توريوم

توريوم (په انگرېزي: Thorium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Th سمبول او ۹۰ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

Thorium,  ₉₀Th

عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈθɔəriəm/ THAWR-ee-əm
Appearance	silvery, often with black tarnish
Thorium په دوراني جدول کې
Ce ↑ Th ↓ (Uqq) actinium ← thorium → protactinium ‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	90
گروپ, پیریود	group n/a, period 7
بلاک	f-block
Element category	actinide
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val[1]
Electron configuration	[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	2023 K ​(1750 °C, ​3182 °F)
يشنا ټکی	5061 K ​(4788 °C, ​8650 °F)
Density near r.t.	11.7 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.81 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation	514 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.230 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 2633 2907 3248 3683 4259 5055
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1 ​(a weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Ionisation energies	1st: 587 kJ/mol 2nd: 1110 kJ/mol 3rd: 1930 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 179.8 pm
Covalent radius	206±6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face-centred cubic (fcc) Facecentredcubic crystal structure for thorium
Speed of sound thin rod	2490 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	54.0 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	157 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic[2]
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	132.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[3]
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Shear modulus	31 GPa
Bulk modulus	54 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.27
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	295–685 MPa
Brinell hardness	390–1500 MPa
CAS Number	7440-29-1
History
Naming	after Thor, the Norse god of thunder
Discovery	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Main isotopes of thorium
آيسو­ټوپ Abun­dance نیم ژوند (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 227Th trace 18.68 d α 223Ra 228Th trace 1.9116 y α 224Ra 229Th trace 7917 y α 225Ra 230Th 0.02% 75400 y α 226Ra 231Th trace 25.5 h β− 231Pa 232Th 99.98% 1.405×1010 y α 228Ra 234Th trace 24.1 d β− 234Pa
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سرچينې

1. Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
2. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4-135. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.
3. Weast, R. (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

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