下
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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下 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)
Historical forms of the character 下 | ||||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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In oracle bone script, it is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of "down" by showing one line below another (contrast 上). This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT):
Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:
下
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 下, 落 (Chiefly Cantonese) | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 下 |
Taiwan | 下 | |
Malaysia | 下 | |
Singapore | 下 | |
Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 下 |
Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 下 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 下 |
Xi'an | 下 | |
Xining | 下 | |
Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 下 |
Ürümqi | 下 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 下 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 落 |
Hong Kong | 落 | |
Yangjiang | 落 | |
Nanning | 落 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 落 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 落 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 下 |
Pingxiang | 下 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 落 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 下 |
Xinzhou | 下 | |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 下 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 落 |
Quanzhou | 落 | |
Zhangzhou | 落 | |
Zhao'an | 落 | |
Taipei | 落 GT | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 落 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 落 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 落 | |
Chaozhou | 落 | |
Shantou | 落 | |
Jieyang | 落 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 落 | |
Wenchang | 落 | |
Haikou | 落 | |
Qionghai | 落 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 落 | |
Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 落 |
Wu | Shanghai | 落 |
Suzhou | 落 | |
Hangzhou | 下, 落 | |
Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 落 | |
Wenzhou | 落 | |
Jinhua | 落 | |
Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 一下 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 一下, 看看 |
Malaysia | 一下 | |
Singapore | 一下 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 下 |
Hong Kong | 下 | |
Macau | 下 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 下 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 下 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 看覓 |
Quanzhou | 看覓 | |
Zhangzhou | 看覓 | |
Taipei | 看覓 | |
Kaohsiung | 看覓 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 看覓 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 看覓, 一下 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 覓, 看覓, 一下 | |
Chaozhou | 睇, 下睇 | |
Shantou | 一下 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 睇 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 看, 一記, 一下 often with non-monosyllabic verbs |
Suzhou | 看, 一下 | |
Ningbo | 看 |
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 低 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 低 |
Taiwan | 低 | |
Malaysia | 低 | |
Singapore | 低 | |
Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 低 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 低 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 矮, 低 |
Wuhan | 低, 矮 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 低 |
Hefei | 低, 矮 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 低 |
Hong Kong | 低 | |
Taishan | 低 | |
Yangjiang | 低 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 低 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 低, 矮 |
Hakka | Meixian | 低, 矮 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 低 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 矮 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 下, 矮 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 下 |
Quanzhou | 下 | |
Jinjiang | 下 | |
Zhangzhou | 下 | |
Tainan | 下 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 下 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 下 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 下 | |
Chaozhou | 下, 矮 | |
Shantou | 下 | |
Jieyang | 下 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 下 | |
Pontianak (Teochew) | 下 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 低 | |
Wu | Suzhou | 低 |
Ningbo | 低, 矮 | |
Zhoushan | 低, 矮 | |
Wenzhou | 低, 矮 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 低, 矮, 下 |
Shuangfeng | 低, 矮 |
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