單倍群Q-M242

單倍群Q-M242 （英語：Haplogroup Q-M242）是人類Y染色體DNA單倍群之一，Q是單倍群P下游P1的一個分支（另一個分支是單倍群R）。

單倍群Q
起源時間	1,7200-3,1700年前 [1][2][3] (大約2,4500年前)
共祖年代	{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地	中亞[4][5] 、西伯利亞[2]
上游單倍群	P1-M45
下游單倍群	Q1 (L232/S432)
對應突變	M242 rs8179021
分布區域	克季人 93.8%,[6] 土庫曼人（卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦共和國、約穆特人 ）73%,[7] 塞爾庫普人 66.4%.,[6]圖瓦人 62.5%.,[8] 切爾干人 60.0%.,[9] 圖巴拉爾人 41%,[9] 西伯利亞韃靼人 38%,[10] 其他突厥人, 因紐特人, 美國原住民, 葉尼塞語系, 泰國的阿卡人, 孟高棉語族以及有些阿薩姆邦部落

美洲原住民、土庫曼人、葉尼塞人、楚科奇人、堪察加人、圖瓦人、達雅人、阿卡人等是世界上擁有最高單倍群Q頻率的族群。單倍群Q在其他北亞人、西亞人、中亞人、東亞人、歐洲人等中也有少量分佈。^[11]

起源

單倍群Q-M242是單倍群P1-M45的分支之一（另一分支為R-M207）。目前的假說認為大約在17000至31700年前起源於西伯利亞中南部的阿爾泰地區^[2]。

系統發生樹

下面是2015年ISOGG樹。

• Q-M242 M242
  • Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1)
    • Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a)
      • Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1)
        • Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a)
          • Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1)
        • Q-M25 M25，M143 (Q1a1b)
          • Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1)
      • Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2)
        • Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a)
          • Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1)
            • Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a)
              • Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1)
                • Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a)
              • Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2)
            • Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b)
            • Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c)
        • Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b)
        • Q-F1161 F1161
          • Q-L527 L527
    • Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q1b)
      • Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q1b1)
        • Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a)
          • Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1)
      • Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2, Q1b-L68)

子單倍群的分布

• Q (M242)
  • Q* 印度和巴基斯坦^[12]；阿富汗、8例普什圖男性 (3例喀布爾，4例拉格曼, 1例卡比薩省)^[13]； 拉帕努伊（復活節島）^[14]
  • Q-P36.2 (P36.2) 伊朗 ^[15]
    • Q-MEH2 (MEH2)：科里亞克族 (10.3%)^[16]
      • Q-M120 (M120, M265/N14)：漢族,^[17][18] 東干人, 越南,^[19] 日本人,^[20] 卡爾梅克,^[21] 韓國,^[22] 蒙古,^[23] 藏族,^[24][25]，老撾苗族^[26], 不丹,^[27] 哈扎拉人,^[28] 文萊的Murut人,^[29] 秘魯
      • Q-M25 (M25, M143)：土庫曼的30-45%、古列斯坦省 (伊朗),^[30] 朱茲詹 ( 阿富汗), 黎巴嫩,^[31] 蒙古, 土耳其^[32]
      • Q-M346 (L56, L57, M346)：巴基斯坦, 伊朗, 阿富汗, 吉爾吉斯斯坦, 沙特阿拉伯,^[33] 阿拉伯聯合酋長國,^[34] 印度, 蒙古, 藏族, 巴厘島^[35]（少數）
        • Q-L53 (L53, L54, L55, L213)
          • Q-M3 (M3)：美洲原住民（絕大多數）
            • Q-M19 (M19)：南美洲, Ticuna, 瓦羽^[36]
            • Q-M194 (M194) 南美洲
            • Q-M199 (M199, P106, P292) 南美洲^[37]
        • Q-M323 (M323)：也門猶太人^[38]
    • Q-L275 (L275, L314)
      • Q-M378 (M378)：廣泛分布在歐洲、南亞、西亞和東亞： 哈扎拉人 和 信德人 、蒙古人、日本人、中國西邊的維吾爾人；^[39] 歐洲猶太人^[40][41]；中美洲 (巴拿馬)和南美洲 (安第斯地區)^[42]

分布

美洲

前哥倫比亞時期的美洲土著人民擁有高頻單倍群Q。這是因為遷徙新大陸模型：他們從遠東穿過白令海峽移民到美洲。^[2]

北美洲

• 納－德內語系：平均68%
• 納瓦霍人：92.3%
• 阿帕契族：78.1%
  • SC Apache：87%^[43]
• 愛斯基摩人 (因紐特人、阿留申人）80％

北美46%的Q為Q-M3^[44]

格陵蘭：53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3)；而且考古家發現了一個4000年前的Saqqaq古人（Q1a-MEH2*）。他更接近遠東的Koryak和楚科奇人。^[45]

瑟莫蘇克有最高的平均頻率：82%。凱克卡塔有最低頻率：30%。^[46]

2010年，3.1%的美國男性為Q-M242。^[47]

民族	美國人口百分比 †	單倍群Q頻率
白人	63.7%	Q-P36*0.6%, Q-M3 0.1%
西班牙裔美國人	16.3%	Q-P36*3.8%, Q-M3 7.9%
黑人	12.6%	Q-P36*(xM3) 0.2%
亞裔美國人	4.8%	~0%
美洲原住民 ‡	0.9%	Q-P36*31.2%和 , Q-M3 26.9%
來源 :[47]† 2010年美國人口普查[48] ‡大陸和阿拉斯卡，不包括太平洋島嶼

中南美洲

94%的中美洲和南美洲的原住民擁有單倍群Q。^[49]具有Q-M242單倍群的人群建立了許多古老的美洲文化和文明，例如：

• 蒂亞瓦納科
• 卡拉爾
• 小北文明
• 瑪雅文明
• 查文文化
• 印加
• 阿茲特克

由於歐洲的入侵以及大屠殺，很多現代美洲人是麥士蒂索人或者混血的。但是與北美相比，單倍群Q在南美和中美更普遍。

國家分布：

• 61％，玻利維亞^[50]
• 51％，危地馬拉,^[51]
• 40.1% (159/397) 至50％，秘魯
• 37.6%，厄瓜多爾^[52]
• 37.3% (181/485)，墨西哥^[53]；混血：30.8% (203/659)^[54]
• 31.2% (50/160)，薩爾瓦多^[55]
• 15.3% (37/242)，21.8% (89/408)，巴拿馬^[56]
• 16.1%，哥倫比亞^[57]
• 15.2% (25/165)，尼加拉瓜^[58]
• 9.7% (20/206)，智利
• 5.3% (13/246)^[59]至23.4% (181/775)^[60]，阿根廷
• 5%，哥斯達黎加^[61]
• 3.95%，巴西^[62]

亞洲

Q-M242起源於東亞。^[2] 很多民族擁有這個單倍群：

• Q-M242分布在許多俄羅斯、西伯利亞民族中
• 克季^[6]、 塞爾庫普人、西伯利亞尤皮克族人、尼夫赫人、楚科奇人^[63] 、尤卡吉爾人、圖瓦人、^[64] 阿爾泰人、^[9] 科里亞克族等
• 蒙古國、^[65] 中國、^[17][18][24] 朝鮮、日本、印度尼西亞、^[66] 越南、^[35] 泰國^[67]
• 印度^[12]、巴基斯坦、阿富汗、伊朗^[68]
• 伊拉克、沙特阿拉伯、土庫曼斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦

北亞

西伯利亞、阿爾泰、貝加爾湖的民族Q-M242較多。^[69]

• 所有阿爾泰樣本：24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25)；Q-M242、Q-M346、Q-M3
  • 切爾干人：60.0%(15/25：都是Q-M346)，
  • 圖巴拉爾人：41%(11/27: 1 Q-M25，10 Q-M346)
  • Altaians-Kizhi：17% (20/120)
  • 阿爾泰人：4.2%（南），32.0%（北），63.6％（Kurmach-Baigol)；13.7% (20/146 )^[9] 或25.8%^[70]（全部）

• 圖瓦：14-62.5%^[70] ；圖瓦人、Tozhu Tuvans、新疆圖佤人^[8]
• 西伯利亞韃靼人、Ishtyako-Tokuz：38％^[10]

• 克季人：93.8% (45/48)；現在只有1500至5000個克季人。在語言人類學中，克季人說葉尼塞語系，跟美國原住民的納-得內語系^[71]以及匈人語有關。^[72][73][74]有學者認為他們來自阿爾泰山和薩彥嶺。^[2]
  • 塞爾庫普人 (北西伯利亞)：66.4% (87/131)^[6]
  • Sojots (7.1%，Q-M346)
  • Khakassians (6.3%，Q-M346)
  • 卡爾梅克人 (3.4%，Q-M25，Q-M346)^[70]
  • 漢特人^[75]

• 阿穆爾尼夫赫人 (Gilyaks)：35.3%
• 楚科奇人：33.3%
• 西伯利亞尤皮克族人：39.2%(楚科奇半島)^[63]
• 尤卡吉爾人：30.8%（科雷馬河、堪察加半島）^[64]
• 科里亞克族：15% (Q1a*9%，Q-M3 6%)^[53]

東亞

中國^[17][18]

• 中國西北部 , 華北地區 , 華中地區 、華東地區 ：2-4%
• 中國東北：3-4%
• 中國南部：2%

• 2011年，復旦大學：3.3% (12/361)。^[76]
• 2011年，Hua Zhong et al.：3.99%（34/853，包括30/853 Q-M120、3/853 Q-M346、1/853 Q-M25）。^[77]

• 維吾爾人：15.38%(22/143，包括6/143 Q-M378、5/143 Q-P36.2*、4/143 Q-M120、4/143 Q-M346、1/143 Q-M25)；吐魯番地區^[78]
  • 7.9%；刀郎人；Horiqol、Awat
  • 7.74%；和田^[79]
  • 3.0% (2/67) Q-P36^[80]
  • 1.6% (1/64) Q-M120 羅布人^[81]
  • 0%：39個克里雅人未測出Q，居住在克里雅河、塔克拉瑪干沙漠。
• 西藏：3.2%^[24] ; 1.23% (29/2354)^[82] ; 0% (n=105)^[80]

蒙古

• Q1a2-M346：1.4^[53]~3.1%^[68]；4%^[49]
• 烏蘭巴托：5.3% (4/75)^[83]

朝鮮人：1.9%^[84][85][86]

• 漢城、京畿道：2.7% (Kim 2010年)

日本：0.3％^{[87][80][88][20][19]} (靜岡、埼玉縣)

東南亞

東南亞（或東盟）：^[66]

• 印度尼西亞：5.4% (2/37)
• 菲律賓：3.1% (2/64)
• 泰國：2.5% (1/40)；泰國的阿卡人：55.6%(15/27)^[67][67]

越南：7.1%^[89][90]

• 胡志明市的京族人：4.3％ ^[19]
• 河內：0% ^[66][67]

緬甸：2.8% (3/106）^[91]

• 伊洛瓦底省：18.8％ (2/11)
• 7.1%：勃固 (1/14)

中亞

• 哈薩克族：2％^[92]~6%^[22][93] (平均4%)^[94] （康里、康國聯盟）
• 吉爾吉斯斯坦族人：2%^[68][95][96]
• 塔吉克斯坦（塔吉克人）：5%^[97]~6%^[22][93]；
• 烏茲別克人：4/54=7.4%^[98] ；20/366=5.5% ；11/127=8.7%（包括薩爾普勒省、阿富汗的朱茲詹省） ^[68]
• 土庫曼斯坦（土庫曼人）：10.0% (3/30)；50.0% (22/44)^[68]；土庫曼人是烏古斯人的後裔，烏古斯人創建了很多突厥王朝（例如奧斯曼帝國、塞爾柱帝國，阿夫沙爾王朝）
• 伊朗的戈勒斯坦省：42.6% (29/68)^[30]
• 阿富汗的朱茲詹：31.1% (23/74)^[68]

西亞

伊朗：5.5% (52/938)^[30]

• 戈勒斯坦省的伊朗：42.6%（29/68）
• 伊斯法罕 (波斯人)：9.1%
• 呼羅珊省 (波斯人)：6.8%
• 洛雷斯坦省 (波斯人)：6％
• 西亞塞拜然省：4.9%（5.1%的亞述人和4.8%的阿塞拜疆族）
• 法爾斯 (波斯人)：4.5%

其他研究結果得出的頻率接近。^{[99][100][101]}

其他西亞國家：

• 伊拉克：1.9% (3/154，全部為Q-M378)；沼澤阿拉伯人：2.8% (4/143，1個Q-M25，3個Q-M378)；Marsh Arab是蘇美爾人的後裔。^[102][103]
• 沙特阿拉伯：2.5%(4/157: 3個Q*，1個Q-M346)；阿拉伯聯合酋長國：1.8% (3/164: 2個Q*，1個Q-M346)；阿曼：0.8% (1/121：Q*)^[34][33]
• 敘利亞人：1.1% (1/87，Q-P36) ^[89]
• 黎巴嫩：2.0% (18/914, 14個Q*，4個Q-M25)^[104]
• 土耳其：2% (10/523: 9個Q*，1個Q-M25)^[32]
  • 土耳其的喀布爾（烏古斯人）部落：13%。^[105]

高加索：^[100]

• 阿塞拜疆：4％-4.9％^[99]
• 喬治亞人和亞美尼亞人：1.3%^[106]

南亞

阿富汗人：6.9%；普什圖人：8.4% (9/49: 8個Q*，1個Q-M346)^[13]

• Cristofaro 2013年：8.9% (45/507)；朱茲詹省的土庫曼：33.8% (25/74: 23個Q-M25，2個Q-M346)； 烏茲別克人：8.7%(11/144: 6個Q*，1個Q-M25，4個Q-M346)^[68]
• 總數：6.3%.^[107]

巴基斯坦、伊朗高原的東部：2.2% (14/638)^[108]~3.4% (6/176).^[28]

印度人：2.38% (15/630)，各階層（印度種姓制度）；有罕見的Q-MEH2^[5]

• 古吉拉特邦 (印度西部)：12% (3/25) Chaudharis；總數2.8%(8/284)^[109]
• Chitwan的Tharus：2.6％
• 新德里（印度首都）的印度教徒：6.1% (3/49)^[110]

孟加拉國：9.7% (23/237: 查克馬 13/89, Marma 4/60, 特里普拉邦 6/88)；文章將Q-M242歸為P*(x R1,R2).^[111]

尼泊爾的加德滿都：1.2% Q-M242^[24]

斯里蘭卡：3.3% Q-M242^[89]

歐洲

東歐

中歐、東歐、俄羅斯：1.7%男性為Q-M242

• 俄羅斯人：2％,^[112]
• 白俄羅斯人：1.5％,^[113]
• 烏克蘭人：1.3%^[114]
• 波蘭人：0.5 ^[115]-1.3%,^[116]
• 捷克人：2%,^[117]
• 斯洛伐克：1.5%,^[118]
• 匈牙利人：2.2%,^[119][120]
• 羅馬尼亞人：1.2%,^[121]
• 摩爾多瓦：0.8%^[122]
• 保加利亞：0.5% (4/808: 2 Q-M378, 1 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25)^[123]
• 塞凱伊人來自特蘭西瓦尼亞，是阿提拉以及匈人的後裔；3.1%是P* (xR1-M173)/Q-M242^[124]；或4.3%^[125][126]

北歐

北歐：2.5%男性。

• 瑞典：4.1% (27/664，2016年)-4.7%男性屬於Q-M242；位於約塔蘭（不是哥得蘭島（根據Swedish Haplogroup Database）

• 挪威：2.6%-4%^[127]；Q-L804比Q-F1161/L527更普遍^[128]
• 丹麥：1.6%；法羅群島：3％；跟維京人的後裔有關^[129]
• 冰島人（冰島）：7.2% (13/181) 不是R1b，而是Q-M242^[130]
• 芬蘭：0.2％,^[131]
• 拉脫維亞：4.6％^[132]
• 立陶宛：1.1％,^[133]
• 愛沙尼亞：0.5％

西歐

• 瑞士：2.1%^[134]
• 法國里昂 (羅訥-阿爾卑斯)：5.1%。^[135]
• 英國北部設得蘭：4％-8%。
• 設得蘭是維京人的殖民地，另外設得蘭的Q-M242與中國、中亞、阿塞拜疆族的Q-M242相似。^[127]

南歐

• 克羅地亞大陸：1.9%；
• 赫瓦爾群島：4.3% (13/91)；科爾丘拉島：6.1% (8/132)^[135]
• 意大利：0.6%；
• 西西里：2.5% (6/236)；
• 馬扎拉-德爾瓦洛：16.7% (3/18)；拉古薩 (西西里)：7.1% (2/28)；夏卡 (阿格里真托省)：3.6％^[136]； 濱海貝爾韋代雷：3.7％^[137]

阿什肯納茲猶太人：5.2% (23/441) Q-P36^[40]

塞法迪猶太人：2.3% (4/174)^[138]~5.6% (3/53)^[139]

也許由可薩人征服歐洲帶來。

非洲

埃及人：0.7% (1/147),^[33]

阿爾及利亞：0.6% (1/156)^[100]

科摩羅、東非、馬達加斯加：0.8% (3/381，都是Q-M346，也許因為南島語系從中國移民到東非；或明朝的鄭和)

世界上大約3.1%的男性為Q-M242。

古代考古遺址

• 南中西伯利亞（阿爾泰）
  • Afontova-Gora 2、葉尼塞河、 克拉斯諾亞爾斯克 (南中西伯利亞)，17000年前：Q1a1-F1215 (mtDNA R)^[140]
• 北美
  • Anzick-1, 克洛維斯文化，西蒙大拿州；12600年前；Q1a2-L54*(xM3，mtdna D4h3a)^[141][142]
  • 肯納威克人，華盛頓州；8500年前：Q1a2-M3（mtdna X2a）^[143]
• 阿爾泰山脈（中國、蒙古）
  • Tsagaan Asga和Takhilgat Uzuur-5，Kurgan；2900-4800年前：4個R1a1a1b2-Z93、3個Q1a2a1-L54、1個Q-M242、1個C-M130^[144]
• 格陵蘭
  • Saqqaq (Qilakitsoq)，格陵蘭；4000年前；Q1a-YP1500^[145] (mtdna D2a1)^[146]
• 中國
  • Hengbei（倗國墓地；西周），江縣，山西；2800-3000年前；9個Q1a1-M120、2個O2a-M95、1個N、4個O3a2-P201、2個O3、4個O*^[147]；其他文章中：^[148]
    • 貴族：3個Q1a1、2個O3a、1個N
    • 普通人：8個Q1a1、3個O3a、3個O*
    • 倗伯，倗國的君主：Q-M120.
  • 彭陽縣, 寧夏；2500年前：全部4 Q1a1-M120 (有很多動物骨頭、青銅刀和其他武器)
  • 黑溝梁、新疆；2200年前；6個Q1a*，4個Q1b-M378，2個Q*^[149]
    • Lihongjie 2012年的文章中：公元前2世紀的墓地；匈奴王；哈密；12名男性的Y-DNA是Q-MEH2 (Q1a)或者Q-M378 (Q1b)
  • 匈奴墓地；Barkol、新疆：3例都是Q-M3
    • L. L. Kang et al. (2013年)、Li 2012年：支持匈奴人說葉尼塞語系語言，匈奴是匈人的祖先^[150][151]
  • 700年前的蒙元貴族墓地，位於中國河北省最北部沽源縣梳妝樓，其中3例都是Q；高唐王=趙王 闊里吉思 Korguz；mtdna=D4m2，另外兩個是mtdna=A)^[152]
    • Korguz是忽必烈可汗（元世祖）的女兒的兒子。大約16個元朝公主嫁給了汪古部的王子。
    • Korguz屬於汪古部部落。汪古部部落（汪古部）是沙陀族的後裔，沙陀屬於突厥汗國 (西突厥汗國)，在五代十國時期創建了三個朝代。汪古部幫助成吉思汗創建了蒙古帝國。
    • 1298年他死了，1311年他葬在梳妝樓。
    • 他並不是闊里吉思（畏兀兒人）。

參見

• 古印地安人
• 美洲原住民
• 克季人
• 塞爾庫普人
• 因紐特人
• 楚科奇人
• 阿卡人
• 土庫曼

Subclades

• Q-M242
• Q-NWT01
• Q-M120
• Q-M25
• Q-M346
• Q-L53
• Q-L54
• Q-M3
• Q-M323
• Q-P89.1
• Q-Z780
• Q-L275

單倍群進化樹

人類Y染色體DNA單倍型類群進化樹

Y染色體最近共同祖先

A

A1b

A1a-T

A1a

A2-T

A2

A3

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

G

H

IJK

IJ

K

I

J

LT

K(xLT)

L

T

M

NO

P

S

O

N

Q

R

各族群Y染色體單倍型類群 · 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人

閱讀

• Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A. Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions. BMC Genetics. 2009, 10 (1): 59. PMC 2759955 . PMID 19772609. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59.
• Behar, Doron M.; Garrigan, Daniel; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Mobasher, Zahra; Rosengarten, Dror; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Ostrer, Harry; et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Human Genetics. 2004, 114 (4): 354–65. PMID 14740294. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7.
• Bortolini, M; Salzano, F; Thomas, M; Stuart, S; Nasanen, S; Bau, C; Hutz, M; Layrisse, Z; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003, 73 (3): 524–39. PMC 1180678 . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. 請檢查|lay-date=中的日期值 (幫助)
• Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J. Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 16 (3): 374–86. PMID 17928816. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934.*Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J. Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 16 (3): 374–86. PMID 17928816. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934.
• Cinnioglu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; et al. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Human Genetics. 2004, 114 (2): 127–48. PMID 14586639. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4.
• Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 15 (1): 121–6. PMC 2588664 . PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726.
• Gayden, T; Cadenas, AM; Regueiro, M; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ. The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 80 (5): 884–94. PMC 1852741 . PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757.
• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese* common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0.
• Mirabal, Sheyla; Regueiro, Maria; Cadenas, Alicia M; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Underhill, Peter A; Verbenko, Dmitry A; Limborska, Svetlana A; Herrera, Rene J. Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2009, 17 (10): 1260–73. PMC 2986641 . PMID 19259129. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6.
• Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms. Annals of Human Genetics. 2007, 71 (Pt 4): 480–95. PMID 17274803. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x.
• Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al』Bina P.; Protod』jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia* genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics. 2006, 120 (3): 334–53. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2.
• Rasmussen, Morten; Li, Yingrui; Lindgreen, Stinus; Pedersen, Jakob Skou; Albrechtsen, Anders; Moltke, Ida; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; et al. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010, 463 (7282): 757–62. PMC 3951495 . PMID 20148029. doi:10.1038/nature08835. 請檢查|lay-date=中的日期值 (幫助)
• Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. Iran* Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. Human Heredity. 2006, 61 (3): 132–43. PMID 16770078. doi:10.1159/000093774.
• Sengupta, S; Zhivotovsky, L; King, R; Mehdi, S; Edmonds, C; Chow, C; Lin, A; Mitra, M; et al. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 78 (2): 202–21. PMC 1380230 . PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411.
• Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Bhat, Audesh K; Bhanwer, Amarjit S; Bamezai, Rameshwar NK. A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2007, 7 (1): 232. PMC 2258157 . PMID 18021436. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232.
• Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation. Human Mutation. 2004, 24 (3): 248–60. PMID 15300852. doi:10.1002/humu.20077.
• Wells, Spencer. The Journey of Man* A Genetic Odyssey. Random House. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0.
• Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Underhill, PA; Evseeva, I; Blue-Smith, J; Jin, L; Su, B; et al. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001, 98 (18): 10244–9. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. 請檢查|lay-date=中的日期值 (幫助)
• Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; et al. Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature. 2004, 431 (7006): 302–5. PMID 15372031. doi:10.1038/nature02878. 請檢查|lay-date=中的日期值 (幫助)
• Su, Bing; Xiao, Chunjie; Deka, Ranjan; Seielstad, Mark T.; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Xiao, Junhua; Lu, Daru; Underhill, Peter; et al. Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas. Human Genetics. 2000, 107 (6): 582–90. PMID 11153912. doi:10.1007/s004390000406.
• Zalloua, P; Xue, Y; Khalife, J; Makhoul, N; Debiane, L; Platt, D; Royyuru, A; Herrera, R; et al. Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 82 (4): 873–82. PMC 2427286 . PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020.
• Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF. High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2003, 21 (1): 164–75. PMID 14595095. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009.
• Wells, Spencer. The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Random House LLC. 2002 [May 13, 2014]. ISBN 978-0-8129-7146-0. LCCN 2003066679.
• Gokcumen, Omer. Ethnohistorical and Genetic Survey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements. University of Pennsylvania. 2008 [May 13, 2014]. ISBN 978-0-549-80966-1.

外部連結

• Spread of Haplogroup Q （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, from The Genographic Project, 國家地理 (雜誌)
• The India Genealogical DNA Project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• British Isles DNA Project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

參考文獻

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39. Zhong, H.; Shi, H.; Qi, X.-B.; Duan, Z.-Y.; Tan, P.-P.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Ma, R. Z. Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2010, 28 (1): 717–27. PMID 20837606. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247.
40. Behar, DM; et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Hum Genet. 2004-03, 114 (4): 354–65. PMID 14740294. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7.
41. Adams, S. M.; Bosch, E.; Balaresque, P. L.; Ballereau, S. J.; Lee, A. C.; Arroyo, E.; López-Parra, A. M.; Aler, M.; et al. The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet. 2008, 83 (6): 725–736. PMC 2668061 . PMID 19061982. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. 請檢查|lay-date=中的日期值 (幫助)
42. The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q Vincenza Battaglia, Viola Grugni, Ugo Alessandro Perego, Norman Angerhofer, J. Edgar Gomez-Palmieri, Scott Ray Woodward, Alessandro Achilli, Natalie Myres, Antonio Torroni, Ornella Semino
43. Malhi, RS; Gonzalez-Oliver, A; Schroeder, KB; Kemp, BM; Greenberg, JA; Dobrowski, SZ; Smith, DG; Resendez, A; Karafet, T. Distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans: a study of Athapaskan population history. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2008, 137 (4): 412–24. PMC 2584155 . PMID 18618732. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20883.
44. Frequency Distribution of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q M3. GeneTree. 2010 [2010-01-30]. （原始內容存檔於2009-11-04）.
45. Rasmussen, M; Li, Y; Lindgreen, S; Pedersen, JS; Albrechtsen, A; Moltke, I; Metspalu, M; Metspalu, E; Kivisild, T. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010, 463 (7282): 463, 757–762. PMC 3951495 . PMID 20148029. doi:10.1038/nature08835. 請檢查|lay-date=中的日期值 (幫助)
46. Katharina Olofsson, Jill; et al. Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (1): e0116573. PMC 4312058 . PMID 25635810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573.
47. Hammer; et al. Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases. Forensic Sci. Int. 2006-12, 164 (1): 45–55. PMID 16337103. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013.
48. Population Estimates. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-18）.
49. Bortolini, M; Salzano, F; Thomas, M; Stuart, S; Nasanen, S; Bau, C; Hutz, M; Layrisse, Z; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003, 73 (3): 524–39. PMC 1180678 . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. 請檢查|lay-date=中的日期值 (幫助)
50. Vullo, Carlos; et al. Association between Y haplogroups and autosomal AIMs reveals intra-population substructure in Bolivian populations. Int J Legal Med. 2014, 129 (4): 673–680. PMID 24878616. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1025-x.
51. Söchtig, Jens; et al. Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the 'Ladinos' from Guatemala. BMC Genomics. 2015, 16: 131. PMC 4422311 . PMID 25887241. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1339-1. => Guatemala population consists of about 40% Natives (Mayans)+60% Ladinos. According to this paper, 89% of Mayan and 25% of Ladinos belong to Y-DNA Q. Thus, 40*0.89+60*0.25=50.6%
52. Gaviria, A.; et al. Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y-STR loci in Ecuadorian population. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. 2013, 4 (1): e310–e311. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.158.
53. Battaglia; et al. The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (8): e71390. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871390B. PMC 3749222 . PMID 23990949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071390.
54. Martínez-Cortés, G; et al. Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages. J. Hum. Genet. 2012, 57 (9): 568–74. PMID 22832385. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.67.
55. Lovo-Gómez, J; et al. The genetic male legacy from El Salvador. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007-09, 171 (2–3): 198–203. PMID 16916590. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.005.
56. Grugni. Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (12): e0144223. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044223G. PMC 4670172 . PMID 26636572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223.
57. Rojas, Win; et al. Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2010, 143 (1): 13–20. PMID 20734436. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270.=> (DANE, 2006) 86% of the whole Colombian population self-reported as of Mixed Ancestary, 3.4% as Native American, 10.5% as African-Columbian. In this paper, 12% (114/954) of MA, 95.7% (135/141) of NA, and 23.8% (5/21) of AC are turned out to be Y-DNA Q. Thus, 86*0.12+3.4*0.957+10.5*0.238=16.1%
58. Núñez, Carolina; et al. Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in a Mestizo population of Nicaragua. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2012, 6 (6): e192–e195. PMID 22770600. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.011. The author revised his previous paper, genotyping 2 more samples as haplogroup Q by Y-SNP test.
59. Corach, Daniel; et al. Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA. Annals of Human Genetics. 2010, 74 (1): 65–76. PMID 20059473. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x.
60. Ramallo; et al. Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina. Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series. 2009-12, 2 (1): 431–432. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.047.
61. http://www.fsigeneticssup.com/article/S1875-1768^{[永久失效連結]} (08)00138-8/fulltext(To read this document, allow cookies on your internet option), 5 out of 100 samples in the Y-STR table can be classified as haplogroup Q-M3.
62. Palha, T.; et al. Disclosing the Genetic Structure of Brazil through Analysis of Male Lineages with Highly Discriminating Haplotypes. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e40007. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740007P. PMC 3393733 . PMID 22808085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040007.=> about 80 out of 2,024 (3.95%) samples in the paper collected from all the regions of Brazil can be classified as Y-DNA Q.
63. Jeffrey, T.; et al. The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002-01, 70 (1): 192–206. PMC 384887 . PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457. The SNPs used in the paper are P-M45, R1a1-M17, Q1a2-M3, and other xP-M45 SNPs. And the author mentions that, among ethnic groups in the paper, R1-M173 is harbored only in some eastern Siberian Udegeys and Koryaks and Native Americans. Also, R2 (distributed in India and its neighbours) cannot be found in far east Siberia. Thus, P-M45 except some samples mentioned above virtually means Q-M242 (xM3). In the paper, 35.3% of Nivkhs and 20.8% of Chukchi people and 18.2% of Siberian Eskimos are shown in P-M45, and 12.5% of Chukchis and 21.2% of Siberian Eskimos are in Q-M3. All of them can be estimated to be in haplogroup Q.
64. Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al』Bina P.; Protod』Jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics. 2006, 120 (3): 334–353. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2.
65. Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0.
66. Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676 . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10.
67. Trejaut, J.A. Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia. BMC Genetics. 2014, 15: 77. PMC 4083334 . PMID 24965575. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77.
68. Cristofaro; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995 . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748.
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70. Malyarchuk, Boris; et al. Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a. Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 56 (8): 583–588. PMID 21677663. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.64.
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77. Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28 (1): 717–727. PMID 20837606. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247.
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80. Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; et al. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 51: 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0.
81. LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
82. Qi, Xuebin; Cui, Chaoying; Peng, Yi; et al. Genetic Evidence of Paleolithic Colonization and Neolithic Expansion of Modern Humans on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30 (8): 1761–1778. PMID 23682168. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst093.
83. Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, et al. (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." Am J Hum Biol. 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23194.
84. Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. 'Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population. Int J Legal Med. 2010-11, 124 (6): 653–7. PMID 20714743. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0501-1.
85. Jin Park, Myung; et al. Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea-relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2012, 126 (4): 589–599. PMID 22569803. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9.
86. The frequencies of Q-M242 shown in both studies (Kim2010, Park2012) are 1.4% (7/506, Kim) and 1.8% (13/706, Park) respectively. But, if recalculated by regional population weights, the adjusted frequencies reach 1.87% (Kim) and 1.91% (Park) respectively, converging to 1.9%.
87. Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin, et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations." Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000.
88. Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006).
89. Karafet, TM; et al. Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders. Hum. Biol. 2005-02, 77 (1): 93–114. PMID 16114819. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030.
90. He, J-D; Peng, M-S; Quang, HH; Dang, KP; Trieu, AV; et al. Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (5): e36437. PMC 3346718 . PMID 22586471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036437.
91. Peng, Min-Sheng; et al. Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014-08, 22 (8): 1046–1050. PMC 4350590 . PMID 24281365. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272.
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93. Seielstad, Mark; et al. A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. Am J Hum Genet. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705. PMC 1180698 . PMID 12929085. doi:10.1086/377589.
94. E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
95. Seielstad, Mark; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Singh, Nadia; Underhill, Peter; Oefner, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Wells, R. Spencer. A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705 [2020-02-16]. doi:10.1086/377589. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-16） （英語）.
96. Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Pitchappan, R. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001-08-28, 98 (18): 10244–10249. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098 （英語）.
97. Malyarchuk, B; et al. Y-chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2013-01, 40 (1): 48–54. PMID 23198991. doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.747628.
98. Karafet; et al. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. Am J Hum Genet. 2001-09, 69 (3): 615–628. PMC 1235490 . PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299.
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100. Bekada, Asmahan; et al. Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (2): e56775. PMC 3576335 . PMID 23431392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775.
101. The frequency of Q is 4% (6/150, all Q-M25) in Regueiro 2006, in which it is 9.1% (3/33) in north Iran and 2.6% (3/117) in south Iran. But, since more people live in the northern regions, if recalculated by population weights, the frequency will reach about 6%. It is also 6.2% (35/566) in Bekada 2013 with a large-scale sampling.
102. Al-Zahery, Nadia; et al. In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011, 11: 288. PMC 3215667 . PMID 21970613. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288.
103. According to scholars, early Sumerians called themselves 'black-headed people', and spoke an agglutinative language with the word order of SOV, which was quite different from common Semitic or Indo-European languages. Among Semitic languages, only Akkadian had SOV word order, which is due to the influence of the Sumerian language.(For more information, see Sumer, Sumerian Language, Akkadian language, and so on.) On the other hand, surprisingly, some ancient writings found in Bolivia such as Pokotia Monolith, have been interpreted with the Proto-Sumerian language. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/biados/texts/WintersPokotia.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
104. Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. Am. J. Hum. Genet. April 2008, 82 (4): 873–82. PMC 2427286 . PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020.
105. Gokcumen, Omer. Ethnohistorical and Genetic Survey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements. University of Pennsylvania. 2008 [May 13, 2014]. ISBN 978-0-549-80966-1.^{[失效連結]}
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107. To aggregate the results of Haber 2012 and Cristofaro 2013, the frequency of each ethnic group is 33.3% (25/75) in Turkmens, followed by 8.1% (11/136) in Pashtuns, 7.6% in Uzbeks (11/144), 4.4% in Hazara, 3.0% in Tajiks. Currently, Afghans consist of Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Turkmen 3%, others 10%. Thus, if recalculated by population weights of ethnic groups, the frequency of Q in Afghans will be 6.3%.
108. Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 15 (1): 121–126. PMC 2588664 . PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726.
109. Khurana, P; et al. Y Chromosome Haplogroup Distribution in Indo-European Speaking Tribes of Gujarat, Western India. PLOS ONE. 2014, 9 (3): e90414. PMC 3948632 . PMID 24614885. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090414.
110. Fornarino, Simona; et al. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evol. Biol. 2009, 9: 154. PMC 2720951 . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154.
111. Nahar Gazi, Nurun; et al. Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations of Bangladesh: Evaluating the Gene Flow along the Sides of Bay-of-Bengal. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e75064. PMC 3794028 . PMID 24130682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075064.
112. Malyarchuk, B. A.; et al. Gene Pool Structure of Russian Populations from the European Part of Russia Inferred from the Data on Y Chromosome Haplogroups Distribution. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2008, 44 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1134/S1022795408020105.
113. Khar'kov, VN; et al. Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians. Genetika. 2005-08, 41 (8): 1132–6. PMID 16161635. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x.
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