敦
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Han character
敦 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜木人大 (YDOK), four-corner 08440, composition ⿰享攵)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 473, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13276
- Dae Jaweon: page 826, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1468, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6566
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 敦 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
 |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 弴 | *tjuː, *tuːn |
| 敦 | *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns |
| 錞 | *duːlʔ, *duːls, *djun |
| 憝 | *duːls |
| 憞 | *duːls |
| 譈 | *duːls |
| 鐓 | *duːls |
| 鷻 | *doːn |
| 鶉 | *doːn, *djun |
| 惇 | *tuːn, *tjun |
| 墩 | *tuːn |
| 驐 | *tuːn |
| 燉 | *tuːns, *tʰuːn, *duːn |
| 焞 | *tʰuːn, *djun |
| 啍 | *tʰuːn, *duːn |
| 暾 | *tʰuːn |
| 噋 | *tʰuːn, *kʰʷaːɡ |
| 諄 | *tjun, *tjuns |
| 埻 | *tjunʔ, *kʷaːɡ, *kʷreːɡ |
| 稕 | *tjuns |
| 醇 | *djun |
| 淳 | *djun |
| 犉 | *njun |
Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). According to Ma Rulin (馬如森), the character represents a cooked goat used as a sacrifice. According to Ma Xulun (馬敍倫) and Yang Shuda (楊樹達), the character's original meanings was "to cook" and is the original form of 燉.
Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns) : phonetic 𦎫 () + semantic 攴 (“hand”). The character 燉 was graphically shaped after the modern version.
Etymology 1
- “thick; earnest; plentiful; large”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t/d)ow-n (“thick”).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): deon1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tûn
- Eastern Min (BUC): dŭng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dong1 / duong1
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1ten
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣ
- Tongyong Pinyin: dun
- Wade–Giles: tun1
- Yale: dwūn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duen
- Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu̯ən⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: deon1
- Yale: dēun
- Cantonese Pinyin: doen1
- Guangdong Romanization: dên1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɵn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûn
- Hakka Romanization System: dunˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: dun1
- Sinological IPA: /tun²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: dŭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: dong1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɔŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: duong1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tuoŋ⁵³³/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: twon
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur/
- (Zhengzhang): /*tuːn/
Definitions
敦
Compounds
- 京斯敦 (Jīngsīdūn)
- 倫敦／伦敦 (Lúndūn)
- 倫敦宣言／伦敦宣言
- 倫敦影展／伦敦影展
- 倫敦鐵塔／伦敦铁塔
- 克敦孝行
- 厚厚敦敦
- 可敦
- 可賀敦／可贺敦
- 培敦
- 堥敦 (máodūn)
- 摩敦
- 敦世厲俗／敦世厉俗
- 敦仁
- 敦促 (dūncù)
- 敦倫／敦伦 (dūnlún)
- 敦化 (Dūnhuà)
- 敦厚 (dūnhòu)
- 敦品勵學／敦品励学 (dūnpǐnlìxué)
- 敦囑／敦嘱
- 敦坐
- 敦實／敦实 (dūnshi)
- 敦序
- 敦打
- 敦搠
- 敦敦實實／敦敦实实
- 敦樸／敦朴
- 敦煌 (Dūnhuáng)
- 敦煌壁畫／敦煌壁画
- 敦煌曲子
- 敦煌石室
- 敦煌石窟
- 敦睦 (dūnmù)
- 敦聘 (dūnpìn)
- 敦親睦鄰／敦亲睦邻
- 敦請／敦请 (dūnqǐng)
- 敦蹄刷腳／敦蹄刷脚
- 敦風厲俗／敦风厉俗
- 溫柔敦厚／温柔敦厚
- 王敦擊壺／王敦击壶
- 貝希斯敦／贝希斯敦 (Bèixīsīdūn)
- 鄧虜淪敦／邓虏沦敦
- 開普敦／开普敦 (Kāipǔdūn)
- 陪敦
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: duèi
- Wade–Giles: tui4
- Yale: dwèi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duey
- Palladius: дуй (duj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: deoi3 / deoi6
- Yale: deui / deuih
- Cantonese Pinyin: doey3 / doey6
- Guangdong Romanization: dêu3 / dêu6
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɵy̯³³/, /tɵy̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
敦
- (historical) ancient vessel used to hold grains
Compounds
- 敦槃
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ
- Tongyong Pinyin: duei
- Wade–Giles: tui1
- Yale: dwēi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duei
- Palladius: дуй (duj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: deoi1
- Yale: dēui
- Cantonese Pinyin: doey1
- Guangdong Romanization: dêu1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɵy̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Middle Chinese: twoj
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur/
- (Zhengzhang): /*tuːl/
Definitions
敦
- † to administer; to manage
- 敦商之旅，克咸厥功。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Duī Shāng zhī lǚ, kè xián jué gōng. [Pinyin]
- [Wu] disposed of the troops of Shang;
He and his men shared equally in the achievement.
- † solitary
- † to throw
- † to force upon
- 王事敦我，政事一埤遺我。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Wángshì duī wǒ, zhèngshì yī pí yí wǒ. [Pinyin]
- The king's business is thrown on me,
And the affairs of our government are left to me more and more.
王事敦我，政事一埤遗我。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
Etymology 4
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tuán
- Wade–Giles: tʻuan2
- Yale: twán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twan
- Palladius: туань (tuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu̯än³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: tyun4
- Yale: tyùhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: tyn4
- Guangdong Romanization: tün4
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰyːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Middle Chinese: dwan
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*doːn/
Definitions
敦
- † clustered
- † Alternative form of 團／团 (tuán, “round”)
- 有敦瓜苦，烝在栗薪。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Yǒu tuán guā kǔ, zhēng zài lì xīn. [Pinyin]
- There were the round bitter gourds hanging,
From the branches of the chestnut trees.
Etymology 5
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
- Wade–Giles: tun4
- Yale: dwùn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
- Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu̯ən⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: twonH
Definitions
敦
Etymology 6
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
- Wade–Giles: tun4
- Yale: dwùn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
- Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu̯ən⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: deon6
- Yale: deuhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: doen6
- Guangdong Romanization: dên6
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɵn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
敦
- Only used in 混敦 and 敦然.
Etymology 7
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄣ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tun
- Wade–Giles: tʻun1
- Yale: twūn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuen
- Palladius: тунь (tunʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu̯ən⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
敦
- Only used in 敦恨.
Etymology 8
| For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 雕 (“to engrave; to inlay; to carve; carving; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 雕). |
Etymology 9
| For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 燾. (This character is a variant form of 燾). |
Etymology 10
| For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 淳 (“thick; honest; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 淳). |
Etymology 11
| For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 屯 (“village; hamlet; military camp; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 屯). |
Etymology 12
| For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 墩 (“mound; block of stone or wood; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 墩). |
Notes:
|
Etymology 13
| For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 礅 (“large stone”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 礅). |
Notes:
|
Etymology 14
| For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 蹾 (“to put down suddenly”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 蹾). |
Notes:
|
Etymology 15
| For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 撴 (“to hold tight; to seize; to jolt; to thump”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 撴). |
Notes:
|
References
- “敦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “敦”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 57.
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