造

造 U+9020, 造 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9020 ← 速 [U+901F] CJK Unified Ideographs 逡 → [U+9021]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

造 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+7, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 10 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 卜竹土口 (YHGR), four-corner 3430₆, composition ⿺辶告)

Derived characters

• 𠻛, 𭏤, 𡠻, 慥, 𢳥, 𭧙, 𪳤, 𰟔, 𭹱, 𬒝, 糙, 䎭, 䒃, 䗢, 𧷹, 𨄹, 𮡀, 𬩭, 䔏, 𡮯, 簉, 𨖰

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1258, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38898
• Dae Jaweon: page 1746, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3841, character 6
• Unihan data for U+9020

Chinese

trad.		造
simp. #		造
alternative forms		艁

Glyph origin

	Old Chinese
造	*skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
慥	*skʰuːɡs
艁	*skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
糙	*skʰuːɡs
告	*kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
誥	*kuːɡs
郜	*kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
祰	*kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ
靠	*kʰuːɡs
浩	*ɡuːʔ, *kuːb
晧	*ɡuːʔ
皓	*ɡuːʔ
窖	*kruːɡs
簉	*skʰruɡs
梏	*kruːɡ, *kuːɡ
硞	*kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ
牿	*kuːɡ
鵠	*kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ
酷	*kʰuːɡ
焅	*kʰuːɡ
嚳	*kʰuːɡ
頶	*ɡuːɡ

Characters in the same phonetic series (告) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Bronze script (per 漢語多功能字庫): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ) : semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 屮 (sʰuːʔ) + semantic 口.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ) : semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Variety	Location	edit 造
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡sɑu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡sau⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡sɑu⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡sɔ²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡sɔ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡sau³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡sʰau⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡sɔ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡sɔ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡sɔ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡sɔ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡sʰau³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡sʰau¹³/ /t͡sau¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡sʰao²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡sʰɔ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡sɔo⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡sʰɔ⁵³/ /t͡sɔ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sʰau⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡sɔ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/zɔ²³/
	Suzhou	/zæ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zɔ¹³/
	Wenzhou	/zɜ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰɔ²²/
	Tunxi	/t͡sʰə²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sʰau⁵⁵/ 建～ /t͡sau¹¹/ ～孽
	Xiangtan	/t͡sʰaɯ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰɑu²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰau⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sou²²/
	Nanning	/t͡su²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sou²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/t͡sʰo²¹/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡sʰɔ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡sau⁴²/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡sau³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/tau³³/

Rime
Character	造
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	昨早切
Baxter	dzawX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zɑuX/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zɑuX/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zɑuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zawX/
Li Rong	/d͡zɑuX/
Wang Li	/d͡zɑuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱɑuX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zou6

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	造
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zào
Middle Chinese	‹ dzawX ›
Old Chinese	/*[dzˁ]uʔ/
English	make
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	造
Reading #	2/2
No.	3803
Phonetic component	告
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	皁
Old Chinese	/*sɡuːʔ/

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): zào (zao⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cao⁴ / zao⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zou⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): dau⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): cau⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chho

  (Meixian, Guangdong): cau⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): cau³
• Northern Min (KCR): càu
• Eastern Min (BUC): cô̤
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cor⁴
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chō / chǒ / chǒ͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zao⁶

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁶zau / ⁶dzau
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cau⁴ / zau⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zào
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zào
    • Wade–Giles: tsao⁴
    • Yale: dzàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
    • Palladius: цзао (czao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: cao⁴ / zao⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cao / zao
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰau²¹³/, /t͡sau²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zou⁶
    • Yale: jouh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzou⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: zou⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sou̯²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: dau⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tau³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: cau⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰau¹¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chho
    • Hakka Romanization System: co
    • Hagfa Pinyim: co⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: cau⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰau⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: cau³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰau⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: càu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sau⁴²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cô̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔ²⁴²/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cor⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɒ⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chō
    • Tâi-lô: tsō
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zoi
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡so³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡so²²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɤ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒ
    • Tâi-lô: tsǒ
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡so²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: tsǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔ²²/

Note:

• Quanzhou:
  • chǒ - vernacular;
  • chǒ͘ - literary.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: zao⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsău
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sau³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁶zau
    • MiniDict: zau^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zau
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zɔ²³/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /zæ²³¹/
  • (Northern: Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁶dzau
    • MiniDict: dzau^去
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /d͡zɔ¹¹³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: cau⁴ / zau⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɒu̯⁴⁵/, /t͡sɒu̯²¹/
Note:
• zau5 - used in 造孽 (“pitiful; pitiable”).

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• Dialectal data

---

• Middle Chinese: dzawX

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dzˤ]uʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sɡuːʔ/

Definitions

造

1. to make; to build; to manufacture

   造船  ―  zàochuán  ―  to build a ship

   仿造  ―  fǎngzào  ―  to produce something after a model; to copy

   創造／创造  ―  chuàngzào  ―  to create

   造房子  ―  zào fángzǐ  ―  to build a house

   造輿論／造舆论  ―  zào yúlùn  ―  to manufacture public opinion

   造軍艦／造军舰  ―  zào jūnjiàn  ―  to manufacture a warship

   • 萬物是藉著他造的；凡被造的，沒有一樣不是藉著他造的。 [MSC, trad.]
     万物是借着他造的；凡被造的，没有一样不是借着他造的。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version), 約翰福音 (John) 1:3

     Wànwù shì jièzhe tā zào de; fán bèi zào de, méiyǒu yī yàng bùshì jièzhe tā zào de. [Pinyin]

     All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.

2. to make up; to fabricate

   造假賬／造假账  ―  zào jiǎzhàng  ―  to cook the books

   造謠／造谣  ―  zàoyáo  ―  to fabricate stories

3. (colloquial) to spend money without constraint
4. (literary, obsolete) to start
5. (literary, obsolete) to establish
6. (dialectal) harvest of crops

   早造  ―  zǎozào  ―  early crops

7. (dialectal) Classifier for harvests.

   一年種兩造米 [Cantonese, trad.]
   一年种两造米 [Cantonese, simp.]

   jat¹ nin⁴ zung³ loeng⁵ zou⁶ mai⁵ [Jyutping]

   to grow two rice crops per year

8. (law) party concerned in the suit

   對造／对造  ―  duìzào  ―  opposing side in a court case

Synonyms

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		蓋, 建, 建造, 建築, 興建, 修建
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	蓋
	Taiwan	蓋
	Harbin	蓋
	Singapore	建
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	蓋
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	蓋
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	蓋
	Xi'an	蓋
	Xining	蓋
	Xuzhou	起
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	蓋
	Lanzhou	蓋
	Ürümqi	蓋, 起
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	修, 起
	Guiyang	起, 修
	Liuzhou	起
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	蓋, 造
	Yangzhou	蓋
Cantonese	Guangzhou	起
	Hong Kong	起
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	起
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	起
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	起
	Taishan	起
	Dongguan	起
	Rongxian	起
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	起
	Hepu (Shatian)	做
	Guiping	起
	Guiping (Mule)	起, 整
	Pingnan	起
	Guigang (Gangcheng)	起
	Guigang (Pingdong)	起
	Beihai	起
	Beihai (Nankang)	起
	Beihai (Yingpan)	起
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	起, 做
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	起
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	做
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	起, 搭
	Singapore (Guangfu)	起
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	起
	Móng Cái	起
	Bangkok (Guangfu)	起
	Betong (Rongxian)	起
Gan	Nanchang	起
	Lichuan	做
	Pingxiang	起
Hakka	Meixian	起, 做
	Yudu	做
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	起
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	起
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	起
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	起
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	起
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	起
	Hong Kong	起
	Senai (Huiyang)	起
Huizhou	Jixi	起
Jin	Taiyuan	蓋
	Xinzhou	蓋
Northern Min	Jian'ou	開
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	起
	Matsu	起
Southern Min	Xiamen	起
	Quanzhou	起
	Zhangzhou	起
	Tainan	起
	Singapore (Hokkien)	起
	Chaozhou	起
	Shantou	起
	Jieyang	起
	Bangkok (Teochew)	起
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	起
	Hat Yai (Teochew)	起
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	起
	Singapore (Teochew)	起
	Leizhou	作
	Haikou	作
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	起
Wu	Shanghai	造
	Shanghai (Chongming)	造, 起
	Suzhou	造
	Danyang	砌
	Hangzhou	造
	Ningbo	起
	Jinhua	起
Xiang	Changsha	起
	Loudi	起

Dialectal synonyms of 蓋 (“to build; to construct (a building)”) [map]

Compounds

• 不造
• 主情造意
• 乾坤再造／干坤再造
• 乾造／干造
• 人造 (rénzào)
• 仿造 (fǎngzào)
• 修造 (xiūzào)
• 假造 (jiǎzào)
• 偽造／伪造 (wěizào)
• 偽造文書／伪造文书
• 儲油構造／储油构造
• 內造／内造
• 兩造／两造
• 再造 (zàizào)
• 再造之恩 (zàizàozhī'ēn)
• 創意造言／创意造言
• 創造／创造 (chuàngzào)
• 創造力／创造力 (chuàngzàolì)
• 向壁虛造／向壁虚造 (xiàngbìxūzào)
• 合造
• 坤造
• 埋鍋造飯／埋锅造饭 (mái guō zàofàn)
• 填海造地 (tiánhǎizàodì)
• 塑造 (sùzào)
• 壓枉造舌／压枉造舌
• 大造
• 天地造化
• 天造
• 天造地設／天造地设 (tiānzàodìshè)
• 好造化
• 媒體造勢／媒体造势
• 對造／对造 (duìzào)
• 屣履造門／屣履造门
• 嵌版構造／嵌版构造
• 嵌造 (qiànzào)
• 巧同造化
• 建造 (jiànzào)
• 恩同再造
• 憑空捏造／凭空捏造
• 打火造飯／打火造饭
• 打造 (dǎzào)
• 承造
• 抄造
• 指瑕造隙
• 捏造 (niēzào)
• 搬是造非
• 改造 (gǎizào)
• 新造邦
• 木造 (mùzào)
• 末造 (mòzào)
• 板塊構造／板块构造
• 構造／构造 (gòuzào)
• 構造地震／构造地震
• 模造紙／模造纸
• 沒造化／没造化
• 沒造化的／没造化的
• 深造 (shēnzào)
• 添造
• 混造黑白
• 濫造／滥造
• 為情造文／为情造文
• 營造／营造 (yíngzào)
• 營造尺／营造尺
• 營造法式／营造法式
• 生情造意
• 監造／监造
• 矯揉造作／矫揉造作 (jiǎoróuzàozuò)
• 秀才造反
• 積衰新造／积衰新造
• 空中造雨
• 空造
• 立馬造橋／立马造桥
• 筆參造化／笔参造化
• 筆補造化／笔补造化
• 粗製濫造／粗制滥造 (cūzhìlànzào)
• 締造／缔造 (dìzào)
• 編造／编造 (biānzào)
• 織造／织造
• 肇造
• 臆造 (yìzào)
• 良造
• 蒙恬造筆／蒙恬造笔
• 蓋造／盖造
• 製造／制造 (zhìzào)
• 製造品／制造品
• 製造商／制造商 (zhìzàoshāng)
• 製造業／制造业 (zhìzàoyè)
• 訂造／订造
• 變造／变造
• 變造文書／变造文书
• 貴造／贵造
• 賤造／贱造
• 趕造／赶造
• 造亂／造乱
• 造人 (zàorén)
• 造作
• 造假 (zàojiǎ)
• 造像
• 造像記／造像记
• 造價／造价 (zàojià)
• 造勢／造势 (zàoshì)
• 造化
• 造化小兒／造化小儿
• 造化弄人
• 造反 (zàofǎn)
• 造反派 (Zàofǎn pài)
• 造句 (zàojù)
• 造命
• 造園／造园
• 造型 (zàoxíng)
• 造士
• 造天立極／造天立极
• 造孽 (zàoniè)
• 造山運動／造山运动
• 造幣廠／造币厂
• 造府
• 造形 (zàoxíng)
• 造形藝術／造形艺术
• 造微入妙
• 造愛／造爱
• 造成 (zàochéng)
• 造林 (zàolín)
• 造格
• 造橋／造桥 (Zàoqiáo)
• 造次 (zàocì)
• 造次顛沛／造次颠沛
• 造父
• 造物 (zàowù)
• 造物主 (Zàowùzhǔ)
• 造物者 (zàowùzhě)
• 造畜稠棧／造畜稠栈
• 造福 (zàofú)
• 造端
• 造紙／造纸 (zàozhǐ)
• 造罪
• 造船 (zàochuán)
• 造船工業／造船工业
• 造船廠／造船厂 (zàochuánchǎng)
• 造言惑眾／造言惑众
• 造言生事
• 造詞／造词
• 造謠／造谣 (zàoyáo)
• 造謠惑眾／造谣惑众 (zàoyáo huòzhòng)
• 造謗生事／造谤生事
• 造謠生事／造谣生事 (zàoyáoshēngshì)
• 造陸／造陆 (zàolù)
• 造陸運動／造陆运动
• 造馬／造马 (zàomǎ)
• 鄉壁虛造／乡壁虚造 (xiàngbìxūzào)
• 釀造／酿造 (niàngzào)
• 鍛造／锻造 (duànzào)
• 鑄造／铸造 (zhùzào)
• 閉門造車／闭门造车
• 陳造／陈造
• 龍門造像／龙门造像

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	造
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	七到切
Baxter	tshawH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰɑuH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰɑuH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰɑuH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰawH/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰɑuH/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰɑuH/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰɑuH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cou3

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	造
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zào
Middle Chinese	‹ tshawH ›
Old Chinese	/*(mə-)tsʰˁuʔ-s/
English	go to
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	造
Reading #	1/2
No.	3799
Phonetic component	告
Rime group	奧
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	操
Old Chinese	/*skʰuːɡs/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zào, cào (zao⁴, cao⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ, ㄘㄠˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cou³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): dau⁵

• Eastern Min (BUC): chó̤
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhò

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zào
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zào
    • Wade–Giles: tsao⁴
    • Yale: dzàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
    • Palladius: цзао (czao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, literary variant in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: cào
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cào
    • Wade–Giles: tsʻao⁴
    • Yale: tsàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsaw
    • Palladius: цао (cao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɑʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: cou³
    • Yale: chou
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsou³
    • Guangdong Romanization: cou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰou̯³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: dau⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tau³²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: chó̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhò
    • Tâi-lô: tshò
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhoix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰo²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰo⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰo²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰo¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰɤ²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: tshawH

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*(mə-)tsʰˤuʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*skʰuːɡs/

Definitions

造

1. (literary) to go to; to visit; to reach

   造訪／造访  ―  zàofǎng  ―  to pay a visit; to call on

   登峰造極／登峰造极  ―  dēngfēngzàojí  ―  to reach great heights; to reach the peak of perfection

2. (literary) attainments; achievements

   造詣／造诣  ―  zàoyì  ―  attainments; achievements

3. (literary) to train

   深造  ―  shēnzào  ―  to pursue advanced studies

   可造之材  ―  kězàozhīcái  ―  a promising talent deserving training

4. (literary) to give a life

   再造之恩  ―  zàizàozhī'ēn  ―  great benevolence of saving one's life

5. (literary) era

Compounds

• 不堪造就
• 可造之材 (kězàozhīcái)
• 深造 (shēnzào)
• 登峰造極／登峰造极 (dēngfēngzàojí)
• 登門造訪／登门造访
• 造就 (zàojiù)
• 造極／造极
• 造極登峰／造极登峰
• 造訪／造访 (zàofǎng)
• 造詣／造诣 (zàoyì)
• 造謁／造谒
• 遭家不造

 

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zào (zao⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): cou⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zào
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zào
    • Wade–Giles: tsao⁴
    • Yale: dzàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
    • Palladius: цзао (czao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: cou⁵
    • Yale: chóuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsou⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: cou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰou̯¹³/

Definitions

造

1. Used in 新造 (xīnzào, “Xinzao, a town in Guangzhou”).

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zào (zao⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄠˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zào
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zào
    • Wade–Giles: tsao⁴
    • Yale: dzàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaw
    • Palladius: цзао (czao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Definitions

造

1. (Mandarin, slang) Contraction of 知道 (zhīdào).

   你造嗎？／你造吗？  ―  Nǐ zào ma?  ―  Didja know?

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of 造 – see 𢲵 (“(Sichuan) to stir; to flip over; to rummage”). (This character is a variant form of 𢲵).

References

• “造”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04146

Japanese

Shinjitai	造
Kyūjitai [1][2][3]	造󠄁 造+󠄁? (Adobe-Japan1)
	造󠄃 造+󠄃? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
	造󠄄 造+󠄄? (Hanyo-Denshi)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 造

造

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. create, make, physique, structure

Readings

From Middle Chinese 造 (MC dzawX); compare Mandarin 造 (zào):

• Go-on: ぞう (zō, Jōyō)^{←ざう (zau, historical)}
• Kan-on: そう (sō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}

From Middle Chinese 造 (MC tshawH); compare Mandarin 造 (zào, cào):

• Go-on: そう (sō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
• Kan’yō-on: ぞう (zō, Jōyō)^{←ざう (zau, historical)}

From native Japanese roots:

• Kun: いたる (itaru, 造る)、つく (tsuku)、つくる (tsukuru, 造る, Jōyō)、つくり (tsukuri, 造り)、なす (nasu, 造す)、なる (naru, 造る)、みやつこ (miyatsuko, 造)
• Nanori: いたる (itaru)、なり (nari)、なる (naru)、はじめ (hajime)、みやつこ (miyatsuko)

Compounds

Compounds

• 造(ぞう)悪(あく) (zōaku)
• 造(ぞう)意(い) (zōi)
• 造(ぞう)為(い) (zōi)
• 造(ぞう)営(えい) (zōei)
• 造(ぞう)園(えん) (zōen)
• 造(ぞう)化(か) (zōka)
• 造(ぞう)花(か) (zōka)
• 造(ぞう)艦(かん) (zōkan)
• 造(ぞう)機(き) (zōki)
• 造(ぞう)鈞(きん) (zōkin)
• 造(ぞう)宮(ぐう) (zōgū)
• 造(ぞう)形(けい), 造(ぞう)型(けい) (zōkei)
• 造(ぞう)詣(けい) (zōkei)
• 造(ぞう)血(けつ) (zōketsu)
• 造(ぞう)孼(げつ) (zōgetsu)
• 造(ぞう)言(げん) (zōgen)
• 造(ぞう)語(ご) (zōgo)
• 造(ぞう)構(こう) (zōkō)
• 造(ぞう)石(こく) (zōkoku)
• 造(ぞう)国(こく) (zōkoku)
• 造(ぞう)作(さ) (zōsa)
• 造(ぞう)材(ざい) (zōzai)
• 造(ぞう)作(さく) (zōsaku)
• 造(ぞう)士(し) (zōshi)
• 造(ぞう)次(じ) (zōji)
• 造(ぞう)寺(じ) (zōji)
• 造(ぞう)酒(しゅ) (zōshu)
• 造(ぞう)就(しゅう) (zōshū)
• 造(ぞう)出(しゅつ) (zōshutsu)
• 造(ぞう)醸(じょう) (zōjō)
• 造(ぞう)進(しん) (zōshin)
• 造(ぞう)成(せい) (zōsei)
• 造(ぞう)請(せい) (zōsei)
• 造(ぞう)設(せつ) (zōsetsu)
• 造(ぞう)説(せつ) (zōsetsu)
• 造(ぞう)船(せん) (zōsen)
• 造(ぞう)像(ぞう) (zōzō)
• 造(ぞう)猝(そつ) (zōsotsu)
• 造(ぞう)替(たい) (zōtai)
• 造(ぞう)端(たん) (zōtan)
• 造(ぞう)築(ちく) (zōchiku)
• 造(ぞう)注(ちゅう) (zōchū)
• 造(ぞう)第(てい) (zōtei)
• 造(ぞう)反(はん) (zōhan)
• 造(ぞう)畢(ひつ) (zōhitsu)
• 造(ぞう)仏(ぶつ) (zōbutsu)
• 造(ぞう)物(ぶつ) (zōbutsu)
• 造(ぞう)兵(へい) (zōhei)
• 造(ぞう)幣(へい) (zōhei)
• 造(ぞう)訪(ほう) (zōhō)
• 造(ぞう)本(ほん) (zōhon)
• 造(ぞう)昧(まい) (zōmai)
• 造(ぞう)命(めい) (zōmei)
• 造(ぞう)面(めん) (zōmen) (蔵(ぞう)面(めん))
• 造(ぞう)謡(よう) (zōyō)
• 造(ぞう)立(りゅう) (zōryū)
• 造(ぞう)粒(りゅう) (zōryū)
• 造(ぞう)林(りん) (zōrin)
• 造(ぞう)暦(れき) (zōreki)
• 営(えい)造(ぞう) (eizō)
• 改(かい)造(ぞう) (kaizō)
• 偽(ぎ)造(ぞう) (gizō)
• 構(こう)造(ぞう) (kōzō)
• 興(こう)造(ぞう) (kōzō)
• 国造(くにのみやつこ) (kuni no miyatsuko)
• 再(さい)造(ぞう) (saizō)
• 修(しゅう)造(ぞう) (shūzō)
• 新(しん)造(ぞ) (shinzo)
• 新(しん)造(ぞう) (shinzō)
• 深(しん)造(ぞう) (shinzō)
• 製(せい)造(ぞう) (seizō)
• 創(そう)造(ぞう) (sōzō)
• 大(たい)造(ぞう) (taizō)
• 築(ちく)造(ぞう) (chikuzō)
• 鋳(ちゅう)造(ぞう) (chūzō)
• 肇(ちゅう)造(ぞう) (chūzō)
• 捏(でつ)造(ぞう) (detsuzō)
• 捏(ねつ)造(ぞう) (netsuzō)
• 末(ばつ)造(ぞう) (batsuzō)
• 仿(ほう)造(ぞう) (hōzō)
• 末(まつ)造(ぞう) (matsuzō)
• 木(もく)造(ぞう) (mokuzō)
• 模(も)造(ぞう), 摸(も)造(ぞう) (mozō)
• 乱(らん)造(ぞう) (ranzō)
• 両(りょう)造(ぞう) (ryōzō)

References

1. “造”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
2. Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2107 (paper), page 1105 (digital)
3. Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1214 (paper), page 620 (digital)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 造 (MC dzawX).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 쪼ᇢ〯 (Yale: ccwǒw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
• Recorded as Middle Korean 조〯 (cwǒ)^訓 (Yale: cwǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
• Recorded as Middle Korean  조 ( cwo)^訓 (Yale: cwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
• Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

造

Wikisource 造 (eumhun 지을 조 (jieul jo))

1. hanja form^? of 조 (“to create; to make”)
2. hanja form^? of 조 (“physique; structure”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 가조 (假造, gajo)
• 개조 (改造, gaejo)
• 건조 (建造, geonjo)
• 구조 (構造, gujo)
• 급조 (急造, geupjo)
• 날조 (捏造, naljo)
• 모조 (模造, mojo)
• 목조 (木造, mokjo)
• 변조 (變造, byeonjo)
• 석조 (石造, seokjo)
• 위조 (僞造, wijo)
• 인조 (人造, injo)
• 재조 (再造, jaejo)
• 제조 (製造, jejo)
• 조성 (造成, joseong)
• 조작 (造作, jojak)
• 조청 (造淸, jocheong)
• 축조 (築造, chukjo)
• 조선 (造船, joseon)
• 주조 (鑄造, jujo)
• 조화 (造化, johwa)
• 조물 (造物, jomul)
• 조어 (造語, jo'eo)
• 조차 (造次, jocha)
• 조폐 (造幣, jopye)
• 천조 (天造, cheonjo)
• 창조 (創造, changjo)
• 편조 (編造, pyeonjo)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 造 (MC tshawH).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 초ᇢ〮 (Yale: chwów) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
• Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

造 (eumhun 이룰 조 (irul jo))

1. (literary) hanja form^? of 조 (“to achieve”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 조예 (造詣, joye)
• 심조 (深造, simjo)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

造: Hán Nôm readings: tạo, xáo, xạo, tháo

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.