Antibioticum

Antibioticum est compositum vel substantia, quae bacteria interficit vel augeri prohibet.^[1] Terminus saepe pro synonymo termini antibacteriale adhibetur; hodie autem antibioticum latiorem compositorum antimicrobialium varietatem significare coepit, inter quam antifungalia et alia composita.^[2]

Structura moleculae penicillini, primi medicamenti naturalis contra bacteria ab Alexandro Fleming anno 1928 inventi

Etymologia

Nomen antibioticum (a verbis Graecis ἀντί 'contra' + βίος 'vita') a Selmano Waksman anno 1942 excogitatum est, ad describendam quamlibet rem a microorganismo factam, quae auctui quorundam aliorum microorganismorum in alta dilutione contraria est.^[3] Haec definitio res excludit, quae bacteria interficiunt, sed a microorganismis non generantur (sicut acidum gastricum et peroxidum hydrogenii); ea synthetica composita antibacterialia sicut sulfonamida etiam excludit. Multa composita antibacterialia sunt moleculae parvae, quibus est pondus moleculare minus quam 2000 unitatum massae atomicae.

Ob progressum in chemia medicinali plurima antibacterialia hodierna chemice sunt semisyntheticae variorum compositorum naturalium mutationes.^[4] Inter ea, exempli gratia, sunt antibacterialia beta-lactamo, quae penicillinum (a fungi generis Penicillii generatum), cephalosporina et carbapenemes comprehendunt. Composita, quae iam ex organismis vivis deducuntur, sunt aminoglycosida, sed alia antibacterialia—inter quae sulfonamida, quinolona, oxazolidinona—solum a synthesi chemica generantur. Ex hoc, multa composita antibacterialia digeruntur secundum originem chemicam vel biosyntheticam in naturales, semisyntheticos et syntheticos greges. Aliud systema classificationis in activitate^? biologica constituitur. Hac in classificatione antibacterialia in duo greges latos secundum suos effectus biologicos in microorganismos dividuntur: agentes bactericidales bacteria interficiunt et agentes bacteriostatici auctum bacteriorum retardant vel stabilant.

Microgramma electronum inspiciens bacterium Staphylococcum aureum methicillinum resistentem monstrat.

Historia

Ante saeculum vicensimum sanationes infectionum praecipue in medicina populari conditae erant. Mixturae proprietates antimicrobiales habentes, quae in curationibus infectionum adhibebantur, abhinc annorum plus quam 2000 describebantur.^[5] Multae culturae antiquae, inter quas culturae Aegyptorum antiquorum et Graecorum antiquorum, fungos materiasque et extracta^? plantarum prae ceteris selecta ad curandas infectiones adhibebant.^[6][7] Recentiores antibiosis inter microorganismos observationes in laboratorio factae in inventionem antibacterialium naturalium a microorganismis generatorum adduxerunt. Apud Ludovicum Pasteur legimus: "Si in observato inter nonnulla bacteria antagonismo^? intercedere possimus, haec ratio maximas sanationis spes fortasse praebet."^[8]

Indicia

• Sanatio
  • Infectio bacteriorum
  • Infectio protozoorum; e.g. metronidazolum contra nonnullos morbos parasiticos est efficax
  • Immunomodulatio; e.g. tetracyclinum, quod in inflammatione periodontitis, et dapsonum, quod in morbis autoimmunitatis sicut pemphigoidum mucosae oris membranae est efficax^[9]
• Prohibitio infectionis
  • Vulnus chirurgicum
  • Prophylaxis antibiotica dentalis^[10][11]
  • Condiciones neutropeniae; e.g. ob cancrum

Exemplum aminoglycosidorum

Classes antibioticorum

Nomen substantiae	Usus frequentes	[12]Effectus adversi	[12] Machinatio actionis
Aminoglycosida
Amikacinum[13]	Contra infecciones per bacteria Gramiensia negativa ut E. coli et Klebsiellam. Tobramycinum contra Pseudomonadem aeruginosam. Neomycinum pro prophylaxi in chirurgia abdominali. Contra bacteria anaerobica. Non contra bacteria Gramiensia positiva.	Vertigo (Nervus vestibulocochlearis) Insufficientia renalis (cum cephalosporinis)	Inhibitio syntesis proteinorum
Gentamicinum
Kanamcynum
Neomycinum
Netilmycinum
Paromomycinum
Tobramycinum
Streptomycinum	Phthisis
Spectinomycinum	Gonorrhoea

Nexus interni

• Amphotericine B
• Antibiotherapia
• Antibioticum beta-lactamo
• Bacillaenum
• Biologia
• Classificatio antibioticorum
• Iatrogenesis
• Iatrogenesis systemica
• Index antibioticorum
• Infectio nosocomialis
• Immunologia
• Medicamentum
• Microbiologia
• Morbus
• Pharmacologia
• Praescriptio
• Probiotica
• Surpraescriptio

Notae

1. "Antibacterial" in Dorlands Medical Dictionary.
2. "Antibiotic" in Dorlands Medical Dictionary.
3. S. A. Waksman, "What Is an Antibiotic or an Antibiotic Substance?" Mycologia 39 (1947): 565–69.
4. F. von Nussbaum, et al. (2006). "Medicinal Chemistry of Antibacterial Natural Products – Exodus or Revival?". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (31): 5072–5129 .
5. Considerations for Determining if a Natural Product Is an Effective Wound-Healing Agent.
8. "If we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics" (Kingston 2008).
9. R. S. Rogers, J. R. Seehafer, et H. O. Perry (Februarius 1982). "Treatment of cicatricial (benign mucous membrane) pemphigoid with dapsone". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 6 (2): 215–223 .
10. W. Wilson, K. A. Taubert, M. Gewitz, et al. (October 2007). "Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association". Circulation 116 (15): 1736–54 .
11. Y. Zadik, M. Findler, S. Livne, et al. (December 2008). "Dentists' knowledge and implementation of the 2007 American Heart Association guidelines for prevention of infective endocarditis". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 106 (6): e16-9 .
12. Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition. Pocket (september 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.
13. MedlinePlus (Ian 2003). "Enciclopedia médica en español" 

Bibliographia

• Abedon, S. T., et R. L. Calendar. 2005. The Bacteriophages.
• Abedon, S. T., ed. 2008. Bacteriophage Ecology: Population Growth, Evolution and Impact of Bacterial Viruses. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85845-8.
• Alexy, Radka, et Klaus Kümmerer. 2005. Antibiotika in der Umwelt. KA: Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall 52 (5): 563–71. ISSN 1616-430X.
• Bosch, F., et L. Rosich. 2008. The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: a tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel Prize. Pharmacology 82 (3): 171–79. PMID 18679046. DOI 10.1159/000149583.
• Calderon, C. B., et B. P. Sabundayo. 2007. Antimicrobial Classifications: Drugs for Bugs. In Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols, ed. R. Schwalbe, L. Steele-Moore, et A. C. Goodwin. CRC Press, Taylor & Frances group. ISBN 978-0-8247-4100-6.
• Grote, M., C. Schwake-Anduschus, H. Stevens, R. Michel, T. Betsche, et M. Freitag. 2006. Antibiotika-Aufnahme von Nutzpflanzen aus Gülle-gedüngten Böden: Ergebnisse eines Modellversuchs. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit 1 (1): 1661-5867. ISSN 1661-5751.
• Heisig, Peter. 2004. Was ist neu an Ketoliden und Oxazolidinonen? Wirkungs- und Resistenzmechanismen. Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 33 (1): 10–19. ISSN 0048-3664.
• Simon, Claus, et Wolfgang Stille. 1985. Antibiotika-Therapie in Klinik und Praxis. Stuttgartiae: Schattauer. ISBN 3-7945-1970-1.
• Stille, Wolfgang, Hans-Reinhard Brodt, Andreas H. Groll, et Gudrun Just-Nübling. 2006. Antibiotika-Therapie. Ed. undecima. Stutgartiae: Schattauer. ISBN 3-7945-2160-9.
• Sykes, R. 2001. Penicillin: from discovery to product. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79 (8): 778–79. PMID 11545336. PMC 2566502.
• Theuretzbacher, Ursula. (1999) 2005. Mikrobiologie im klinischen Alltag: Erreger, Diagnostik, Therapie. Ed. secunda. Stuttgartiae: Kohlhammeruflage. ISBN 3-17-016665-4.
• Townsend, Courtney M. 2005. Sabiston Tratado de Cirugia e-dition: Libro con acceso a sitio web Ed. septima decima. Elsevier España. ISBN 848174848X. http://books.google.es/books?id=lGOEc7OUm3cC.
• Waksman, S. A. 1947. What Is an Antibiotic or an Antibiotic Substance? Mycologia 39 (5): 565–69. doi:10.2307/3755196. PMID 20264541. JSTOR 3755196.