政治滅絕——術語「政治滅絕（英語：politicide）」用來描述不會被《防止及懲治滅絕種族罪公約》所規範，針對政治或經濟群體的殺戮。[7]Manus I. Midlarsky用術語「政治滅絕」來描述由蘇聯西部地區直至中國和柬埔寨的大規模屠殺。[8]在他的書《The killing trap: genocide in the twentieth century》裡面對斯大林和波爾布特的屠殺提出了相似點。[9]
文學史學家喬治·G·沃森（英語：George G. Watson）在《社會主義的消失文獻》（The Lost Literature of Socialism）一書中把社會主義看作是保守的，對自由主義的反動並試圖回到古代和等級制度。他聲稱弗里德里希·恩格斯和其他人的作品顯示「馬克思主義的史學理論要求並需要種族滅絕，原因隱含在其宣稱封建制度—其中先進的國家已經讓位給資本主義—必須反其道而被社會主義取代。整個國家會在工人革命後遺留下來，封建殘餘在社會主義時代，而且因為他們不能一次就前進兩步，他們要被消滅。他們是種族渣滓，按恩格斯的話說，並且只適合逗留在歷史的糞堆裡面。」[33]Robert Grant批評沃森的主張為「可疑的證據」，聲稱「馬克思和恩格斯所說的……至少是一種文化滅絕；但這不明顯，至少從沃森的引用中，實際的大屠殺，並不（用他們的用語）僅僅是『吸收』或『同化』，是個問題」。[34]
種族清洗學者亞當·瓊斯（英語：Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)）聲稱「人類經歷的記錄中很少有暴行可與1917年，布爾什維克奪權政權後，到1953年斯大林去世，蘇聯轉向較為約束且很大程度上不是那麼殘忍的國內政策之間引發的暴行相比。」他指出紅色高棉（相對而言）及毛澤東統治下的中國（絕對而言）是其中的例外。[73]
約瑟夫·斯大林統治期間的蘇聯政府實施了深刻影響蘇聯民族版圖的一系列大規模的驅逐行動。驅逐行動發生在極端惡劣的條件下，成千上萬的人死在路上。[210]一些專家估計驅逐行動中的死亡人數在一些情況下為每三人中就有一人死亡的程度。[211][212]關於克里米亞韃靼人的災難，斯坦福大學的阿米爾·韋納（Amir Weiner）寫道該政策可以定為「種族清洗」。萊曼·霍華德·萊格特斯（Lyman H Legters）在《Century of Genocide》一書中寫道「我們不能嚴格地說種族滅絕，只有在其過程中存在種族滅絕的可能性。」[213]
Courtois (1999) "Introduction" p. X: USSR: 20 million deaths; China: 65 million deaths; Vietnam: 1 million deaths; North Korea: 2 million deaths; Cambodia: 2 million deaths; Eastern Europe: 1 million deaths; Latin America: 150,000 deaths; Africa: 1.7 million deaths; Afghanistan: 1.5 million deaths; the international Communist movement and Communist parties not in power: about 10,000 deaths.
Valentino (2005) Final solutions p. 9: "Mass killing and Genocide. No generally accepted terminology exists to describe the intentional killing of large numbers of noncombatants."
Stephen Wheatcroft. The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45. Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 48, No. 8 (Dec. 1996), pp. 1319–1353
Beth van Schaack. The Crime of Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention's Blind Spot. The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 106, No. 7 (May 1997), pp. 2259–2291
Midlarsky (2005) Killing trap p. 310: "Indeed, an arc of Communist politicide can be traced from the western portions of the Soviet Union to China and on to Cambodia."
Benjamin Valentino, Paul Huth, Dylan Bach-Lindsay, (2004), "Draining the Sea: mass killing and guerrilla warfare," International Organization 58,2 (375–407): p. 387.
Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, (n.d.), "History of Communism （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）," online: Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, §"A Moral Blind Spot".
Gray, John. Totalitarianism, civil society and reform. Ellen Frankel Paul (編). Totalitarianism at the crossroads. Transaction Publisher. 1990: 116. ISBN 978-0-88738-850-7.
Hicks, Stephen R. C. Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault. Scholarly Publishing. 2009: 87–88. ISBN 1-59247-646-5. ISBN 1-59247-642-2.
Goldhagen (2009) Worse than War p. 54: "...in the past century communist regimes, led and inspired by the Soviet Union and China, have killed more people than any other regime type."
Stephen G. Wheatcroft, "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word", Source: Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Mar. 1999), pp. 315–345, gives the following numbers: During 1921–53, the number of sentences was (political convictions): sentences, 4,060,306; death penalties, 799,473; camps and prisons, 2,634397; exile, 413,512; other, 215,942. In addition, during 1937–52 there were 14,269,753 non-political sentences, among them 34,228 death penalties, 2,066,637 sentences for 0–1 year, 4,362,973 for 2–5 years, 1,611,293 for 6–10 years, and 286,795 for more than 10 years. Other sentences were non-custodial.
Nove, Alec. Victims of Stalinism: How Many?, in Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (edited by J. Arch Getty and Roberta T. Manning), 劍橋大學出版社, 1993. pp. 260-274. ISBN 0-521-44670-8.
Dmitri Volkogonov. Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime. : 139: "Between 1929 and 1953 the state created by Lenin and set in motion by Stalin deprived 21.5 million Soviet citizens of their lives.".
Yakovlev (2002) Century of Violence p. 234: "My own many years and experience in the rehabilitation of victims of political terror allow me to assert that the number of people in the USSR who were killed for political motives or who died in prisons and camps during the entire period of Soviet power totaled 20 to 25 million. And unquestionably one must add those who died of famine—more than 5.5 million during the civil war and more than 5 million during the 1930s."
Jonathan Brent, Inside the Stalin Archives: Discovering the New Russia. Atlas & Co., 2008 (ISBN 0-9777433-3-0) Introduction online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (PDF file): "Estimations on the number of Stalin's victims over his twenty-five year reign, from 1928 to 1953, vary widely, but 20 million is now considered the minimum."
Rosefielde (2009) Red Holocaust p. 17: "We now know as well beyond a reasonable doubt that there were more than 13 million Red Holocaust victims 1929–53, and this figure could rise above 20 million."
Conquest (2007) Great Terror p. xvi: "Exact numbers may never be known with complete certainty, but the total of deaths caused by the whole range of Soviet regime's terrors can hardly be lower than some fifteen million."
Barry McLoughlin (2002) "Mass Operations of the NKVD, 1937–1938: a survey." in Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union eds. Barry McLoughlin, Kevin McDermott [?]: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 141. ISBN 1-4039-0119-8.
Ellman, Michael. Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments. Europea-Asia Studies. 2002, 34 (7): 1151–1172. The best estimate that can currently be made of the number of repression deaths in 1937–38 is the range 950,000–1.2 million, i.e., about a million. This estimate should be used by historians, teachers, and journalists concerned with twentieth century Russian—and world—history
Jan T. Gross. Revolution From Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia.普林斯頓大學出版社, 2002. ISBN 0-691-09603-1. pp. 181–182
Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6.
Fenby, Jonathan. Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. Ecco, 2008. ISBN 0-06-166116-3. p. 351 "Mao’s responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking."
Helen Fein. Revolutionary and Antirevolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975 to 1979, and in Indonesia, 1965 to 1966. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 796–823
Kimenyi, Alexandre. Anatomy of Genocide: State-sponsored Mass-killings in the Twentieth Century. Edwin Mellen Press. June 2001: 206. ISBN 978-0-7734-7600-4.
Joseph Collins. Soviet Policy toward Afghanistan. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 4, Soviet Foreign Policy. (1987), pp. 198–210
R.W. Davies and S.G. Wheatcroft, (2004) The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia,
volume 5. The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933 Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan, p. 401.[查證請求] For a review, see Davies & Wheatcroft, 2004(PDF). Warwick. [2014-10-11]. （原始內容存檔(PDF)於2009-09-30）.
Peter Finn, Aftermath of a Soviet Famine （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 華盛頓郵報, April 27, 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed."
一項基於拉夫連季·貝利亞給斯大林的報告的估計中，478,479名被驅趕的印古什和車臣人中有150,000人（或31.3%）死在前四年的遷徙行動中。參見：Kleveman, Lutz. The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia. Jackson, Tenn.: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003. ISBN 0-87113-906-5. Another scholar puts the number of deaths at 22.7 percent: Extrapolating from NKVD records, 113,000 Ingush and Chechens died (3,000 before deportation, 10,000 during deportation, and 100,000 after resettlement) in the first three years of the resettlement out of 496,460 total deportees. See: Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge, Mass.: 哈佛大學出版社, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00994-0. A third source says a quarter of the 650,000 deported Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Kalmyks died within four years of resettlement. See: Mawdsley, Evan. The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union 1929–1953. Manchester, England: 曼徹斯特大學出版社, 2003. ISBN 0-7190-6377-9. However, estimates of the number of deportees sometimes varies widely. Two scholars estimated the number of Chechen and Ingush deportees at 700,000, which would have the percentage estimates of deaths. See: Fischer, Ruth and Leggett, John C. Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party. Edison, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-87855-822-5.
Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny. Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views. Garland, 1997 ISBN 0-8153-2353-0. p. 120
"In the aftermath of the 1982 meeting the exile leadership showed some goodwill by refraining from commenting on the meetings, but at the same time continued to attack Chinese policies and human rights violations in Tibet, often going beyond what the actual situation warranted; for example, with charges of Chinese genocide." Goldstein, M. C., The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press, p72-73.
Legal Inquiry Committee on Tibet (編). A Report to the International Commission of Jurists(PDF). 1960: 17 [2021-03-29]. （原始內容(PDF)存檔於2021-05-07）. The COMMITTEE found that acts of genocide had been committed in Tibet in an attempt to destroy the Tibetans as a religious group, and that such acts are acts of genocide independently of any conventional obligation. The COMMITTEE did not find that there was sufficient proof of the destruction of Tibetans as a race, nation or ethnical group as such by methods that can be regarded as genocide in international law.
Conquest, Robert. (2007). The Great Terror: A Reassessment, 40th Anniversary Edition. [?]: 牛津大學出版社.
Courtois, Stéphane ed.. (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. trans. Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer; consulting ed. Mark Kramer. [?]: 哈佛大學出版社. ISBN 0-674-07608-7. Google Books.
Semelin, Jacques. (2009). Purify and Destroy: the political uses of massacre and genocide. Trans. Cynthia Schoch. CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies, Series ed. Christophe Jaffrelot. [?]: 哥倫比亞大學出版社. ISBN 0-231-14283-8, ISBN 978-0-231-14283-0.
Lanning, Michael Lee, Cragg, Dan. Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces. 1st edition. Texas A & M University Press August 15, 2008. ISBN 978-1-60344-059-2.
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