屬產量的90%[159]。一些常見的用途中，人們只是利用了重金屬材料所具有的普通的金屬性質，例如導電性和反光特性，或是密度、強度和耐久性度。某些重金屬元素因其特性，具有一些特別的用途。例如由於部分重金屬原子的 d 軌態或 f 軌態未填滿，使得它們可以形成彩色的化合物[160]，這包括大多數過渡金屬和鑭系、錒系元素。另一些重金屬元素則在化合物中顯示出多種氧化態，使得它們可以催化一些化學反應。具有此特性的金屬包括鉑[161]、鈰[162]和鉍[163]等。
（1）密度高於3.5 g/cm3[3]；（2）密度高於7 g/cm3[3]；（3）原子質量大於22.98[3]；（4）原子質量大於40（除s區元素和f區元素）[4]；（5）原子質量大於200[5]；（6）原子序數大於20；（7）原子序數介於21與92[6]；（8）依據美國藥典[7][8][9]；（9）基於Hawkes元素週期表的定義（除鑭系和錒系）[10]；（10）Nieboer與Richardson生物化學分類[11]。元素的密度數據主要來自於約翰·埃姆斯利的著作《Nature's Building Blocks》[12]。其中砹、鈁、鐨至鿬的密度為預測值[13]。鐨、鍆、鍩和鐒的密度基於其原子質量與晶格結構進行推算[14][15]。
Schweitzer & Pesterfield 2010，第230頁. The authors note, however, that, "The sulfides of ... Ga(III) and Cr(III) tend to dissolve and/or decompose in water."
Ahrland S., Liljenzin（英語：Jan-Olov Liljenzin） J. O. & Rydberg J. 1973, "Solution chemistry," in J. C. Bailar & A. F. Trotman-Dickenson（英語：Aubrey Trotman-Dickenson） (eds), Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 5, The Actinides, Pergamon Press（英語：Pergamon Press）, Oxford.
Albutt M. & Dell R. 1963, The nitrites and sulphides of uranium, thorium and plutonium: A review of present knowledge, UK Atomic Energy Authority Research Group, Harwell（英語：Atomic Energy Research Establishment）, Berkshire.
Alves A. K., Berutti, F. A. & Sánche, F. A. L. 2012, "Nanomaterials and catalysis", in C. P. Bergmann & M. J. de Andrade (ads), Nanonstructured Materials for Engineering Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN978-3-642-19130-5.
Amasawa E., Yi Teah H., Yu Ting Khew, J., Ikeda I. & Onuki M. 2016, "Drawing Lessons from the Minamata Incident for the General Public: Exercise on Resilience, Minamata Unit AY2014", in M. Esteban, T. Akiyama, C. Chen, I. Ikea, T. Mino (eds), Sustainability Science: Field Methods and Exercises, Springer International, Switzerland, pp. 93–116, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32930-7_5ISBN978-3-319-32929-1.
Ariel E., Barta J. & Brandon D. 1973, "Preparation and properties of heavy metals", Powder Metallurgy International, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 126–129.
Ball J. L., Moore A. D. & Turner S. 2008, Ball and Moore's Essential Physics for Radiographers, 4th ed., Blackwell Publishing（英語：Wiley-Blackwell）, Chichester, ISBN978-1-4051-6101-5.
Bánfalvi G. 2011, "Heavy metals, trace elements and their cellular effects", in G. Bánfalvi (ed.), Cellular Effects of Heavy Metals, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 3–28, ISBN978-94-007-0427-5.
Baranoff E. 2015, "First-row transition metal complexes for the conversion of light into electricity and electricity into light", in W-Y Wong (ed.), Organometallics and Related Molecules for Energy Conversion, Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 61–90, ISBN978-3-662-46053-5.
Berea E., Rodriguez-lbelo M. & Navarro J. A. R. 2016, "Platinum Group Metal—Organic frameworks" in S. Kaskel (ed.), The Chemistry of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Characterisation, and Applications, vol. 2, Wiley-VCH Weinheim, pp. 203–230, ISBN978-3-527-33874-0.
Berger A. J. & Bruning N. 1979, Lady Luck's Companion: How to Play ... How to Enjoy ... How to Bet ... How to Win, Harper & Row, New York, ISBN978-0-06-014696-2.
Berry L. G. & Mason B. 1959, Mineralogy: Concepts, Descriptions, Determinations, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
Biddle H. C. & Bush G. L 1949, Chemistry Today, Rand McNally, Chicago.
Bonetti A., Leone R., Muggia F. & Howell S. B. (eds) 2009, Platinum and Other Heavy Metal Compounds in Cancer Chemotherapy: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications, Humana（英語：Humana） Press, New York, ISBN978-1-60327-458-6.
Booth H. S. 1957, Inorganic Syntheses, vol. 5, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bradl H. E. 2005, "Sources and origins of heavy metals", in Bradl H. E. (ed.), Heavy Metals in the Environment: Origin, Interaction and Remediation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN978-0-12-088381-3.
Brephohl E. & McCreight T.（英語：Tim McCreight） (ed) 2001, The Theory and Practice of Goldsmithing, C. Lewton-Brain trans., Brynmorgen Press, Portland, Maine, ISBN978-0-9615984-9-5.
Brown I. 1987, "Astatine: Its organonuclear chemistry and biomedical applications," in H. J. Emeléus & A. G. Sharpe (eds), Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 31, Academic Press（英語：Academic Press）, Orlando, pp. 43–88, ISBN978-0-12-023631-2.
Bryson R. M. & Hammond C. 2005, "Generic methodologies for nanotechnology: Characterisation"', in R. Kelsall, I. W. Hamley & M. Geoghegan, Nanoscale Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 56–129, ISBN978-0-470-85086-2.
Burkett B. 2010, Sport Mechanics for Coaches, 3rd ed., Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois, ISBN978-0-7360-8359-1.
Casey C. 1993, "Restructuring work: New work and new workers in post-industrial production", in R. P. Coulter & I. F. Goodson (eds), Rethinking Vocationalism: Whose Work/life is it?, Our Schools/Our Selves Education Foundation, Toronto, ISBN978-0-921908-15-9.
Chakhmouradian A.R., Smith M. P. & Kynicky J. 2015, "From "strategic" tungsten to "green" neodymium: A century of critical metals at a glance", Ore Geology Reviews, vol. 64, January, pp. 455–458, doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.06.008.
Chambers E.（英語：Ephraim Chambers） 1743, "Metal （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", in Cyclopedia: Or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (etc.), vol. 2, D. Midwinter, London.
Chen J. & Huang K. 2006, "A new technique for extraction of platinum group metals by pressure cyanidation", Hydrometallurgy, vol. 82, nos. 3–4, pp. 164–171, doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.041.
Choptuik M. W., Lehner L. & Pretorias F. 2015, "Probing strong-field gravity through numerical simulation", in A. Ashtekar, B. K. Berger, J. Isenberg & M. MacCallum (eds), General Relativity and Gravitation: A Centennial Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN978-1-107-03731-1.
Clugston M & Flemming R 2000, Advanced Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, ISBN978-0-19-914633-8.
Cole M., Lindeque P., Halsband C. & Galloway T. S. 2011, "Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review", Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 2588–2597, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025.
Cole S. E. & Stuart K. R. 2000, "Nuclear and cortical histology for brightfield microscopy（英語：bright-field microscopy）", in D. J. Asai & J. D. Forney (eds), Methods in Cell Biology, vol. 62, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 313–322, ISBN978-0-12-544164-3.
Cotton S. A. 1997, Chemistry of Precious Metals, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, ISBN978-94-010-7154-3.
Crundwell F. K., Moats M. S., Ramachandran V., Robinson T. G. & Davenport W. G. 2011, Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum Group Metals, Elsevier, Kidlington, Oxford, ISBN978-0-08-096809-4.
Cui X-Y., Li S-W., Zhang S-J., Fan Y-Y., Ma L. Q. 2015, "Toxic metals in children's toys and jewelry: Coupling bioaccessibility with risk assessment", Environmental Pollution（英語：Environmental Pollution (journal)）, vol. 200, pp. 77–84, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.035.
Dapena J. & Teves M. A. 1982, "Influence of the diameter of the hammer head on the distance of a hammer throw", Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 78–81, doi:10.1080/02701367.1982.10605229.
De Zuane J. 1997, Handbook of Drinking Water Quality, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN978-0-471-28789-6.
Deschlag J. O. 2011, "Nuclear fission", in A. Vértes, S. Nagy, Z. Klencsár, R. G. Lovas, F. Rösch (eds), Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry, 2nd ed., Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 223–280, ISBN978-1-4419-0719-6.
Desoize B. 2004, "Metals and metal compounds in cancer treatment", Anticancer Research（英語：Anticancer Research）, vol. 24, no. 3a, pp. 1529–1544, PMID15274320.
Dev N. 2008, 'Modelling Selenium Fate and Transport in Great Salt Lake Wetlands', PhD dissertation, University of Utah, ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, ISBN978-0-549-86542-1.
{Di Maio V. J. M. 2016, Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, 3rd ed., CRC Press（英語：CRC Press）, Boca Raton, Florida, ISBN978-1-4987-2570-5.
Edelstein N. M., Fuger J., Katz J. L. & Morss L. R. 2010, "Summary and comparison of properties of the actinde and transactinide elements," in L. R. Morss, N. M. Edelstein & J. Fuger (eds), The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 4th ed., vol. 1–6, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1753–1835, ISBN978-94-007-0210-3.
Frommer H. H. & Stabulas-Savage J. J. 2014, Radiology for the Dental Professional, 9th ed., Mosby Inc.（英語：Mosby (imprint)）, St. Louis, Missouri, ISBN978-0-323-06401-9.
Gidding J. C. 1973, Chemistry, Man, and Environmental Change: An Integrated Approach, Canfield Press, New York, ISBN978-0-06-382790-5.
Gmelin L. 1849, Hand-book of chemistry, vol. III, Metals, translated from the German by H. Watts, Cavendish Society, London.
Gorbachev V. M., Zamyatnin Y. S. & Lbov A. A. 1980, Nuclear Reactions in Heavy Elements: A Data Handbook, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ISBN978-0-08-023595-0.
Gschneidner Jr., K. A. 1975, Inorganic compounds, in C. T. Horowitz (ed.), Scandium: Its Occurrence, Chemistry, Physics, Metallurgy, Biology and Technology, Academic Press, London, pp. 152–251, ISBN978-0-12-355850-3.
Guandalini G. S., Zhang L., Fornero E., Centeno J. A., Mokashi V. P., Ortiz P. A., Stockelman M. D., Osterburg A. R. & Chapman G. G. 2011, "Tissue distribution of tungsten in mice following oral exposure to sodium tungstate," Chemical Research in Toxicology（英語：Chemical Research in Toxicology）, vol. 24, no. 4, pp 488–493, doi:10.1021/tx200011k.
Guney M. & Zagury G. J. 2012, "Heavy metals in toys and low-cost jewelry: Critical review of U.S. and Canadian legislations and recommendations for testing", Environmental Science & Technology（英語：Environmental Science & Technology）, vol. 48, pp. 1238–1246, doi:10.1021/es4036122.
Harvey P. J., Handley H. K. & Taylor M. P. 2015, "Identification of the sources of metal (lead) contamination in drinking waters in north-eastern Tasmania using lead isotopic compositions," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 12276–12288, doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4349-2PMID25895456.
Hawkes S. J. 1997, "What is a "heavy metal"?", Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 74, no. 11, p. 1374, doi:10.1021/ed074p1374.
Haynes W. M. 2015, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 96th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, ISBN978-1-4822-6097-7.
Hendrickson D. J. 2916, "Effects of early experience on brain and body", in D. Alicata, N. N. Jacobs, A. Guerrero and M. Piasecki (eds), Problem-based Behavioural Science and Psychiatry 2nd ed., Springer, Cham, pp. 33–54, ISBN978-3-319-23669-8.
Herron N. 2000, "Cadmium compounds," in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 4, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 507–523, ISBN978-0-471-23896-6.
Hoffman D. C., Lee D. M. & Pershina V. 2011, "Transactinide elements and future elements," in L. R. Morss, N. Edelstein, J. Fuger & J. J. Katz (eds), The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, 4th ed., vol. 3, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1652–1752, ISBN978-94-007-0210-3.
Hübner R., Astin K. B. & Herbert R. J. H. 2010, " 'Heavy metal'—time to move on from semantics to pragmatics?", Journal of Environmental Monitoring（英語：Journal of Environmental Monitoring）, vol. 12, pp. 1511–1514, doi:10.1039/C0EM00056F.
Ikehata K., Jin Y., Maleky N. & Lin A. 2015, "Heavy metal pollution in water resources in China—Occurrence and public health implications", in S. K. Sharma (ed.), Heavy Metals in Water: Presence, Removal and Safety,Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp. 141–167, ISBN978-1-84973-885-9.
Iyengar G. V. 1998, "Reevaluation of the trace element content in Reference Man", Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 51, nos 4–6, pp. 545–560, doi:10.1016/S0969-806X(97)00202-8
Jackson J. & Summitt J. 2006, The Modern Guide to Golf Clubmaking: The Principles and Techniques of Component Golf Club Assembly and Alteration, 5th ed., Hireko Trading Company, City of Industry, California, ISBN978-0-9619413-0-7.
Kolthoff I. M.（英語：Izaak Kolthoff） & Elving P. J. FR 1964, Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, part II, vol. 6, Interscience Encyclopedia, New York, ISBN978-0-07-038685-3.
Korenman I. M. 1959, "Regularities in properties of thallium", Journal of General Chemistry of the USSR, English translation, Consultants Bureau, New York, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1366–90, ISSN0022-1279.
Kozin L. F. & Hansen S. C. 2013, Mercury Handbook: Chemistry, Applications and Environmental Impact, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, ISBN978-1-84973-409-7.
Kumar R., Srivastava P. K., Srivastava S. P. 1994, "Leaching of heavy metals (Cr, Fe, and Ni) from stainless steel utensils in food simulates and food materials", Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 53, no. 2, doi:10.1007/BF00192942, pp. 259–266.
Lach K., Steer B., Gorbunov B., Mička V. & Muir R. B. 2015, "Evaluation of exposure to airborne heavy metals at gun shooting ranges", The Annals of Occupational Hygiene（英語：The Annals of Occupational Hygiene）, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 307–323, doi:10.1093/annhyg/meu097.
Landis W., Sofield R. & Yu M-H. 2010, Introduction to Environmental Toxicology: Molecular Substructures to Ecological Landscapes, 4th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, ISBN978-1-4398-0411-7.
Lane T. W., Saito M. A., George G. N., Pickering, I. J., Prince R. C. & Morel F. M. M. 2005, "Biochemistry: A cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom", Nature, vol. 435, no. 7038, p. 42, doi:10.1038/435042a.
Lemony A. D. 1997, "A teratogenic deformity index for evaluating impacts of selenium on fish populations", Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 259–266, doi:10.1006/eesa.1997.1554.
Lide D. R. (ed.) 2004, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, ISBN978-0-8493-0485-9.
Liens J. 2010, "Heavy metals as pollutants", in B. Warf (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Geography, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, pp. 1415–1418, ISBN978-1-4129-5697-0.
Litasov K. D. & Shatskiy A. F. 2016, "Composition of the Earth's core: A review", Russian Geology and Geophysics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 22–46, doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2016.01.003.
Livingston R. A. 1991, "Influence of the Environment on the Patina of the Statue of Liberty", Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1400–1408, doi:10.1021/es00020a006.
Longo F. R. 1974, General Chemistry: Interaction of Matter, Energy, and Man, McGraw-Hill（英語：McGraw-Hill）, New York, ISBN978-0-07-038685-3.
Love M. 1998, Phasing Out Lead from Gasoline: Worldwide Experience and Policy Implications, World Bank Technical Paper volume 397, The World Bank, Washington DC, ISBN0-8213-4157-X.
Lyman W. J. 1995, "Transport and transformation processes", in Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology, G. M. Rand (ed.), Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 449–492, ISBN978-1-56032-090-6.
Macintyre J. E. 1994, Dictionary of inorganic compounds, supplement 2, Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, vol. 7, Chapman & Hall（英語：Chapman & Hall）, London, ISBN978-0-412-49100-9.
MacKay K. M., MacKay R. A. & Henderson W. 2002, Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, ISBN978-0-7487-6420-4.
Magee R. J. 1969, Steps to Atomic Power, Cheshire for La Trobe University, Melbourne.
Magill F. N. I (ed.) 1992, Magill's Survey of Science, Physical Science series, vol. 3, Salem Press, Pasadena, ISBN978-0-89356-621-0.
Martin M. H. & Coughtrey P. J. 1982, Biological Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution, Applied Science Publishers, London, ISBN978-0-85334-136-9.
Masters C. 1981, Homogenous Transition-metal Catalysis: A Gentle Art, Chapman and Hall, London, ISBN978-0-412-22110-1.
Matyi R. J. & Baboian R. 1986, "An X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Patina of the Statue of Liberty", Powder Diffraction, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 299–304, doi:10.1017/S0885715600011970.
McColm I. J. 1994, Dictionary of Ceramic Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Springer Science+Business Media, New York, ISBN978-1-4419-3235-8.
McCurdy R. M. 1975, Qualities and quantities: Preparation for College Chemistry, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich（英語：Harcourt (publisher)）, New York, ISBN978-0-15-574100-3.
McLemore V. T. (ed.) 2008, Basics of Metal Mining Influenced Water, vol. 1, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Littleton, Colorado, ISBN978-0-87335-259-8.
McQueen K. G. 2009, Regolith geochemistry, in K. M. Scott & C. F. Pain (eds), Regolith Science, CSIRO Publishing（英語：CSIRO Publishing）, Collingwood, Victoria, ISBN978-0-643-09396-6.
Moore J. W. & Ramamoorthy S. 1984, Heavy Metals in Natural Waters: Applied Monitoring and Impact Assessment, Springer Verlag, New York, ISBN978-1-4612-9739-0.
Morris C. G. 1992, Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, ISBN978-0-12-200400-1.
Morstein J. H. 2005, "Fat Man", in E. A. Croddy & Y. Y. Wirtz (eds), Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History, ABC-CLIO（英語：ABC-CLIO）, Santa Barbara, California, ISBN978-1-85109-495-0.
Moselle B. (ed.) 2005, 2004 National Home Improvement Estimator, Craftsman Book Company, Carlsbad, California, ISBN978-1-57218-150-2.
Naja G. M. & Volesky B. 2009, "Toxicity and sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and radionuclides", in L. K. Wang, J. P. Chen, Y. Hung & N. K. Shammas, Heavy Metals in the Environment, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, ISBN978-1-4200-7316-4.
Nakbanpote W., Meesungneon O. & Prasad M. N. V. 2016, "Potential of ornamental plants for phytoremediation of heavy metals and income generation", in M. N. V. Prasad (ed.), Bioremediation and Bioeconomy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 179–218, ISBN978-0-12-802830-8.
Nathans M. W. 1963, Elementary Chemistry, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
National Materials Advisory Board 1971, Trends in the Use of Depleted Uranium, National Academy of Sciences – National Academy of Engineering, Washington DC.
Nieboer E. & Richardson D. 1978, "Lichens and 'heavy metals' ", International Lichenology Newsletter, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–3.
Nieboer E. & Richardson D. H. S. 1980, "The replacement of the nondescript term 'heavy metals' by a biologically and chemically significant classification of metal ions", Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–26, doi:10.1016/0143-148X(80)90017-8.
Ohlendorf H. M. 2003, "Ecotoxicology of selenium", in D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton & J. Cairns（英語：John Cairns (biochemist)）, Handbook of Ecotoxicology, 2nd ed., Lewis Publishers（英語：Lewis Publishers）, Boca Raton, pp. 466–491, ISBN978-1-56670-546-2.
Ondreička R., Kortus J. & Ginter E. 1971, "Aluminium, its absorption, distribution, and effects on phosphorus metabolism", in S. C. Skoryna & D. Waldron-Edward (eds), Intestinal Absorption of Metal Ions, Trace Elements and Radionuclides, Pergamon press, Oxford.
Ong K. L., Tan T. H. & Cheung W. L. 1997, "Potassium permanganate poisoning—a rare cause of fatal poisoning", Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 43–45, PMC1342846.
Pan W. & Dai J. 2015, "ADS based on linear accelerators", in W. Chao & W. Chou (eds), Reviews of accelerator science and technology, vol. 8, Accelerator Applications in Energy and Security, World Scientific（英語：World Scientific）, Singapore, pp. 55–76, ISBN981-3108-89-4.
Perry J. & Vanderklein E. L. Water Quality: Management of a Natural Resource, Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts ISBN0-86542-469-1.
Pickering N. C. 1991, The Bowed String: Observations on the Design, Manufacture, Testing and Performance of Strings for Violins, Violas and Cellos, Amereon, Mattituck, New York.
Podosek F. A. 2011, "Noble gases", in H. D. Holland & K. K. Turekian（英語：Karl Turekian） (eds), Isotope Geochemistry: From the Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 467–492, ISBN978-0-08-096710-3.
Raghuram P., Soma Raju I. V. & Sriramulu J. 2010, "Heavy metals testing in active pharmaceutical ingredients: an alternate approach", Pharmazie（英語：Pharmazie）, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 15–18, doi:10.1691/ph.2010.9222.
Rainbow P. S. 1991, "The biology of heavy metals in the sea", in J. Rose (ed.), Water and the Environment, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers（英語：Gordon and Breach Science Publishers）, Philadelphia, pp. 415–432, ISBN978-2-88124-747-7.
Rand G. M., Wells P. G. & McCarty L. S. 1995, "Introduction to aquatic toxicology", in G. M. Rand (ed.), Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects, Environmental Fate and Risk Assessment, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 3–70, ISBN978-1-56032-090-6.
Rankin W. J. 2011, Minerals, Metals and Sustainability: Meeting Future Material Needs, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, ISBN978-0-643-09726-1.
Rasic-Milutinovic Z. & Jovanovic D. 2013, "Toxic metals", in M. Ferrante, G. Oliveri Conti, Z. Rasic-Milutinovic & D. Jovanovic (eds), Health Effects of Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water, IWA Publishing, London, ISBN978-1-68015-557-0.
Raymond R. 1984, Out of the Fiery Furnace: The Impact of Metals on the History of Mankind, Macmillan, South Melbourne, ISBN978-0-333-38024-6.
Rebhandl W., Milassin A., Brunner L., Steffan I., Benkö T., Hörmann M., Burschen J. 2007, "In vitro study of ingested coins: Leave them or retrieve them?", Journal of Paediatric Surgery, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1729–1734, doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.05.031.
Rehder D. 2010, Chemistry in Space: From Interstellar Matter to the Origin of Life, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, ISBN978-3-527-32689-1.
Renner H., Schlamp G., Kleinwächter I., Drost E., Lüchow H. M., Tews P., Panster P., Diehl M., Lang J., Kreuzer T., Knödler A., Starz K. A., Dermann K., Rothaut J., Drieselmann R., Peter C. & Schiele R. 2012, "Platinum Group Metals and compounds", in F. Ullmann (ed.), Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. 28, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 317–388, doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_075.
Ridpath I.（英語：Ian Ridpath） (ed.) 2012, Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy, 2nd ed. rev., Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN978-0-19-960905-5.
Rockhoff H. 2012, America's Economic Way of War: War and the US Economy from the Spanish–American War to the Persian Gulf War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN978-0-521-85940-0.
Roe J. & Roe M. 1992, "World's coinage uses 24 chemical elements", World Coinage News, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 24–25; no. 5, pp. 18–19.
Russell A. M. & Lee K. L. 2005, Structure–Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, ISBN978-0-471-64952-6.
Rusyniak D. E., Arroyo A., Acciani J., Froberg B., Kao L. & Furbee B. 2010, "Heavy metal poisoning: Management of intoxication and antidotes", in A. Luch (ed.), Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, vol. 2, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp. 365–396, ISBN978-3-7643-8337-4.
Ryan J. 2012, Personal Financial Literacy, 2nd ed., South-Western, Mason, Ohio, ISBN978-0-8400-5829-4.
Samsonov G. V. (ed.) 1968, Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements, IFI-Plenum, New York, ISBN978-1-4684-6066-7.
Scott R. M. 1989, Chemical Hazards in the Workplace, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Orlando, ISBN978-0-87371-134-0.
Scoullos M. (ed.), Vonkeman G. H., Thornton I. & Makuch Z. 2001, Mercury — Cadmium — Lead Handbook for Sustainable Heavy Metals Policy and Regulation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN978-1-4020-0224-3.
Seymour R. J. & O'Farrelly J. 2012, "Platinum Group Metals", Kirk-Other Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, doi:10.1002/0471238961.1612012019052513.a01.pub3.
Shaw B. P., Sahu S. K. & Mishra R. K. 1999, "Heavy metal induced oxidative damage in terrestrial plants", in M. N. V. Prased (ed.), Heavy Metal Stress in Plants: From Biomolecules to Ecosystems Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN978-3-540-40131-5.
Sidgwick N. V.（英語：Nevil Sidgwick） 1950, The Chemical Elements and their Compounds, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, London.
Silva R. J. 2010, "Fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, and lawrencium", in L. R. Morss, N. Edelstein & J. Fuger (eds), The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, vol. 3, 4th ed., Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1621–1651, ISBN978-94-007-0210-3.
Spolek G. 2007, "Design and materials in fly fishing", in A. Subic (ed.), Materials in Sports Equipment, Volume 2, Woodhead Publishing, Abington, Cambridge, pp. 225–247, ISBN978-1-84569-131-8.
Stankovic S. & Stankocic A. R. 2013, "Bioindicators of toxic metals", in E. Lichtfouse, J. Schwarzbauer, D. Robert 2013, Green materials for energy, products and depollution, Springer, Dordrecht, ISBN978-94-007-6835-2, pp. 151–228.
State Water Control Resources Board 1987, Toxic substances monitoring program, issue 79, part 20 of the Water Quality Monitoring Report, Sacramento, California.
Tomasik P. & Ratajewicz Z. 1985, Pyridine metal complexes, vol. 14, no. 6A, The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN978-0-471-05073-5.
Topp N. E. 1965, The Chemistry of the Rare-earth Elements, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Uden P. C. 2005, 'Speciation of Selenium,' in R. Cornelis, J. Caruso, H. Crews & K. Heumann (eds), Handbook of Elemental Speciation II: Species in the Environment, Food, Medicine and Occupational Health, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 346–65, ISBN978-0-470-85598-0.
United States Environmental Protection Agency 1988, Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Antimony (III), draft, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratories, Washington.
Valkovic V. 1990, "Origin of trace element requirements by living matter", in B. Gruber & J. H. Yopp (eds), Symmetries in Science IV: Biological and biophysical systems, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 213–242, ISBN978-1-4612-7884-9.
Venugopal B. & Luckey T. D. 1978, Metal Toxicity in Mammals, vol. 2, Plenum Press, New York, ISBN978-0-306-37177-6.
Vernon R. E. 2013, "Which elements are metalloids", Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1703–1707, doi:10.1021/ed3008457.
Volesky B. 1990, Biosorption of Heavy Metals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, ISBN978-0-8493-4917-1.
von Gleich A. 2013, "Outlines of a sustainable metals industry", in A. von Gleich, R. U. Ayres & S. Gößling-Reisemann (eds), Sustainable Metals Management, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 3–40, ISBN978-1-4020-4007-8.
von Zeerleder A. 1949, Technology of Light Metals, Elsevier Publishing Company, New York.
Warth A. H. 1956, The Chemistry and Technology of Waxes, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.
Weart S. R.（英語：Spencer R. Weart） 1983, "The discovery of nuclear fission and a nuclear physics paradigm", in W. Shea (ed.), Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics, D. Reidel（英語：D. Reidel） Publishing Company, Dordrecht, pp. 91–133, ISBN978-90-277-1584-5.
Weber D. J. & Rutula W. A. 2001, "Use of metals as microbicides in preventing infections in healthcare", in Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, 5th ed., S. S. Block (ed.), Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins（英語：Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins）, Philadelphia, ISBN978-0-683-30740-5.
Welter G. 1976, Cleaning and Preservation of Coins and Medals, S. J. Durst, New York, ISBN978-0-915262-03-8.
Wiberg N. 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN978-0-12-352651-9.
Wijayawardena M. A. A., Megharaj M. & Naidu R. 2016, "Exposure, toxicity, health impacts and bioavailability of heavy metal mixtures", in D. L. Sparks, Advances in Agronomy, vol. 138, pp. 175–234, Academic Press, London, ISBN978-0-12-804774-3.
Wong M. Y., Hedley G. J., Xie G., Kölln L. S, Samuel I. D. W., Pertegaś A., Bolink H. J., Mosman-Colman, E., "Light-emitting electrochemical cells and solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes using small molecule organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters", Chemistry of Materials（英語：Chemistry of Materials）, vol. 27, no. 19, pp. 6535–6542, doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03245.
Wulfsberg G. 2000, Inorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, California, ISBN978-1-891389-01-6.
Yadav J. S., Antony A., Subba Reddy, B. V. 2012, "Bismuth(III) salts as synthetic tools in organic transformations", in T. Ollevier (ed.), Bismuth-mediated Organic Reactions, Topics in Current Chemistry 311, Springer, Heidelberg, ISBN978-3-642-27238-7.
Yang D. J., Jolly W. L. & O'Keefe A. 1977, "Conversion of hydrous germanium(II) oxide to germynyl sesquioxide, (HGe)2O3", Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 2980–2982, doi:10.1021/ic50177a070.
Yousif N. 2007, Geochemistry of stream sediment from the state of Colorado using NURE data, ETD Collection for the University of Texas, El Paso, paper AAI3273991 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
{cite journal |last1=Du |first1=Jian |last2=Chen |first2=Xin-liang |last3=Liu |first3=Cai-chi |last4=Ni |first4=Jian |last5=Hou |first5=Guo-fu |last6=Zhao |first6=Ying |last7=Zhang |first7=Xiao-dan |title=Highly transparent and conductive indium tin oxide thin films for solar cells grown by reactive thermal evaporation at low temperature |journal=Applied Physics A |date=2014-11 |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=815–822 |doi=10.1007/s00339-014-8436-x |accessdate=2020-09-14}}
Stwertka, Albert. A Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 125. ISBN0-19-508083-1
Plant J. A.; Kinniburgh, D. G; Smedley, P. L.; Fordyce, F. M.; Klinck, B. A. Arsenic and Selenium(PDF). Environmental geochemistry (Elsevier). 2005: 17–66 [2021-03-29]. （原始內容存檔(PDF)於2022-01-10） （英語）.
_oxide.jpg)
sulfat.JPG)
.jpg)
![{\displaystyle {\ce {4Au + 2KCN + 2H2O + O2 -> 4 K[Au(CN)2] + 4 KOH}}}](http://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/58b12548d89d380806d759bc73c9897a38f8901d)
![{\displaystyle {\ce {2[Au(CN)2] + Zn -> K2[Zn(CN)4] + 2 Au}}}](http://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/836055d847d7d3dc62432c3a51c4f7b1ac6c9fc2)
