Proverbium

Proverbium sive adagium est dictum simplex et solidum, populo notum crebroque iteratum, quod veritatem in communi sensu vel in activa experientia humana conditam saepe per metaphoram declarat. Proverbium fundamenta morum describens etiam praeceptum, praecipue in philosophia, appellari potest.

Thumb — Proverbium Mandarinicum: "Disce ad senectutem, vive ad senectutem, sed tertia pars non iam cognita."

Proverbia linguae et culturae similia saepe mutuantur, et aliquando per plus quam unam linguam ad tempus hodiernum supersunt. Biblia Sacra (insigniter inter quae Liber Proverbiorum) et Latina aevi medii (praecipue ab opere Erasmi et aliorum adiuta) personam magni momenti in distributione proverbiorum trans Europam egerunt, quamquam paene omni culturae sunt sua exempla.

Investigatio proverbiorum appellatur paroemiologia (a Graeco παροιμία 'proverbium') et retro usque ad tempus Aristotelis videri potest. Paroemiographia autem in proverbiis conlectis consistit. Unus ex praestantibus proverbiorum eruditis in Civitatibus Foederatis est Wolfgangus Mieder. Plus quam quinquaginta libros et permultos commentarios de proverbiis scripsit, periodicum Proverbium edit, et ab aliis proverbiorum eruditis latissime citatur. Qui nomen substantivum proverbium sic definit:

Proverbium est brevis populorum sententia, late cognita, quae sapientiam, veritatem, mores, opiniones antiquas specie metaphorica, stabili, memorabili continet, et a maioribus posteris traditur.^[1]

Inter subgenera proverbiorum sunt comparationes proverbiales (“tam negotiosus quam apis”^[2]) et interrogativa proverbialia (“Sunt pullo labella?"^[3]).

[1]
Anglice: "A proverb is a short, generally known sentence of the folk which contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed and memorizable form and which is handed down from generation to generation" (Mieder 1985:119; etiam in Mieder 1993:24.
[2]
Anglice: "as busy as a bee."
[3]
Anglice: "Does a chicken have lips?"

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Mac Coinnigh, Marcas. 2012. Syntactic Structures in Irish-Language Proverbs. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship 29:95–136.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 1982. Proverbs in Nazi Germany: The Promulgation of Anti-Semitism and Stereotypes Through Folklore. The Journal of American Folklore 95(378):435–464.
Mieder, Wolfgang. [1982, 1990,] 1993. International Proverb Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography, with supplements. Novi Eboraci: Garland Publishing.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 1994. Wise Words. Essays on the Proverb. Novi Eboraci: Garland.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2001. International Proverb Scholarship: An Annotated Bibliography. Supplementum 3 (1990–2000). Bernae, Novi Eborari: Peter Lang.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2004a. The Netherlandish Proverbs. (Supplement series of Proverbium, 16.) Burlingtoniae: University of Vermont.
Mieder, Wolfgang. 2004b. Proverbs: A Handbook. Greenwood Folklore Handbooks. Greenwood Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang, et Alan Dundes. 1994. The wisdom of many: essays on the proverb. (Primum anno 1981 a Garland editus.) Madisoniae: University of Wisconsin Press.
Mieder, Wolfgang et Anna Tothne Litovkina. 2002. Twisted Wisdom: Modern Anti-Proverbs.
Mieder, Wolfgang et Janet Sobieski. 1999. Proverb iconography: an international bibliography. Bernae: Peter Lang.
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Zellem, Edward. 2012. Afghan Proverbs Illustrated. Charlestoniae: CreateSpace.
Zellem, Edward. 2012. Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs. Charlestoniae: CreateSpace.