Transcendentalismus

Transcendentalismus fuit motus religiosus et philosophicus qui per decennia 183 exeunte et 184 in orientali Civitatum Foederatarum regione evolutus est^[1] ad recusandum generalem culturae societatisque statum, et praecipue statum intellectualismi in Universitate Harvardiana et doctrinam ecclesiae Unitarianistae in Schola Divinitatis Harvardiana doctam. Inter fides transcendentalistarum maximi momenti fuit innatus hominum naturaeque bonum.

Radulphus Waldo Emerson iuvenis, ab Eastman Johnson anno 1846 adumbratus. Eius commentarius Nature ('Natura', 1836) fundamenta transcendentalismi usitate putatur.

Transcendentalistae crediderunt societatem et eius institutiones, praecipue religionem ordinatam factionesque politicas, puritatem cuiusque hominis ad ultimum corrumpere, homines esse optimos cum confidentes liberique profecto essent, ac solum ex talibus singulis realibus verum commune formari posse.

Historia

Origines

Transcendentalismus inter Congregationalistas in Nova Anglia ortus est,^[2] Christianos qui a Calvinismo orthodoxo duabus dissederunt rationibus^[3]: praedestinationem et unitatem (contra trinitatem) Dei reiecerunt.^[4] Ei, scepticismum Davidis Hume accipientes, empirica religionis documenta non fieri esse crediderunt.^[5] Transcendentalismus ergo se adversus rationalem Ioannis Locke saeculi duodevicensimi philosophiam sensualismi et praedestinationismi Calvinismi Novae Angliae gessit. Fontes varios habuit, sicut Vedi, Upanishad, Bhagavadgita, aliique textus Hinduici,^[6] variae religiones aliae, atque idealismus Germanicus sicut idealismus transcendentiae Kantianus.^[7]

Natura apud Emerson

Editio Radulphi Waldo Emerson commentarii Nature ('Natura', 1836) usitate habetur punctum temporis cum transcendentalismus maior culturae motus factus esset. Emerson praeterea in "The American Scholar" ('Vir litteratus Americanus'), oratione anno 1837 habita, scripsit: "Pedibus nostris ambulabimus; manibus nostris laborabimus; quod in mente habemus effabimur. . . . Civitas hominum in primo exsistet, quia quisque credit se a Divino Spiritu inflatum qui etiam homines inflat omnes."^[8] Emerson ad ultimum res novas deposcit in perceptionibus humanis ex nova philosophia idealistica emergere:

Sic mundum novis oculis aspicere incipiamus, qui perpetuam respondebit interrogationem mentis—Quid est veritas? et de animi motibus—Quid est bonum? se passivum Voluntati educatae obsequiendo. . . . Aedifica, ergo, tuum mundum proprium. Simul ac vita notioni purae in animo obtemperat, illa suas partes amplas aperiet. Congruentes mundi res novae spiritum influentem comitabuntur.^[9]

Circulus Transcendentalis

Eodem anno, cum Georgius Putnam (1807–1878, pastor Unitarianus Roxberiae institutus^[10]), Radulphus Waldo Emerson, Fridericus Henricus Hedge, aliique imminentes rerum mentis periti Novae Angliae Transcendental Club ('Circulus Transcendentalis') Cantabrigiae Massachusettae die 8 Septembris 1836 conderent, transcendentalismus motus cohaerens factus est. Ex anno 1840, socii gregis commentarios in The Dial eorum periodico et alibi saepe protulerunt. Etiam Henricus David Thoreau, Margarita Fuller, Amos Bronson Alcott et Gualterius Whitman sunt transcendentialistae.

Nexus interni

• Aetas transcendentalis
• Humanismus transcendentalis
• Philosophia Americana
• Romanticismus obscurus
• Spiritualitas
• Transcendentia

Notae

1. Finseth, Ian. "American Transcendentalism". Excerpted from "Liquid Fire Within Me": Language, Self and Society in Transcendentalism and Early Evangelicalism, 1820–1860, M.A. thesis, 1995 .
2. "Transcendentalism," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Stanford University Press.
3. "Transcendentalism," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Stanford University Press.
4. "Transcendentalism," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Stanford University Press.
5. "Transcendentalism," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Stanford University Press.
6. Versluis 2001:3.
7. "Transcendentalism." The Oxford Companion to American Literature, ed. James D. Hart (Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 1995).
8. Anglice: " "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. . . . A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men."
9. Anglice: "So shall we come to look at the world with new eyes. It shall answer the endless inquiry of the intellect—What is truth? and of the affections—What is good? by yielding itself passive to the educated Will. . . . Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit."
10. "George Putnam", Heralds, Harvard square library .

Bibliographia

• Dillard, Daniel. 2012. The American Transcendentalists: A Religious Historiography. 49th Parallel 28.
• Gura, Philip F. 2008. American Transcendentalism: A History. Novi Eboraci: Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-8090-1644-3.
• Harris, Mark W. 2009. The A to Z of Unitarian Universalism. Scarecrow Press.
• King, Richard. 2002. Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East." Routledge.
• Kipf, David. 1979. The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind. Atlantic Publishers.
• Miller, Perry, ed. 1950. The Transcendentalists: An Anthology.^{[nexus deficit]} Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
• Rinehart, Robin. 2004. Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO.
• Rose, Anne C. 1981. Transcendentalism as a Social Movement, 1830–1850. Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02587-4.
• Sharf, Robert H. 1995. Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience. Numen 42.
• Sharf, Robert H. 2000. The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion. Journal of Consciousness Studies 7(11–12):267–287.
• Versluis, Arthur. 1993. American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507658-3.
• Versluis, Arthur. 2001. The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195138872.

Nexus externi

• The American Renaissance and Transcendentalism 
• "Transcendentalism", Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford 
• The Transcendentalists 
• The web of American transcendentalism, VCU 
• "What Is Transcendentalism?", Women’s History, About