Idioma (a Graeco ἰδίωμα 'proprietas praecipua', 'phrasis praecipua', a Graeco ἴδιος 'sui'), vel propria loquendi ratio, est mixtura verborum quae ob usum communem significationem figurativam habent. Significatio figurativa et significatio litteralis sunt res distinctae.[1] Sunt in paene omnibus linguis milia idiomatum quae sermone quotidiano saepe fiunt. Aestimantur saltem viginti quinque milia expressionum idiomaticarum in lingua Anglica esse.[2]
Idiomata in linguistica figurae loquendi usitate habentur, principium compositionalitatis contradicentia,[3] quod dicit significationem rei omnis construendam esse ex significationibus partium quae omnem constituunt. Breviter, auscultator vel lector rem intellegere posse debet si modo significationes intellegeret cuiusque partium quae omnem constituunt.
Vide The Oxford companion to the English language (1992:495f).
De aestimatione numeri idiomatum in lingua Anglica, vide Jackendoff 1997.
Quod compositionalitas notio maximi momenti in idiomatibus explicatis vehementius dicitur in plurimis idiomatum explanationibus, e.g. Radford 2004:187f. Principium compositionalitatis introducitur et explicatur a Portner 2005:33f.
- Crystal, David. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Ed. 5a, retractata. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 9781405152969.
- Culicover, Peter W., et Ray Jackendoff. 2005. Simpler Syntax. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199271089.
- Gibbs, R. 1987. Linguistic Factors in Children's Understanding of Idioms. Journal of Child Language 14: 569–586.
- Jackendoff, Ray. 1997. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 0262100592.
- Jurafsky, Dan. 2008. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131873216.
- Leaney, Cindy. 2005. In the Know: Understanding and Using Idioms. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521545426.
- Mel’čuk, I. 1995. Phrasemes in Language and Phraseology in Linguistics. In Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives, ed. M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk, et R. Schreuder, 167–232. Hillsdale Novae Caesareae: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- O’Grady, W. 1998. The Syntax of Idioms. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16:79–312.
- Osborne, T., et T. Groß. 2012. Constructions Are Catenae: Construction Grammar Meets Dependency Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 23(1):163-214.
- Portner, Paul. 2005. What Is Meaning? Fundamentals of Formal Semantics. Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405109173.
- Radford, Andrew. 2004. English Syntax: An Introduction. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521834996.
- Saeed, John I. 2009. Semantics. Ed. 3a. Oxoniae: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405156394.
- Bradshaw, Rob, "Figurae loquendi," www.biblicalstudies.org.uk
- Cross-language Dictionary of Idioms: English, French, Portuguese, www.babelite.org
- Dictionarium idiomatum Anglicorum, significationibus et exemplis praeditum, idioms.in
- Dictionarium idiomatum et expressionum idiomaticarum Anglicarum, www.usingenglish.com
- Hodierna idiomata Anglica, www.goenglish.com
- Idiomata Americana, www.learnenglishfeelgood.com
- Idiomata Americana, in libro A Dictionary of American Idioms condita, www.english-slang.com
- "The Phrase Finder," www.phrases.org.uk
