AI tools

敦

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

敦 U+6566, 敦
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6566
← 敥
[U+6565] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 敧 →
[U+6567]

Translingual

Han character

敦 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜木人大 (YDOK), four-corner 08440, composition ⿰享攵)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 473, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13276
  • Dae Jaweon: page 826, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1468, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+6566

Chinese

More information simp. and trad., alternative forms ...
simp. and trad.
 敦
alternative forms
㪟
𦎫
𦎧
𣀦
𢼪
㪟
𦎫
𦎧
𣀦
𢼪
𠧈
𠧉
 
Close

Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 敦, Western Zhou ...
Historical forms of the character 敦
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Close
More information Old Chinese ...
Old Chinese
弴 *tjuː, *tuːn
敦 *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns
錞 *duːlʔ, *duːls, *djun
憝 *duːls
憞 *duːls
譈 *duːls
鐓 *duːls
鷻 *doːn
鶉 *doːn, *djun
惇 *tuːn, *tjun
墩 *tuːn
驐 *tuːn
燉 *tuːns, *tʰuːn, *duːn
焞 *tʰuːn, *djun
啍 *tʰuːn, *duːn
暾 *tʰuːn
噋 *tʰuːn, *kʰʷaːɡ
諄 *tjun, *tjuns
埻 *tjunʔ, *kʷaːɡ, *kʷreːɡ
稕 *tjuns
醇 *djun
淳 *djun
犉 *njun
Close
Characters in the same phonetic series (敦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). According to Ma Rusen (馬如森), the character represents a cooked goat used as a sacrifice. According to Ma Xulun (馬敍倫) and Yang Shuda (楊樹達), the character's original meanings was "to cook" and is the original form of 燉.

Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns): phonetic 𦎫 + semantic 攴 (“hand”). The character 燉 was graphically shaped after the modern version.

Etymology 1

“thick; earnest; plentiful; large”
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t/d)ow-n (“thick”).
“Tun”
From Malay Tun.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

More information Rime, Character ...
Rime
Character 敦
Reading # 2/4
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 魂 (55)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都昆切
Baxter twon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /tuən/
Pan
Wuyun		 /tuon/
Shao
Rongfen		 /tuən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /twən/
Li
Rong		 /tuən/
Wang
Li		 /tuən/
Bernhard
Karlgren		 /tuən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 dūn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 deon1
Close
More information Character, Reading # ...
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敦 敦
Reading # 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 dūn dūn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ twon › ‹ twon ›
Old
Chinese		 /*tˁur/ /*tˁur/
English solid, thick 敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Close
More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敦
Reading # 3/4
No. 2597
Phonetic
component		 敦
Rime
group		 文
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 敦
Old
Chinese		 /*tuːn/
Close

Definitions

敦

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) angry
  2. to urge
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to advise and encourage
  4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) diligent
  5. earnest; honest; generous
  6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) intimate
  7. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) thick
  8. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) plentiful; rich
  9. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) large
  10. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to attach importance to; to esteem; to revere
  11. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to put something down with great force
  12. A river in Shanxi
  13. (Malaysia) Tun (Malay honorific title)
  14. a surname

Compounds

  • 京斯敦 (Jīngsīdūn)
  • 倫敦 / 伦敦 (Lúndūn)
  • 倫敦宣言 / 伦敦宣言
  • 倫敦影展 / 伦敦影展
  • 倫敦鐵塔 / 伦敦铁塔
  • 克敦孝行
  • 厚厚敦敦
  • 可敦
  • 可賀敦 / 可贺敦
  • 培敦
  • 堥敦 (máodūn)
  • 摩敦
  • 敦世厲俗 / 敦世厉俗
  • 敦仁
  • 敦促 (dūncù)
  • 敦倫 / 敦伦 (dūnlún)
  • 敦化 (Dūnhuà)
  • 敦厚 (dūnhòu)
  • 敦品勵學 / 敦品励学 (dūnpǐnlìxué)
  • 敦囑 / 敦嘱
  • 敦坐
  • 敦實 / 敦实 (dūnshi)
  • 敦序
  • 敦打
  • 敦搠
  • 敦敦實實 / 敦敦实实
  • 敦樸 / 敦朴
  • 敦煌 (Dūnhuáng)
  • 敦煌壁畫 / 敦煌壁画
  • 敦煌曲子
  • 敦煌石室
  • 敦煌石窟
  • 敦睦 (dūnmù)
  • 敦聘 (dūnpìn)
  • 敦親睦鄰 / 敦亲睦邻
  • 敦請 / 敦请 (dūnqǐng)
  • 敦蹄刷腳 / 敦蹄刷脚
  • 敦風厲俗 / 敦风厉俗
  • 溫柔敦厚 / 温柔敦厚
  • 王敦擊壺 / 王敦击壶
  • 貝希斯敦 / 贝希斯敦 (Bèixīsīdūn)
  • 鄧虜淪敦 / 邓虏沦敦
  • 開普敦 / 开普敦 (Kāipǔdūn)
  • 陪敦

Etymology 2

Thumb

Pronunciation

Definitions

敦

  1. (historical) ancient vessel used to hold grains

Compounds

  • 敦槃

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

More information Rime, Character ...
Rime
Character 敦
Reading # 1/4
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 灰 (42)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都回切
Baxter twoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /tuʌi/
Pan
Wuyun		 /tuoi/
Shao
Rongfen		 /tuɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /twəj/
Li
Rong		 /tuᴀi/
Wang
Li		 /tuɒi/
Bernhard
Karlgren		 /tuɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 duī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 deoi1
Close
More information Character, Reading # ...
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敦
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 duī
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ twoj ›
Old
Chinese		 /*tˁur/ (dialect: *-r > *-j)
English manage, direct

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Close
More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敦
Reading # 1/4
No. 2587
Phonetic
component		 敦
Rime
group		 微
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 磓
Old
Chinese		 /*tuːl/
Close

Definitions

敦

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to administer; to manage
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) solitary
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to throw
  4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to force upon

Etymology 4

See 團 (OC *doːn).

Pronunciation

More information Rime, Character ...
Rime
Character 敦
Reading # 3/4
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 度官切
Baxter dwan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /duɑn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /dʷɑn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /duɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /dwan/
Li
Rong		 /duɑn/
Wang
Li		 /duɑn/
Bernhard
Karlgren		 /dʱuɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 tuán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 tyun4
Close
More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敦
Reading # 2/4
No. 2594
Phonetic
component		 敦
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 團
Old
Chinese		 /*doːn/
Close

Definitions

敦

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) clustered
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 團 / 团 (tuán, “round”)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

More information Rime, Character ...
Rime
Character 敦
Reading # 4/4
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 魂 (55)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都困切
Baxter twonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /tuənH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /tuonH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /tuənH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /twənH/
Li
Rong		 /tuənH/
Wang
Li		 /tuənH/
Bernhard
Karlgren		 /tuənH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 dùn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 deon3
Close

Definitions

敦

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to erect
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 墩 (dūn, “mound”)

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

Definitions

敦

  1. Only used in 混敦 and 敦然.

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

Definitions

敦

  1. Only used in 敦恨.

Etymology 8

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 雕 (“to engrave; to inlay; to carve; carving; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 雕).

Etymology 9

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 燾.
(This character is a variant form of 燾).

Etymology 10

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 淳 (“thick; honest; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 淳).

Etymology 11

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 屯 (“village; hamlet; military camp; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 屯).

Etymology 12

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 墩 (“mound; block of stone or wood; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 墩).
Notes:

Etymology 13

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 礅 (“large stone”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 礅).
Notes:

Etymology 14

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 蹾 (“to put down suddenly”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 蹾).
Notes:

Etymology 15

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 撴 (“to hold tight; to seize; to jolt; to thump”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 撴).
Notes:

References

  • “敦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “敦”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 57.

Japanese

Korean

Vietnamese

Wikiwand - on

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.