泥 - Wikiwand

More information trad., simp. # ...

trad.		泥
simp. ^#		泥
alternative forms		坭埿𡊴𡌰𢇀坭埿𡊴𡌰𢇀𥩥

Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 泥, Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) ...

Historical forms of the character 泥
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

More information Old Chinese ...

	Old Chinese
泥	niːl, niːls
屔	*niːl
苨	*niːlʔ
坭	*niːlʔ
迡	*niːls
埿	braːms, niːl, *niːls
旎	*nilʔ
狔	*nilʔ
抳	*nilʔ
尼	*nil
呢	*nil
怩	*nil
柅	nil, nilʔ
蚭	*nil
跜	*nil
秜	*nil
痆	*rniːd
昵	*niɡ

Characters in the same phonetic series (尼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *niːl, *niːls): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil).

Etymology 1

Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Sino-Tibetan origin and compares it to Lai [script needed] (nôoy-I, nǒoy-II, “be muddy”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Kuki-Chin *nooy ~ *naay (“muddy; dirty”). According to Schuessler (2007), 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”) is also cognate with 濘 (OC *neːŋs) but not with 涅 (OC *niːɡ), and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːls, “impeded”).

On the other hand, STEDT compares 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njak (“filth(y); excrement”), to which 敜 (OC *nɯːb) and 涅 (OC *niːɡ) are also compared.

Pronunciation

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	edit 泥
Mandarin	Beijing	/ni³⁵/
	Harbin	/ni²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ni⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ȵi⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ni⁴²/ /mi⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ni⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ni²⁴/
	Xining	/mji²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/mi⁵³/ /ni⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ȵi⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ȵi⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ni²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ȵi³¹/
	Guiyang	/ni²¹/
	Kunming	/ni³¹/
	Nanjing	/li²⁴/
	Hefei	/mz̩⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ni¹¹/ ～皮 /ni⁴⁵/ ～匠
	Pingyao	/ȵi¹³/ ～牆牆 /ȵi³⁵/ ～匠
	Hohhot	/ni³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵi²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵi¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵi²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵi³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ni⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵie⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵi¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵi¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵi⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/nai¹¹/ /ni¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/nɑi¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/nɐi²¹/
	Nanning	/nɐi²¹/
	Hong Kong	/nɐi²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ne³⁵/ /ni³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/nɛ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ni²¹/ /nai³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/nĩ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ni³¹/

More information Rime, Character ...

Rime
Character	泥
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	奴低切
Baxter	nej
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nei/
Pan Wuyun	/nei/
Shao Rongfen	/nɛi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɛj/
Li Rong	/nei/
Wang Li	/niei/
Bernhard Karlgren	/niei/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ní
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nai⁴

More information Character, Reading # ...

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	泥
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	ní
Middle Chinese	‹ nej ›
Old Chinese	/*C.nˁ[əj]/
English	mud
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	泥
Reading #	1/2
No.	9417
Phonetic component	尼
Rime group	脂
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	泥
Old Chinese	/*niːl/

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): ní (ni²)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nyi²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): nai⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): nai³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): nài / nì

(Hailu, HRS): nai / ni

(Meixian, Guangdong): nai² / ni²
Eastern Min (BUC): nà̤
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): nî / lî / lê / nê

(Teochew, Peng'im): ni⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gni
Xiang (Hengyang, Wiktionary): ni²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ní
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ní
  - Wade–Giles: ni²
  - Yale: ní
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ni
  - Palladius: ни (ni)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nyi²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ni
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nʲi²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: nai⁴
  - Yale: nàih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: nai⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: nei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɐi̯²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: nai³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ⁿdai²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nài / nì
  - Hakka Romanization System: nai^ˇ / ni^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nai² / ni²
  - Sinological IPA: /nai̯¹¹/, /ni¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: nai / ni
  - Sinological IPA: /nai⁵⁵/, /ni⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: nai² / ni²
  - Sinological IPA: /naɪ¹¹/, /ni¹¹/

Note:

nài/nai/nai2 - colloquial;
nì/ni/ni2 - literary.

Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: nà̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡɛ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nî
  - Tâi-lô: nî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nii
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /nĩ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /nĩ²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /nĩ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lî
  - Tâi-lô: lî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lii
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /li²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lê
  - Tâi-lô: lê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lee
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /le²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nê
  - Tâi-lô: nê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nee
  - IPA (Xiamen): /nẽ²⁴/

Note:

nî/lî - vernacular;
lê/nê - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ni⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nî
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/
Xiang
- (Hengyang)
  - Wiktionary: ni²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲi¹¹/

Dialectal data

Middle Chinese: nej

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.nˤ[əj]/

(Zhengzhang): /*niːl/

Definitions

泥

mud (Classifier: 嚿 c; 坺 c)
滿腳是泥／满脚是泥 ― mǎn jiǎo shì ní ― mud all over one's feet

軟泥／软泥 ― ruǎnní ― soft mud

泥娃娃 ― níwáwá ― clay doll
(dialectal) soil; earth
一嚿泥 [Cantonese] ― jat¹ gau⁶ nai⁴ [Jyutping] ― a clod of earth
any mush-like substance
薯泥 ― shǔní ― mashed potato

泥膠／泥胶 ― níjiāo ― Blu-Tack

鷹嘴豆泥／鹰嘴豆泥 ― yīngzuǐdòuní ― hummus
(obsolete) paint (used on walls)
An ancient river in modern Hunan
An ancient river in modern Gansu
(obsolete) weak
(Chinese mythology) a kind of animal that lived in sea
a surname
(～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 泥 (MC nej)

Synonyms

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		塗, 泥
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		泥
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	泥, 泥巴, 泥巴兒
	Taiwan	泥巴
	Chifeng	泥, 泥巴
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	泥
	Harbin	泥, 泥巴
	Shenyang	泥
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	泥
	Tangshan	泥
	Baoding	泥, 泥巴
	Shijiazhuang	泥
	Jinan	泥巴, 泥
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	泥
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Qingdao	泥
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	泥巴
	Wanrong	泥
	Zhengzhou	泥
	Xi'an	泥
	Xining	泥
	Xuzhou	泥
Lanyin Mandarin	Lanzhou	泥, 泥巴
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	泥巴
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	泥巴
	Chongqing	泥巴
	Wuhan	泥巴
	Guiyang	泥巴
	Kunming	泥, 泥巴
	Guilin	泥巴
	Liuzhou	泥, 泥巴
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	泥, 泥巴
	Yangzhou	泥, 泥巴, 爛泥
	Nantong	泥, 爛泥
	Hefei	泥巴
Cantonese	Guangzhou	泥
	Hong Kong	泥
	Dongguan	泥
	Yangjiang	泥
Gan	Nanchang	泥巴
	Lichuan	泥
	Jianning	泥
	Taining	泥
Hakka	Meixian	泥
	Pinghe (Jiufeng)	泥
	Changting	泥
	Shanghang	泥
	Longyan (Yongding)	泥
	Wuping	泥
	Liancheng	泥
	Ninghua	泥
	Qingliu	泥
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	泥
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	泥
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	泥
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	泥沙
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	泥
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	泥
Huizhou	Jixi	泥, 糊泥
Jin	Taiyuan	泥
	Xinzhou	泥
	Linhe	泥
	Jining	泥
	Hohhot	泥
	Zhangjiakou	泥
	Handan	泥
Northern Min	Jian'ou	泥
	Songxi	泥
	Zhenghe	泥
	Jianyang	泥
	Wuyishan	泥
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	塗
	Fuzhou (Changle)	塗
	Lianjiang	塗
	Fuqing	塗
	Pingtan	塗
	Yongtai	塗
	Minqing	塗
	Gutian	塗
	Pingnan	塗
	Luoyuan	塗
	Fu'an	塗
	Ningde	塗
	Xiapu	塗
	Zherong	塗
	Shouning	塗
	Zhouning	塗
	Fuding	塗
Southern Min	Xiamen	塗
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	塗
	Quanzhou	塗
	Jinjiang	塗
	Nan'an	塗
	Shishi	塗
	Hui'an	塗
	Anxi	塗
	Yongchun	塗
	Dehua	塗
	Zhangzhou	塗
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	塗
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	塗
	Hua'an	塗
	Nanjing	塗
	Pinghe	塗
	Zhangpu	塗
	Yunxiao	塗
	Zhao'an	塗
	Dongshan	塗
	Taipei	塗 GT
	Kinmen	塗
	Longyan	塗
	Zhangping	塗
	Datian	塗
	Chaozhou	塗
	Shantou	塗
	Shantou (Chenghai)	塗
	Jieyang	塗
	Haifeng	塗
	Leizhou	塗
	Haikou	塗
Puxian Min	Putian	塗
Puxian Min	Xianyou	塗
Central Min	Yong'an	泥
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	泥
	Sanming (Shaxian)	泥
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	泥
	Guangze	泥
	Jiangle	泥
	Mingxi	泥
	Shunchang	泥
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	泥
Wu	Shanghai	爛泥, 爛糊泥
	Suzhou	爛泥, 爛污泥
	Danyang	泥, 爛泥
	Hangzhou	泥巴, 爛污泥, 爛泥
	Ningbo	爛污泥, 淖泥, 爛泥
	Wenzhou	爛污泥, 爛污泥兒, 爛泥, 泥
	Jinhua	泥, 糊泥
	Pucheng	泥
Xiang	Changsha	泥巴
	Loudi	泥巴
	Shuangfeng	泥巴
	Hengyang	泥巴
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Dialectal synonyms of 泥 (“mud”) [map]

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		土
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		土
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	土
Northeastern Mandarin	Harbin	土
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	土, 土拉
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	泥巴
	Wuhan	泥巴
	Guiyang	泥巴
	Guilin	土
	Liuzhou	泥, 泥巴
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	泥, 爛泥
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	土
Cantonese	Guangzhou	泥
	Hong Kong	泥
	Dongguan	泥
	Yangjiang	泥
	Beihai	泥
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	土
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	土
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	土, 泥
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	泥
	Móng Cái	土, 泥
Gan	Nanchang	泥巴, 土
Hakka	Meixian	泥
	Xingning	泥
	Huidong (Daling)	泥
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	泥
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	泥
	Changting	泥
	Wuping	泥
	Wuping (Pingyu)	泥
	Liancheng	泥
	Ruijin	泥, 那泥
	Shicheng	泥
	Shangyou (Shexi)	泥
Huizhou	Jixi	糊泥
Jin	Taiyuan	土
Jin	Xinzhou	土
Northern Min	Jian'ou	泥
	Songxi	泥
	Zhenghe	泥
	Jianyang	泥
	Wuyishan	泥
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	塗
	Fuzhou (Changle)	塗
	Lianjiang	塗
	Fuqing	塗
	Pingtan	塗
	Yongtai	塗
	Minqing	塗
	Gutian	塗
	Pingnan	塗
	Luoyuan	塗
	Fu'an	塗
	Ningde	塗
	Xiapu	塗
	Zherong	塗
	Shouning	塗
	Zhouning	塗
	Fuding	塗
Southern Min	Xiamen	塗
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	塗
	Quanzhou	塗
	Jinjiang	塗
	Nan'an	塗
	Shishi	塗
	Hui'an	塗
	Anxi	塗
	Yongchun	塗
	Dehua	塗
	Zhangzhou	塗
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	塗
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	塗
	Hua'an	塗
	Nanjing	塗
	Pinghe	塗
	Zhangpu	塗
	Yunxiao	塗
	Zhao'an	塗
	Dongshan	塗
	Kinmen	塗
	Manila (Hokkien)	塗
	Longyan	塗
	Zhangping	塗
	Datian	塗
	Chaozhou	塗
	Shantou	塗
	Shantou (Chenghai)	塗
	Jieyang	塗
	Leizhou	塗
	Wenchang	塗
	Haikou	塗
Puxian Min	Putian	塗
Puxian Min	Xianyou	塗
Central Min	Yong'an	泥
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	泥
	Sanming (Shaxian)	泥
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	泥
Wu	Shanghai	爛泥, 爛糊泥
	Shanghai (Chongming)	爛泥
	Suzhou	爛泥, 硬爛泥
	Danyang	爛泥
	Hangzhou	爛污泥
	Ningbo	淖泥, 爛泥
	Wenzhou	爛污泥, 爛污泥兒, 爛泥, 泥
	Jinhua	糊泥, 泥
Xiang	Changsha	泥巴
	Xiangxiang	土
	Shuangfeng	土

Dialectal synonyms of 土 (“earth; soil (dry)”) [map]

Compounds

一丸泥
丸泥
判若雲泥 / 判若云泥
削鐵如泥 / 削铁如泥
印泥 (yìnní)
叉灰泥
和稀泥 (huò xīní)
困處泥塗 / 困处泥涂
土泥
垢泥
壁上泥皮
如泥
封泥
帶水拖泥 / 带水拖泥
拖泥帶水 / 拖泥带水 (tuōnídàishuǐ)
抹稀泥
排泥閥 / 排泥阀
敷彩泥塑
曳尾泥塗 / 曳尾泥涂
木雕泥塑
末泥
棗泥 / 枣泥
水泥 (shuǐní)
水泥叢林 / 水泥丛林 (shuǐní cónglín)
水泥漆
水泥熟料
水泥船
汙泥 / 污泥 (wūní)
泥中
泥中刺
泥中隱刺 / 泥中隐刺
泥丸 (níwán)
泥人 (nírén)
泥人張 / 泥人张
泥土 (nítǔ)
泥地
泥坑 (níkēng)
泥坯
泥垢 (nígòu)
泥垣宮 / 泥垣宫
泥堆
泥塑
泥塗 / 泥涂
泥塘 (nítáng)
泥塑木雕
泥塞竹管
泥多佛大
泥娃娃 (níwáwa)
泥孩兒 / 泥孩儿
泥封
泥封函谷
泥崩
泥工 (nígōng)
泥巴
泥掌
泥板岩 (níbǎnyán)
泥水 (níshuǐ)
泥水匠 (níshuǐjiàng)
泥水工 (níshuǐgōng)
泥水自蔽
泥汙 / 泥污
泥沙 (níshā)
泥沙俱下
油泥 (yóuní)
泥沼 (nízhǎo)
沼泥
泡沫水泥
泥流 (níliú)
泥活字
泥淖 (nínào)
泥滓
泥漿 / 泥浆 (níjiāng)
泥潦
泥濘 / 泥泞 (nínìng)
泥火山 (níhuǒshān)
泥灰
泥灶
泥炭 (nítàn)
泥煤 (níméi)
泥牆 / 泥墙
泥版
泥牛
泥牛入海 (níniú-rùhǎi)
泥犁
泥瓦匠 (níwǎjiàng)
泥療 / 泥疗
泥盆紀 / 泥盆纪 (Nípén Jì)
泥石流 (níshíliú)
泥磚 / 泥砖
泥窗
泥肥 (níféi)
泥胎
泥胎兒 / 泥胎儿
泥腳 / 泥脚
泥腿
泥腿光棍
泥船渡河
泥蟠
泥豬 / 泥猪
泥豬瓦狗 / 泥猪瓦狗
泥足巨人
泥醉
泥金
泥金帖子
泥金箋 / 泥金笺
泥鞋窄襪 / 泥鞋窄袜
泥頭 / 泥头
泥頭酒 / 泥头酒
泥飯碗 / 泥饭碗
泥首
泥馬 / 泥马
泥鰍 / 泥鳅 (níqiū)
泥鰻 / 泥鳗
泥點兒 / 泥点儿
泥龍 / 泥龙
洗泥
淈泥
淤泥 (yūní)
澄泥硯 / 澄泥砚
火泥
爐石水泥 / 炉石水泥
爛泥 / 烂泥 (lànní)
爛醉如泥 / 烂醉如泥
牆上泥皮 / 墙上泥皮
砍鐵如泥 / 砍铁如泥
稀泥 (xīní)
紫泥
紫泥封
綠泥石 / 绿泥石
罡神泥鬼
膠泥 / 胶泥
臭泥
芋泥 (yùní)
蒜泥 (suànní)
醉如泥
金泥
鋼骨水泥 / 钢骨水泥
障泥
雪泥鴻爪 / 雪泥鸿爪
雲泥 / 云泥 (yúnní)
雲泥之別 / 云泥之别 (yúnnízhībié)
雲泥異路 / 云泥异路
霑泥絮 / 沾泥絮
青泥
黃泥塘 / 黄泥塘 (Huángnítáng)

Etymology 2

Schuessler (2007) suggests it is the exopassive derivation of 敜 (OC *nɯːb, “to stop up”) or 涅 (OC *niːɡ, “to stop up”) and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”).