Ford and Beach's "Homosexual Behavior," 1951. [2016-02-29]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-02). The authors collected information on homosexuality in seventy-six societies and found that male homosexual activities were regarded favorably in forty-nine (sixty-four percent).
Carrier, J.M. Homosexual behavior in cross-cultural perspective(PDF). 1985 [2019-04-18]. (原始內容存檔(PDF)於2019-03-09). There is some evidence in support of this linking of gender role and homosexual behavior in societies making an accommodation and providing a social role for cross-gender behaving individuals.
Jackson Clive; Ewan Flintham; Vincent Savolainen. Same-sex sociosexual behaviour is widespread and heritable in male rhesus macaques. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2023, 7: 1287–1301 [2023-09-11]. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02111-y. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-23). Numerous reports have documented the occurrence of same-sex sociosexual behaviour (SSB) across animal species……Together, our results demonstrate that SSB is frequent in rhesus macaques, can evolve, and is not costly, indicating that SSB may be a common feature of primate reproductive ecology……While further clarity is needed to define homosexuality and bisexuality in current debates about homologies between SSB in non-human animals versus humans, it remains that rhesus macaques shared a common ancestor with humans approximately 25 million years ago, hence finding SSB heritability in these primates may reasonably be contrasted with SSB in human populations.
Paul Halsall. People with A History: Introduction. [2016-03-05]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-08). The history of sexuality, and especially homosexual activity, is a subject for LGB history...There is thus some reason to claim the history of friendship is of special interest to modern LGBs, who preserve with their subcultures a tradition of intense emotional same-sex friendship, both with sexual partners and with others.
吉爾伽美什史詩 Tablet I Andrew George translation. [2016-03-03]. ISBN 978-0140447217. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-23). [The mother of Gilgamesh] was clever and wise, well-versed in everything, she said to her son:...「You lifted it up, set it own at my feet, and I, Ninsun, I made it your equal. Like a wife you loved it, caressed and embraced it: a mighty comrade will come to you, and be his friend's saviour. Mightiest in the land, strength he possesses, his strength is as mighty as a rock from the sky. Like a wife you'll love him, caress and embrace him, he will be mighty, and often save you.」
吉爾伽美什史詩 Tablet II Andrew George translation. ISBN 978-0140447217. Enkidu with his foot blocked the door of the wedding house, not allowing Gilgamesh to enter. They seized each other at the door of the wedding house, in the street they joined combat, in the Square of the Land...Gilgamesh knelt, one foot on the ground, his anger subsided, he broke off from the fight. They kissed each other and formed a friendship.
吉爾伽美什史詩 Tablet X Andrew George translation. [2016-03-03]. ISBN 978-0140447217. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04). My friend Enkidu, whom I loved so dear, who with me went through every danger, the doom of mortals overtook him...How can I keep silent? How can I stay quiet? My friend, whom I loved, has turned to clay. My friend Enkidu, whom I loved, has turned to clay. Shall I not be like him and also lie down, never to rise again, through all eternity?
King Neferkare and General Sasenet. [2015-06-15]. (原始內容存檔於2017-04-09). After his majesty had done that which he had wanted to do with him (i.e. the general), he left for his palace...He had spent a further four hours in the house of general Sasenet.
荷馬. 伊利亞德 Ian Johnston translation. [2015-06-16]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-20). O Father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo—if only no single Trojan or Achaean could escape death, and just we two alone were not destroyed, so that by ourselves we could take Troy's sacred battlements!
荷馬. 伊利亞德 Ian Johnston translation. [2015-06-16]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-20). But Achilles kept on weeping, remembering his dear companion. All-conquering Sleep could not overcome him, as he tossed and turned, longing for manly, courageous, strong Patroclus, thinking of all he'd done with him, all the pain they'd suffered, as they'd gone through wars with other men and with the perilous sea.
荷馬. 伊利亞德 Ian Johnston translation. [2015-06-16]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-20). His noble mother sat close by him, caressed him with her hand, then spoke to him, saying:「My son, how long will you consume your heart with tears, with this grieving, not thinking about food or going to bed. To have sex with a woman would do you good. I won't see you still alive much longer—for at this moment, Death, your powerful fate, is standing close at hand.」 ,參見: W. M. Clarke. Achilles and Patroclus in Love(PDF). 1978 [2016-03-03]. (原始內容存檔(PDF)於2020-09-28). Why are you forgetful of food and of bed? It is a good thing to have sexual relations, and I mean with a woman (i. e., not now with Patroclus, or with some other youths perhaps who would only remind you of him)
柏拉圖. 會飲篇 Harold N. Fowler translation. [2016-03-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-23). And Aeschylus talks nonsense when he says that it was Achilles who was in love with Patroclus; for he excelled in beauty not Patroclus alone but assuredly all the other heroes, being still beardless and, moreover, much the younger, by Homer's account.
埃斯庫羅斯. Myrmidons Herbert Weir Smyth translation. [2016-03-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-08). No reverence hadst thou for the unsullied holiness of thy limbs, oh thou most ungrateful for my many kisses!
Sappho. The Anactoria Poem. [2017-04-27]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-20). she forgot them all, she could not remember anything but longing, and lightly straying aside, lost her way. But that reminds me now: Anactória, she's not here, and I'd rather see her lovely step, her sparkling glance and her face than gaze on all the troops in Lydia in their chariots and glittering armor.
*修昔底德. 伯羅奔尼撒戰爭史 J. M. Dent translation. [2016-03-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-02). Harmodius was then in the flower of youthful beauty, and Aristogiton, a citizen in the middle rank of life, was his lover and possessed him. Solicited without success by Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus, Harmodius told Aristogiton, and the enraged lover, afraid that the powerful Hipparchus might take Harmodius by force, immediately formed a design, such as his condition in life permitted, for overthrowing the tyranny.
柏拉圖. 會飲篇 Harold N. Fowler translation. [2016-03-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-02). It is a lesson that our despots learnt by experience; for Aristogeiton's love and Harmodius's friendship grew to be so steadfast that it wrecked their power. or John Boswell. Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe. [2016-03-03]. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-07). Our own tyrants learned this lesson through bitter experience, when the love between Aristogiton and Harmodius grew so strong that it shattered their power.
The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories Daw Mya Tin, M.A. translation. [2016-02-28]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-28). Vakkali was a brahmin who lived in Savatthi. One day when he saw the Buddha going on an alms-round in the city, he was very much impressed by the noble appearance of the Buddha. At the same time, he felt much affection and great reverence for the Buddha and asked permission to join the Order just to be near him. As a bhikkhu, Vakkali always kept close to the Buddha; he did not care much about other duties of a bhikkhu and did not at all practise concentration meditation. or 達摩難陀(譯). 法句經‧故事集:偈 381. [2017-04-27]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-02). 跋迦梨是舍衛城裏的一位婆羅門。有一天,他目睹佛陀到城裏來化緣。佛陀安祥、沈着的外表深深吸引他,他更因為對佛陀的執著而出家,加入僧伽,俾能更親近佛陀。出家為比丘後,他總是靠近佛陀身邊,而疏忽他的職責和修行。
*普魯塔克. 希腊罗马名人传 (Alcibiades). [2016-03-06]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-06). It was not long before many men of high birth clustered about him and paid him their attentions. Most of them were plainly smitten with his brilliant youthful beauty and fondly courted him. But it was the love which Socrates had for him that bore strong testimony to the boy's native excellence and good parts.
普魯塔克. 希腊罗马名人传 (Alcibiades). [2016-03-06]. (原始內容存檔於2019-09-25). But sometimes he would surrender himself to the flatterers who tempted him with many pleasures, and slip away from Socrates, and suffer himself to be actually hunted down by him like a runaway slave. And yet he feared and reverenced Socrates alone, and despised the rest of his lovers.
柏拉圖. 會飲篇 Harold N. Fowler translation. [2016-03-06]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-27). For when I hear him I am worse than any wild fanatic; I find my heart leaping and my tears gushing forth at the sound of his speech, and I see great numbers of other people having the same experience...Accordingly I invited him to dine with me, for all the world like a lover scheming to ensnare his favorite
*柏拉圖. 會飲篇 Harold N. Fowler translation. [2016-03-07]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-30). and say I refer to Pausanias and Agathon; it may be they do belong to the fortunate few, and are both of them males by nature; what I mean is—and this applies to the whole world of men and women—that the way to bring happiness to our race is to give our love its true fulfillment: let every one find his own favorite, and so revert to his primal estate.
柏拉圖. Protagoras W.R.M. Lamb translation. [2016-03-07]. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-17). and near him on the beds hard by lay Pausanias from Cerames, and with Pausanias a lad who was still quite young, of good birth and breeding, I should say, and at all events a very good-looking person. I fancied I heard his name was Agathon, and I should not be surprised to find he is Pausanias' favorite.
阿里斯托芬. Thesmophoriazusae Eugene O'Neill, Jr. translation. [2016-03-07]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-28). Mnesilochus (aside): When you are staging Satyrs, call me; I will do my best to help you from behind, if I can get my tool up.
*J. M. Edmonds (編). Elegy and Iambus. [2016-03-14]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-03). In the 4th Book of his Luxury of the Ancients Aristippus tells us that Plato became attached to a youth named Aster or Star with whom he studied astronomy: Thou gazest at the stars, my star; would I were Heaven, that I might gaze at thee with many eyes!Even as you shone once the Star of Morn among the living, so in death you shine now the Star of Eve among the dead.
J. M. Edmonds (編). Elegy and Iambus. [2016-03-14]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-03). And on Dion this: The Fates once decreed tears unto Hecuba and the women of Troy at their birth; thy widespread hopes, Dion, the Gods did spill upon the ground when thou hadst triumphed in the doing of noble deeds; and so in the spacious city that bare thee liest thou honoured by thy fellow-countrymen, O Dion who didst make my heart mad with love of thee
普魯塔克. 希腊罗马名人传 (Pelopidas). [2019-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-31). The sacred band, we are told, was first formed by Gorgidas, of three hundred chosen men...some say that this band was composed of lovers and beloved...a band that is held together by the friendship between lovers is indissoluble and not to be broken, since the lovers are ashamed to play the coward before their beloved, and the beloved before their lovers, and both stand firm in danger to protect each other...It is related, too, that Iolaüs, who shared the labours of Heracles and fought by his side, was beloved of him. And Aristotle says that even down to his day the tomb of Iolaüs was a place where lovers and beloved plighted mutual faith. It was natural, then, that the band should also be called sacred, because even Plato calls the lover a friend 'inspired of God'.
普魯塔克. 希腊罗马名人传 (Pelopidas). [2019-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-03). Pelopidas, after receiving seven wounds in front, sank down upon a great heap of friends and enemies who lay dead together; but Epaminondas, although he thought him lifeless, stood forth to defend his body and his arms, and fought desperately, single-handed against many, determined to die rather than leave Pelopidas lying there.
普魯塔克. Moralia. The Dialogue on Love. [2019-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-21). Epaminondas, the latter of which had for his male concubines Asopichus and Caphisodorus, who was slain with him at the battle of Mantinea and lies buried very near him.
* 普魯塔克. 希腊罗马名人传 (Life of Alexander). [2019-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-18). and that his favourite (erômenos), Bagoas, won the prize for song and dance, and then, all in his festal array, passed through the theatre and took his seat by Alexander's side; at sight of which the Macedonians clapped their hands and loudly bade the king kiss the victor, until at last he threw his arms about him and kissed him tenderly.
阿特納奧斯. Deipnosophists. [2019-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2014-07-06). King Alexander also was madly devoted to boys. Dicaearchus, at any rate, in his book On the Sacrifice at Ilium, says that he was so overcome with love for the eunuch Bagoas that, in full view of the entire theatre, he, bending over, caressed Bagoas fondly, and when the audience clapped and shouted in applause, he, nothing loath, again bent over and kissed him.
埃里亞努斯. Varia Historia. Alexander garlanded the tomb of Achilles and Hephaestion that of Patroclus, the latter riddling that he was a beloved of Alexander, in just the same way as Patroclus was of Achilles.
Diogenes of Sinope, Letters 24(wrote to Alexander the Great) The letter, probably spurious, is partially translated and quoted by Andrew Chugg (Alexander's Lovers, second edition, 2012, p. 18). [2019-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-18). If you wish to be beautiful and good, throw away the rag you have in your head and come to us. Yet you will not be able to do so, for you are held fast by Hephaistion's thighs
Thomas K. Hubbard (編). Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents. 2003 [2016-03-14]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-14). All the boys were jealous of Demetrius' boyfriend, Diognis, and so keen were they to meet Demetrius that when he had strolled about The Tripods after lunch, all the most beautiful boys gathered there on the following days so as to be seen by him.
* TO JUVENTIUS.. [2019-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-05). Those honied eyes of thine (Juventius!) If any suffer me sans stint to buss, I'd kiss of kisses hundred thousands three, Nor ever deem I'd reach satiety, Not albe denser than dried wheat-ears show The kissing harvests our embraces grow.
Samuel N. Rosenberg. Catullus 101, 48, 81. [2019-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-11). Your honey-colored eyes, Juventius, if I were granted leave to kiss them at will, I'd give them hundreds—no, thousands—of kisses, nor would I ever appear to be sated, not even should our harvest of kisses lie thicker than heads of dry wheat in the fields.
*蘇埃托尼烏斯. The Life of Vergil. [2016-03-14]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-14). He was especially given to passions for boys, and his special favorites were Cebes and Alexander, whom he calls Alexis in the second book of his Bucolics. This boy was given to him by Asinius Pollio, and both his favorites had some education, while Cebes was even a poet.
Publius Vergilius Maro. Eclogues. [2016-03-14]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-24). the shepherd Corydon with love was fired for fair Alexis, his own master's joy
卡西烏斯·狄奧《Roman History (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)》:I know, of course, that he was devoted to boys and to wine, but if he had ever committed or endured any base or wicked deed as the result of this, he would have incurred censure; as it was, however, he drank all the wine he wanted, yet remained sober, and in his relation with boys he harmed no one.
卡西烏斯·狄奧《Roman History (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)》:Antinous was from Bithynium, a city of Bithynia, which we also call Claudiopolis; he had been a favourite of the emperor and had died in Egypt... Finally, he declared that he had seen a star which he took to be that of Antinous, and gladly lent an ear to the fictitious tales woven by his associates to the effect that the star had really come into being from the spirit of Antinous and had then appeared for the first time.
* 卡西烏斯·狄奧《Roman History (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)》:The husband of this "woman" was Hierocles, a Carian slave, once the favourite of Gordius, from whom he had learned to drive a chariot. It was in this connexion that he won the emperor's favour by a most remarkable chance....Aurelius Zoticus, a native of Smyrna, whom they also called "Cook," after his father's trade, incurred the emperor's thorough love and thorough hatred, and for the latter reason his life was saved. This Aurelius not only had a body that was beautiful all over, seeing that he was an athlete, but in particular he greatly surpassed all others in the size of his private parts.
《Historia Augusta (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (羅馬帝王紀)》:And such was his passion for Hierocles that he kissed him in a place which it is indecent even to mention, declaring that he was celebrating the festival of Flora...During his reign Zoticus had such influence that all the chiefs of the palace-departments treated him as their master's consort...With this man Elagabalus went through a nuptial ceremony and consummated a marriage, even having a bridal-matron and exclaiming, "Go to work, Cook"
The Passion of SS. Serge and Bacchus. [2016-02-29]. (原始內容存檔於2018-05-11). the same night the blessed Bacchus suddenly appeared to him with a face as radiant as an angel's, wearing an officer's uniform, and spoke to him. "Why do you grieve and mourn, brother? If I have been taken from you in body, I am still with you in the bond of union, chanting and reciting, 'I will run the way of thy commandments, when thou hast enlarged my heart.' Hurry then, yourself, brother, through beautiful and perfect confession to pursue and obtain me, when finishing the course. For the crown of justice for me is with you.
Traci Ardren. Ancient Maya Women. Rowman Altamira. 2002. The Dominican bishop of Chiapas, Bartolome de las Casas (1967), for example, documented institutionalized relationships among boys and young men in sixteenth-century Verapaz (Guatemala). Interestingly, a deity named Cu, Chin, Cavil, or Maran instructed men in this sexual behavior. (Casas 1967, 2:522)
Queer/GLBT Archaeology and Anthropology. [2020-08-01]. 原始內容存檔於2016-03-04. a Late Classic Mayan cave painting and fragmentary hieroplyphs dating to the 700s from Naj Tunich(英語:Naj Tunich), Guatemala, depicting an older man and a younger man in an erotic embrace, which Dr. Karen Olsen Bruhns of SFSU's Anthropology Dept. calls "the only genuine depiction known of male-male erotic interaction" in the Americas. The younger man (right) sports what seems to be a Lunar Goddess hair lock down his back.
《一千零一夜》:The boys were beguiled by his verses and consented to his wishes, saying, 『We hear and obey.』 So he carried them to his lodging, where they found all ready that he had set forth in his verses. They sat down and ate and drank and made merry awhile, after which they appealed to Abou Nuwas to decide which was the handsomest and most shapely of them……Presently, the wine crept to his head, drunkenness mastered him and he knew not hand from head, so that he swayed about for mirth, inclining anon to this one, to kiss him, and anon to another.
Stefanie Lee Martin. The Role of Homosexuality in Classical Islam. University of Tennessee. 1997 [2016-03-07]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-26). Amin soon separated himself from the company and influence of his family, both men and women, and gave himself over wholly to dissipated pleasure in the company of his eunuchs. He dressed some of these latter as girls and organized them into a group of blacks whom he named "The Ravens," and another group of whites who were called "The Grasshoppers"...She (Zubayda, al-Amin's mother) selected pretty young girls of slim stature, had their hair cut like that of boys, dressed them in jackets with tight belts, and had them appear before the young Amin
E. Michael Gerli (編). Homosexuality(PDF). Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. [2015-12-03]. (原始內容(PDF)存檔於2016-03-28). Abdar-RahmanIII,al-HakemII, Hisham II, and al-Mutamid, who openly kept male harems
Cesati, Franco. The twillight of the dynasty. Monica Fintoni, Andrea Paoletti (編). The Medici: Story of a European Dynasty. La Mandragora s.r.l. 2005: 131–132. ISBN 8885957374.
Sabine Thomsen. Die württembergischen Königinnen. Charlotte Mathilde, Katharina, Pauline, Olga, Charlotte – ihr Leben und Wirken [The Queens of Wuerttemberg: Charlotte Matilde, Katharina, Pauline, Olga, Charlotte -- Their Lives and Legacies]. Silberburg-Verlag, 2006.