拉丁语“Iudaeus”意为“Judaean”，即“来自Judaea地区的人”。该字本身与希腊语中的同义字“Ἰουδαῖος”一样，是从中古时期的亚拉姆语的“Y'hūdāi”、希伯来语的“יְהוּדִי”、“Yehudi”；“יְהוּדִים”、“Yehudim”中演化而来的，含义是“犹大族（tribe of Judah）人”或“犹大王国（kingdom of Judah）的国民”。希伯来语的犹太人写作“יְהוּדִי”[13]。拉迪诺语中对应的单词为：“ג׳ודיו”、“Djudio”(sg.);“ג׳ודיוס”、“Djudios”(pl.);“意第绪语：יִיד:“Yid””;“יִידן”、“Yidn”。
目前欧洲和北美的犹太人口增长主要归因于移民，与此相对，以色列是唯一一个依靠犹太人自然增长而维持人口扩大的国家。在大多数海外犹太人社群，犹太人人口或停滞不前，或缓慢下降，只有在犹太教正统派控制的地区，其社群成员往往基于宗教原因而不采取控制生育的措施，从而导致较快的人口增长率[73]。一般正统派和保守派都不鼓励促使异教人士改宗犹太教，但是有许多犹太团体开始尝试让一些已被流散地的异文化融合的犹太人社团重新建立犹太教信仰。此外，尽管犹太教改革派在原则上提倡吸纳新成员，但这并不意味着积极的传教或劝说改宗活动，而仅仅限于通过与非犹太人通婚而吸收异族配偶进入犹太人社群[74]。与此同时，正统派人士却倾向于劝说普通犹太人强化其犹太人身份意识，从而往往会减少异族通婚的机会。结果有分析表明，最近25年来，世俗犹太人逐渐加强了其种族身份的认同感，开始严格遵守宗教信仰（这一运动被称为“Baal Teshuva”），但这一趋势尚未能得出统计数据的支持[75]。另外，由非犹太人士发起的“自由选择做犹太人”（Jews by Choice）的运动也逐渐产生了一定影响[76]。
在历史上，许多地区和国家的统治者和政府都对犹太人社群实施过种族压迫甚至彻底性的摧毁。从被驱逐出境到被种族灭绝，占人口极少数的犹太人遭受了各种磨难和迫害。反犹主义史上的主要事件包括：第一次十字军东征对犹太人的屠杀[95]；托马斯·德·托尔克马达（Tomás de Torquemada）领导的西班牙宗教裁判所以及葡萄牙宗教裁判所（Portuguese Inquisition）通过宗教裁判的形式对新教徒和玛拉诺犹太人的迫害[96]；乌克兰的哥萨克族首领博格丹·克米尔尼茨基对犹太人的屠杀[97]；俄国沙皇指使的对犹太人的集体迫害[98]以及发生在西班牙、葡萄牙、英国、法国、德国等地对犹太人的隔离驱逐行动[99]。对犹太人的迫害在20世纪30年代发展到了极致，希特勒等纳粹党人炮制的最终解决方案导致了惨绝人寰的犹太人大屠杀，在1939年至1945年期间，约600万犹太人惨遭杀害[100]。而自1948年以色列建国以来，伊斯兰世界由于对犹太政权的敌视也系统性的迫害过去长期居住阿拉伯地区的米兹拉希犹太人，从1948年阿拉伯联军向以色列发动第一次以阿战争起，阿拉伯地区有超过90万的米兹拉希犹太人因穆斯林社会的排挤与压迫而离开家园，逃往以色列或西方国家。[101]
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以色列
美国
法国
加拿大
英国
阿根廷
俄罗斯
德国
澳大利亚
巴西
南非
乌克兰
匈牙利
墨西哥
荷兰
比利时
义大利
瑞士
智利
乌拉圭
土耳其
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