吃

See also: 喫

吃	U+5403, 吃 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5403

← 吂
[U+5402]

CJK Unified Ideographs

各 →
[U+5404]

More information Stroke order ...

Stroke order

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Han character

吃 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 口人弓 (RON), four-corner 6801₇, composition ⿰口乞)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 174, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3280
Dae Jaweon: page 387, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 579, character 5
Unihan data for U+5403

Glyph origin

More information Old Chinese ...

	Old Chinese
乞	kʰɯds, kʰɯd
盵	*kʰɯds
齕	ɡɯːd, ɡuːd
紇	ɡɯːd, ɡuːd
籺	*ɡɯːd
圪	ŋrɯd, ŋɯd
訖	*kɯd
吃	*kɯd
扢	kɯd, kuːd, *ɡuːd
疙	*ŋɯd
屹	*ŋɯd
仡	ŋɯd, hŋɯd
迄	*hŋɯd
釳	*hŋɯd
忔	*hŋɯd
汔	*hŋɯd
矻	*kʰuːd
麧	*ɡuːd

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Characters in the same phonetic series (乞) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Phono-semantic compound 形聲／形声 (xíngshēng): semantic 口 (kǒu) + phonetic 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).

Its original meaning is "to stutter", hence, the phonetic component could add part of the meaning since it has the phonetically borrowed meaning of "begging" (i.e., trying to talk but with difficulties).

According to folk etymologies, 乞 in this character indicates that, while stuttering, less air comes from the mouth (compare 气, which has more traits). However, 乞 is simply a variant of 气, it originally meant "air" and was later borrowed to indicate "begging", therefore it didn't mean "less air; to stutter" or similar words and expressions.

Wikipedia has an article on:

吃

Etymology 1

More information trad., simp. ...

trad.		吃/喫
simp.		吃
alternative forms		吔 (jaak3) Cantonese

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This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “how are the different pronunciations related? to stutter > to eat one's sounds (Schuessler, 2007)? STEDT seems to relate "to eat" to *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s (EAT / FOOD / FEED / RICE)”

Pronunciation

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	edit 吃
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹³/
	Qingdao	/tʃʰz̩⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡sʰz̩³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡sʰz̩²¹/ /t͡ɕʰia²¹/ ～虧
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩ʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sʰəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/ʈ͡ʂʰʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡sʰəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sʰz̩²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰiʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕʰi⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕʰi²⁴/ /t͡ɕʰia²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕʰio²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiɑʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰət̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰet̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɛk̚³/
	Nanning	/hɛk̚³³/ /hɐt̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/hɛk̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰit̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰɛiʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ki²⁴/ /i⁴²/ 俗
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋiak̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xit̚⁵/

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Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): chī (chi¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄔ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ci²

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): chǐ

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): chii̊q

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чы (čɨ, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hek³ / jaak³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hiak¹
Gan (Wiktionary): qiah⁶
Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): cêd⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): ceh⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khit / khek / khiak

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngeg⁴
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁷chiq / ⁷chioq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qia⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chī
  - Zhuyin: ㄔ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chih
  - Wade–Giles: chʻih¹
  - Yale: chr̄
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chy
  - Palladius: чи (či)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ci²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: c
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰz̩²¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: chǐ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: chii̊q
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): chiiq⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩ʔ⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чы (čɨ, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hek³ / jaak³
  - Yale: hek / yaak
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hek⁸ / jaak⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: hég³ / yag³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɛːk̚³/, /jaːk̚³/

Note: jaak3 - colloquial.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hiak¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiak̚³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: qiah⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁵/

Note: Often written as 喫.

Hakka
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cêd⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɛt̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ceh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰəʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khit
  - Tâi-lô: khit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qid
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰit̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰit̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khek
  - Tâi-lô: khik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qeg
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiak
  - Tâi-lô: khiak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiak̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngeg⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngṳk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɯk̚²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁷chiq
  - MiniDict: chih^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴qiq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴³/
- (Northern: Hangzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁷chioq
  - MiniDict: chioh^入
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵⁵/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: qia⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯a̠²⁴/

Dialectal data

Definitions

吃

to eat; to consume
他很喜歡吃飯。／他很喜欢吃饭。 ― Tā hěn xǐhuān chīfàn. ― He loves to eat.

你吃飯了嗎？／你吃饭了吗？ ― Nǐ chīfàn le ma? ― Have you eaten? (also a greeting)

你吃過飯嗎？／你吃过饭吗？ ― Nǐ chī guò fàn ma? ― Have you eaten? (also a greeting)

儂飯吃過了𠲎？ [Shanghainese, trad.]
侬饭吃过了𠲎？ [Shanghainese, simp.]
⁶non ⁶ve ⁷chiq-ku-leq-vaq [Wugniu]
Have you eaten? (also a greeting)
- 排排坐，吃果果。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
  From: 《排排坐》, traditional children's song
  paai⁴ paai⁴ co⁵, hek³ gwo² gwo². [Jyutping]
  Let's sit together and eat fruits.
喫屎啦你！／吃屎啦你！ [Cantonese] ― jaak³ si² laa¹ nei⁵! [Jyutping] ― Eat shit!
- 1978, “應該要自愛”, in 許冠傑, 黎彼得 (lyrics), 賣身契 (màishēnqì), performed by 許冠傑:
  
  誰願意將來餐餐喫白菜 [Cantonese, trad.]
  谁愿意将来餐餐吃白菜 [Cantonese, simp.]
  seoi⁴ jyun⁶ ji³ zoeng¹ loi⁴ caan¹ caan¹ jaak³ baak⁶ coi³ [Jyutping]
  Who wishes to eat cabbage every meal for the rest of their life?
to live on
to suffer; to endure; to bear
吃苦 ― chīkǔ ― to endure hardship

吃虧／吃亏 ― chīkuī ― to suffer losses, to be at a disadvantage

他胸口吃了一槍。 [MSC, trad.]
他胸口吃了一枪。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā xiōngkǒu chī le yī qiāng. [Pinyin]
He took a bullet in the chest.
to exhaust; to be a strain
Chrome吃內存。／Chrome吃内存。 ― Chrome chī nèicún. ― Chrome is a memory hog.
to drink
(board games) to capture
(mahjong) to chow
to accept
- 2023, “我的世界地圖”, 黃偉文 [Wyman Wong] (lyrics), 王菀之 [Ivana Wong] (music)‎performed by 魏浚笙 [Jeffrey Ngai]:
  
  年輕一輩　如果只吃前人預設那一套　再沒前路 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
  年轻一辈　如果只吃前人预设那一套　再没前路 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
  nin⁴ hing¹ jat¹ bui³, jyu⁴ gwo² zi² hek³ cin⁴ jan⁴ jyu⁶ cit³ naa⁵ jat¹ tou³, zoi³ mut⁶ cin⁴ lou⁶ [Jyutping]
  If the younger generation simply accepts the default methods of those who came before, there will be no more future ahead

Usage notes

In Cantonese, 食 (sik⁶) is the most common term for "eating" and 吔 (jaak³) is considered less polite than the former.
When playing mahjong, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chow on another player's discard.

Synonyms

(to eat): 食用 (shíyòng)

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		食₁
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		吃
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	吃
	Taiwan	吃
	Harbin	吃, 𠯪
	Malaysia	吃
	Singapore	吃
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	吃
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	吃
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	吃
	Chongqing	吃
	Wuhan	吃
	Guilin	吃, 𠯪 dated
	Liuzhou	吃
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	吃
	Yangzhou	吃
	Hefei	吃
Cantonese	Guangzhou	食₁, 吃
	Hong Kong	食₁, 吃
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	吃
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	食₁
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	食₁
	Macau	食₁
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	食₁
	Foshan	食₁
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	食₁
	Foshan (Shunde)	食₁
	Foshan (Sanshui)	食₁
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	吃
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	吃
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	吃
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	吃
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	吃
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	食₁
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	吃
	Taishan	吃
	Kaiping (Chikan)	吃
	Enping (Niujiang)	吃
	Heshan (Yayao)	食₁
	Dongguan	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	食₁
	Qingyuan	食₁
	Fogang	食₁
	Yingde (Hanguang)	食₁
	Yangshan	吃
	Lianshan (Butian)	吃
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	吃
	Shaoguan	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Renhua	食₁
	Lechang	食₁
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	吃
	Sihui	吃
	Guangning	吃
	Deqing	吃
	Huaiji	吃
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	吃
	Yunfu	食₁
	Xinxing	吃
	Luoding	食₁
	Yunan (Pingtai)	吃
	Yangjiang	吃
	Xinyi	食₁
	Maoming (Xinpo)	食₁
	Lianjiang	食₁
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	吃
	Nanning	食₁
	Wuzhou	食₁
	Yulin	吃
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu (Shatian)	吃
	Guiping	食₁
	Mengshan (Xihe)	吃
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	吃
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	吃
	Baise	吃
Bobai	吃
Lingshan	吃
Pubei	吃
Qinzhou	食₁
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	吃
Beihai	食₁
Beihai (Nankang)	食₁
Beihai (Yingpan)	吃, 食₁
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	食₁
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	食₁
Ningming	食₁
Hengzhou	吃
Hezhou (Pumen, Babu)	吃
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	食₁
Danzhou	吃
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	食₁
Penang (Guangfu)	食₁
Singapore (Guangfu)	食₁
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	食₁
Móng Cái	食₁
Gan	Nanchang	吃
Gan	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	食₁
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong (Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	食₁
	Boluo (Bendihua)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	食₁
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua (Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	食₁
	Zijin	食₁
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	食₁
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	食₁
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	食₁
	Wengyuan	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Liannan	食₁
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	食₁
	Jiexi	食₁
	Luhe	食₁
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping (Yanqian)	食₁
	Wuping (Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou (Shexi)	食₁
	Tonggu (Sandu)	食₁
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	食₁
	Dayu	食₁
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	食₁
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	食₁
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	食₁
	Xinyi (Sihe)	食₁
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	食₁
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	食₁
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	食₁
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	食₁
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	食₁
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	食₁
	Mengshan (Xihe)	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	食₁
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	食₁
	Mashan (Pianlian)	食₁
	Senai (Huiyang)	食₁
	Kuching (Hepo)	食₁
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	食₁
	Singapore (Meixian)	食₁
	Singapore (Dabu)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	吃
Northern Min	Jian'ou	饁
	Songxi	饁
	Zhenghe	饁
	Jianyang	饁
	Wuyishan	饁
	Pucheng (Shibei)	饁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	食₃
	Fuzhou (Changle)	食₃
	Fuqing	食₃
	Yongtai	食₃
	Gutian	食₃
	Fu'an	食₃
	Ningde	食₃
	Shouning	食₃
	Zhouning	食₃
	Fuding	食₃
	Matsu	食₃
	Singapore (Fuqing)	食₃
	Sitiawan (Gutian)	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	食₃, 捋 slang, 唵 childish
	Quanzhou	食₃, 煰, 捋 slang
	Jinjiang	食₃
	Yongchun	食₃
	Zhangzhou	食₃, 捋 slang, 唵 childish
	Zhao'an	食₃
	Taipei	食₃
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	食₃
	Kaohsiung	食₃
	Yilan	食₃
	Changhua (Lukang)	食₃
	Taichung	食₃
	Tainan	食₃
	Hsinchu	食₃
	Kinmen	食₃
	Penghu (Magong)	食₃
	Penang (Hokkien)	食₃
	Singapore (Hokkien)	食₃
	Manila (Hokkien)	食₃, 唵唵 childish
	Medan (Hokkien)	食₃
	Longyan	食₃
	Zhangping	食₃
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	食₃
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	食₃
	Chaozhou	食₃
	Shantou	食₃
	Shantou (Chenghai)	食₃
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	食₃
	Jieyang	食₃
	Haifeng	食₃
	Bangkok (Teochew)	食₃
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	食₃
	Singapore (Teochew)	食₃
	Batam (Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak (Teochew)	食₃
	Wenchang	食₃
	Haikou	食₃
	Qionghai	食₃
	Singapore (Hainanese)	食₃
Puxian Min	Putian	食₃
Puxian Min	Xianyou	食₃
Central Min	Yong'an	饁
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	吃
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	食₃
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	吃
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	吃
Wu	Shanghai	吃
	Shanghai (Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Wenzhou	吃
	Jinhua	吃
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃

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Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to eat”) [map]

(to drink):

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		飲
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		喝
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	喝
	Taiwan	喝
	Harbin	喝
	Malaysia	喝
	Singapore	喝
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	喝
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	喝
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	喝
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	喝
	Wanrong	喝
	Xi'an	喝
	Xining	喝
	Xuzhou	喝, 吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	喝
	Lanzhou	喝
	Ürümqi	喝
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	吃, 喝
	Wuhan	喝, 呵, 汩
	Guiyang	吃, 喝, 汩
	Guilin	喝
	Liuzhou	吃, 喝
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	吃, 喝
	Yangzhou	吃, 喝
	Hefei	喝
Cantonese	Guangzhou	飲, 呷
	Hong Kong	飲, 呷
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	飲
	Macau	飲
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	飲
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	飲
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	飲
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	飲
	Foshan	飲
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	飲
	Foshan (Shunde)	飲
	Foshan (Sanshui)	飲
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	飲
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	飲
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	飲
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	飲
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	飲
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	飲
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	飲
	Taishan	飲
	Kaiping (Chikan)	飲
	Enping (Niujiang)	飲
	Heshan (Yayao)	飲
	Dongguan	飲, 食₁, 呷
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	飲
	Yangjiang	呷, 吃
	Wuzhou	飲
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	吃
	Hepu (Shatian)	飲
	Qinzhou	飲
	Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	飲
	Beihai	食₁
	Beihai (Nankang)	飲
	Beihai (Yingpan)	飲
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	飲
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	飲
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	飲, 食₁
	Danzhou	吃
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	飲
	Penang (Guangfu)	飲
	Singapore (Guangfu)	飲
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	飲
	Móng Cái	飲
Gan	Nanchang	吃
	Lichuan	吃
	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁, 啉, 飲, 啜
	Xingning	食₁
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	飲
	Huiyang	食₁
	Huidong (Daling)	食₁
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	食₁
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	食₁
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	食₁, 飲
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	食₁
	Wuhua (Meilin)	食₁
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	食₁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	食₁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	食₁
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	飲
	Jiexi	食₁
	Changting	食₁
	Wuping	食₁
	Wuping (Pingyu)	食₁
	Liancheng	食₁
	Ninghua	食₁
	Yudu	食₁
	Ruijin	食₁
	Shicheng	食₁
	Shangyou (Shexi)	食₁
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	食₁, 啉, 飲
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	啉, 食₁
	Hong Kong	食₁
	Luchuan	食₁
	Kuching (Hepo)	食₁, 飲, 啉
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	食₁
Huizhou	Jixi	吃
Jin	Taiyuan	喝
Jin	Xinzhou	喝
Northern Min	Jian'ou	啜, 饁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	啜, 食₃
	Singapore (Fuqing)	食₃
	Sitiawan (Gutian)	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	啉, 食₃, 哈 alcohol, 啜 usually soup
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	啉
	Quanzhou	啉, 食₃, 哈 alcohol, 啜 usually soup
	Jinjiang	啉
	Zhangzhou	啉, 食₃, 啜 usually soup
	Zhao'an	食₃, 啉
	Taipei	啉
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	啉
	Kaohsiung	啉
	Yilan	啉, 哈, 食₃
	Changhua (Lukang)	啉
	Taichung	啉
	Tainan	啉, 哈, 食₃, 灌
	Hsinchu	啉, 哈
	Kinmen	啉
	Penghu (Magong)	食₃, 啉
	Penang (Hokkien)	啉
	Singapore (Hokkien)	啉
	Manila (Hokkien)	啉
	Medan (Hokkien)	啉
	Chaozhou	食₃, 啉
	Shantou	食₃, 啉
	Shantou (Chenghai)	食₃, 啉
	Jieyang	食₃, 啉
	Haifeng	食₃
	Singapore (Teochew)	食₃
	Batam (Teochew)	食₃
	Pontianak (Teochew)	食₃, 啉
	Leizhou	啜, 食₃
	Wenchang	啜, 食₃
	Haikou	啜, 食₃
	Qionghai	啜, 食₃
	Singapore (Hainanese)	食₃, 啜
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	飲
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	飲
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	飲, 吃, 呷
Wu	Shanghai	吃, 呷, 呼
	Shanghai (Chongming)	吃
	Suzhou	吃, 呷, 呼
	Danyang	吃
	Hangzhou	吃
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	吃
	Ningbo	吃
	Wenzhou	呷, 吃
	Jinhua	吃, 呷
Xiang	Changsha	吃
	Loudi	吃
	Shuangfeng	吃, 呵

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Dialectal synonyms of 喝 (“to drink”) [map]

(to capture):

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		吃
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	吃
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	吃
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	吃
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	吃
Southwestern Mandarin	Liuzhou	吃
Cantonese	Hong Kong	食₁
Cantonese	Taishan	吃
Gan	Pingxiang	吃
Hakka	Meixian	食₁
Hakka	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	食₁
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	食₃
Southern Min	Xiamen	食₃
Southern Min	Leizhou	食₃
Wu	Shanghai	吃

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Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“(board games) to capture”) [map]

(to chow):

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	Words edit
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	吃
Northeastern Mandarin	Singapore	吃
Cantonese	Hong Kong	上
Southern Min	Taipei	食₃ GT
Southern Min	Singapore (Hokkien)	食₃
Wu	Ningbo	吃
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

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Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to chow (mahjong)”) [map]

Descendants

Wutunhua: qe
→ Japanese: 吃(チー) (chī)

Compounds

一雞三吃／一鸡三吃
一魚兩吃／一鱼两吃
不吃虧／不吃亏
中吃
倒吃甘蔗
偷吃 (tōuchī)
叫吃
吃一塹，長一智／吃一堑，长一智 (chī yī qiàn, zhǎng yī zhì)
吃一看二
吃一驚／吃一惊 (chīyījīng)
吃不下
吃不上
吃不了
吃不了，兜著走 (chī bùliǎo dōu zhe zǒu)
吃不住 (chībùzhù)
吃不來／吃不来 (chībulái)
吃不到
吃不動／吃不动
吃不好
吃不得
吃不慣／吃不惯
吃不服 (chībufú)
吃不消 (chībùxiāo)
吃不起
吃不透
吃不開／吃不开 (chībukāi)
吃主
吃乾醋／吃干醋
吃乾飯／吃干饭 (chī gānfàn)
吃了秤砣
吃交
吃人 (chīrén)
吃人兒的／吃人儿的
吃人家的嘴軟，拿人家的手短／吃人家的嘴软，拿人家的手短
吃人蟲／吃人虫
吃住
吃偏食 (chī piānshí)
吃偏飯／吃偏饭 (chī piānfàn)
吃傷／吃伤
吃傷了／吃伤了
吃兒／吃儿 (chīr)
吃冤枉
吃刀 (chīdāo)
吃到飽／吃到饱 (chīdàobǎo)
吃力 (chīlì)
吃功夫 (chī gōngfu)
吃勁／吃劲 (chījìn)
吃勞保／吃劳保
吃勞金／吃劳金
吃十方
吃受
吃口 (chīkǒu)
吃吃喝喝 (chīchīhēhē)
吃合家歡／吃合家欢
吃味 (chīwèi)
吃味兒／吃味儿
吃啞吧虧／吃哑吧亏
吃商品糧／吃商品粮
吃啞巴虧／吃哑巴亏 (chī yǎbakuī)
吃喜
吃喝不分
吃喝兒／吃喝儿 (chīher)
吃喝嫖賭／吃喝嫖赌 (chīhēpiáodǔ)
吃喝玩樂／吃喝玩乐 (chīhēwánlè)
吃喜酒
吃嘴 (chīzuǐ)
吃回扣 (chī huíkòu)
吃回頭草／吃回头草 (chī huítóucǎo)
吃土 (chītǔ)
吃地面
吃夜草
吃大戶／吃大户 (chī dàhù)
吃大鍋飯／吃大锅饭 (chī dàguōfàn)
吃大項／吃大项
吃太平飯／吃太平饭
吃好
吃子孫飯／吃子孙饭
吃官司 (chī guānsi)
吃定心丸
吃客
吃寡酒
吃寡醋
吃小灶 (chī xiǎozào)
吃小虧，占大便宜
吃席 (chīxí)
吃床腿
吃後悔藥／吃后悔药 (chī hòuhuǐyào)
吃得
吃得下
吃得了
吃得住 (chīdezhù)
吃得來／吃得来 (chīdelái)
吃得光
吃得消 (chīdexiāo)
吃得苦中苦，方為人上人／吃得苦中苦，方为人上人 (chī de kǔ zhōng kǔ, fāng wéi rén shàng rén)
吃得開／吃得开 (chīdekāi)
吃心 (chīxīn)
吃悶虧／吃闷亏
吃惱／吃恼
吃慣／吃惯
吃拜拜
吃掉 (chīdiào)
吃掛絡兒／吃挂络儿
吃排落
吃排頭／吃排头
吃教
吃敗仗／吃败仗
吃敲才
吃本
吃板刀麵／吃板刀面
吃案
吃棒
吃槍子／吃枪子
吃槍藥／吃枪药 (chī qiāngyào)
吃死飯／吃死饭
吃水 (chīshuǐ)
吃水不忘掘井人
吃水線／吃水线 (chīshuǐxiàn)
吃法 (chīfǎ)
吃派飯／吃派饭 (chī pàifàn)
吃洋飯／吃洋饭
吃火鍋／吃火锅 (chī huǒguō)
吃煙／吃烟 (chīyān)
吃燒餅／吃烧饼
吃牌
吃牢
吃犒勞／吃犒劳
吃獨食／吃独食 (chī dúshí)
吃現成／吃现成
吃現成飯／吃现成饭 (chī xiànchéngfàn)
吃瓦片兒／吃瓦片儿 (chī wǎpiànr)
吃生活
吃癟／吃瘪 (chībiě)
吃白眼
吃白食 (chī báishí)
吃白飯／吃白饭 (chī báifàn)
吃皇糧／吃皇粮 (chī huángliáng)
吃盡當光／吃尽当光
吃相 (chīxiàng)
吃眼前虧／吃眼前亏
吃碰
吃碼頭／吃码头
吃私
吃租
吃空茶
吃空額／吃空额 (chī kòng'é)
吃管子
吃糠咽菜
吃糧／吃粮
吃紅／吃红
吃素 (chīsù)
吃緊／吃紧 (chījǐn)
吃纍／吃累
吃罪 (chīzuì)
吃老本 (chī lǎoběn)
吃耳光
吃膩／吃腻 (chīnì)
吃自來食／吃自来食
吃自在飯／吃自在饭
吃舊鍋粥／吃旧锅粥
吃花酒
吃苦 (chīkǔ)
吃苦耐勞／吃苦耐劳 (chīkǔnàiláo)
吃苦頭／吃苦头 (chī kǔtou)
吃茶 (chīchá)
吃著碗裏，望著鍋裏／吃著碗里，望著锅里
吃葷／吃荤 (chīhūn)
吃葷飯／吃荤饭
吃藥／吃药 (chīyào)
吃虧／吃亏 (chīkuī)
吃螺絲／吃螺丝 (chī luósī)
吃衙門飯／吃衙门饭
吃裡扒外／吃里扒外 (chīlǐpáwài)
吃裡爬外／吃里爬外 (chīlǐpáwài)
吃裏爬外／吃里爬外
吃請／吃请 (chīqǐng)
吃豆腐 (chī dòufu)
吃貨／吃货 (chīhuò)
吃賠賬／吃赔账
吃贓／吃赃
吃軟不吃硬／吃软不吃硬 (chīruǎnbùchīyìng)
吃軟飯／吃软饭 (chī ruǎnfàn)
吃辣麵／吃辣面
吃透 (chītòu)
吃過路兵／吃过路兵 (chī guòlù bīng)
吃酒 (chījiǔ)
吃醋 (chīcù)
吃醋拈酸
吃醋撚酸
吃醋爭風／吃醋争风
吃重 (chīzhòng)
吃釘子／吃钉子
吃釘板／吃钉板
吃錯藥／吃错药 (chī cuò yào)
吃閉門羹／吃闭门羹 (chī bìméngēng)
吃開口飯／吃开口饭
吃閒話／吃闲话
吃閒飯／吃闲饭 (chīxiánfàn)
吃零嘴
吃零食
吃青 (chīqīng)
吃青春飯／吃青春饭
吃飛醋／吃飞醋
吃食
吃食堂 (chī shítáng)
吃飯／吃饭 (chīfàn)
吃飯傢伙／吃饭家伙
吃飯家伙
吃飯防噎／吃饭防噎
吃飽／吃饱 (chībǎo)
吃飽了撐的／吃饱了撑的 (chībǎo le chēng de)
吃館子／吃馆子 (chīguǎnzi)
吃香 (chīxiāng)
吃香喝辣
吃驚／吃惊 (chījīng)
吃鴨蛋／吃鸭蛋 (chī yādàn)
吃黑棗兒／吃黑枣儿
吃墨船兒／吃墨船儿
吃齋／吃斋 (chīzhāi)
吃齋唸佛／吃斋念佛
吞吃 (tūnchī)
嘴吃屎
坐吃山崩
坐吃山空 (zuòchīshānkōng)
大吃
大吃一驚／大吃一惊 (dàchīyījīng)
大吃大喝 (dàchīdàhē)
大吃大嚼
天狗吃月
夯吃
好吃
好吃懶做／好吃懒做 (hàochīlǎnzuò)
寅吃卯糧／寅吃卯粮 (yínchīmǎoliáng)
小吃 (xiǎochī)
少吃無著／少吃无著
幫狗吃食／帮狗吃食
幫虎吃食／帮虎吃食
應卯吃糧／应卯吃粮
手面賺吃／手面赚吃
抹嘴吃
拈酸吃醋
搶生吃／抢生吃
搪酒吃
撩蜂吃螫
放牛吃草
暗吃一驚／暗吃一惊
死吃死嚼
混吃混玩
添案小吃
混飯吃／混饭吃 (hùnfànchī)
濫吃濫用／滥吃滥用
爭鋒吃醋／争锋吃醋
爭風吃醋／争风吃醋
狗吃屎
狗吃熱屎／狗吃热屎
狼吃幞頭
獨吃自痾／独吃自疴
生吃 (shēngchī)
白吃 (báichī)
白吃白住
白吃白喝 (báichībáihē)
百吃不厭／百吃不厌
禮教吃人／礼教吃人
穩吃三注
老大吃驚／老大吃惊 (lǎodà chījīng)
自找苦吃
自討苦吃／自讨苦吃 (zìtǎokǔchī)
蟲吃牙／虫吃牙
街頭小吃／街头小吃
討吃／讨吃
貪吃／贪吃 (tānchī)
貪吃懶做／贪吃懒做
賞口飯吃／赏口饭吃
通吃
零吃 (língchī)
靠山吃山
黑吃黑 (hēichīhēi)

Etymology 2

More information simp. and trad., alternative forms ...

simp. and trad.		吃
alternative forms		㰟

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

More information Rime, Character ...

Rime
Character	吃
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	迄 (58)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居乙切
Baxter	kj+t
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kiət̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨt̚/
Li Rong	/kiət̚/
Wang Li	/kĭət̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ət̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ji
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gat¹

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More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	吃
Reading #	1/1
No.	10080
Phonetic component	乞
Rime group	物
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kɯd/

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Mandarin
(Pinyin): chī, jí

(Zhuyin): ㄔ, ㄐㄧˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hek³ / gat¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gut

(Teochew, Peng'im): geh⁴
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁷ciq; ⁷keq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qi⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chī
  - Zhuyin: ㄔ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chih
  - Wade–Giles: chʻih¹
  - Yale: chr̄
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chy
  - Palladius: чи (či)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; dated in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jí
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jí
  - Wade–Giles: chi²
  - Yale: jí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyi
  - Palladius: цзи (czi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hek³ / gat¹
  - Yale: hek / gāt
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hek⁸ / gat⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: hég³ / ged¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɛːk̚³/, /kɐt̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gut
  - Tâi-lô: gut
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gud
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɡut̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡut̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: geh⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɯʔ²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁷ciq; ⁷keq
  - MiniDict: cih^入; keh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴jiq; ⁴keq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/, /kəʔ⁵⁵/

Note: 4keq - primarily in suburbs and dated urban pronunciation.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: qi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

Middle Chinese: kj+t

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kɯd/

Definitions

吃

to stammer; to stutter; to falter
口吃 ― kǒuchī ― to stammer, to stutter

Compounds

口吃 (kǒuchī)
吃口令
吃子
蹇吃
鄧艾吃／邓艾吃

Etymology 3

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simp. and trad.		吃

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Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qī, jí (qi¹, ji²)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧ, ㄐㄧˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hat¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khit

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qī
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ci
  - Wade–Giles: chʻi¹
  - Yale: chī
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chi
  - Palladius: ци (ci)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jí
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jí
  - Wade–Giles: chi²
  - Yale: jí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyi
  - Palladius: цзи (czi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hat¹
  - Yale: hāt
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hat⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: hed¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐt̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khit
  - Tâi-lô: khit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qid
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰit̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰit̚⁵/

Definitions

吃

Only used in 吃吃 (qīqī).

Etymology 4

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simp. and trad.		吃

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Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chia̍h

Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chia̍h
  - Tâi-lô: tsia̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciah
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siaʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siaʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siaʔ¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡siaʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siaʔ⁴/

Definitions

吃

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 食
- 看你在過生活　攏是坐著賺躺著吃 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  看你在过生活　拢是坐著赚躺著吃 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  From: 2003, 蔡秋鳳 (Kerris Tsai) (lyricist 李岩修), 爽到你艱苦到我
  khòaⁿ lí leh kòe seng-oa̍h, lóng sī chē-leh thàn tó-teh chia̍h [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  When I look at you living your life, you're always earning your living while sitting and eating while lying down.

Kanji

吃

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Go-on: こち (kochi)
Kan-on: きつ (kitsu)
Kun: どもり (domori, 吃り)、どもる (domoru, 吃る)

Compounds

Derived terms

吃(ども)又(また) (Domomata)
吃逆(しゃっくり) (shakkuri)
小(シァオ)吃(チー) (shaochī)
吃驚(びっくり) (bikkuri)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
吃
きつ Hyōgai
kan'on

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From Middle Chinese 吃 (MC kj+t).

Affix

吃(きつ) • (kitsu)

Derived terms

吃(きっ)する (kissuru)
吃(きつ)吃(きつ), 吃(きつ)々(きつ) (kitsukitsu)
吃(きつ)音(おん) (kitsuon)
吃(きつ)逆(ぎゃく) (kitsugyaku)
吃(きっ)驚(きょう) (kikkyō)
吃(きっ)緊(きん) (kikkin)
吃(きつ)語(ご) (kitsugo)
吃(きっ)水(すい) (kissui)
吃(きっ)相(そう) (kissō)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
吃
チー Hyōgai
irregular

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From Mandarin 吃 (chī, literally “to eat”).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) チー [chíꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]
IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiː]

Noun

吃(チー) • (chī)

(mahjong) a call for an open 順子 (shuntsu, “sequence of three suited tiles”), compare English chow

Coordinate terms

碰(ポン) (pon)
槓(カン) (kan)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
吃
ままなき Hyōgai
irregular

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Possibly a compound of 儘 (mama, “remaining at a certain state”) +‎ 泣き (naki, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 泣く (naku), “to cry”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

吃(ままなき) • (mamanaki)

stammering, stuttering
a stutterer

Synonyms

吃(ども)り (domori)

References

[1]
Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
[2]
Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
[3]
Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN