孔

孔 U+5B54, 孔 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B54 ← 孓 [U+5B53] CJK Unified Ideographs 孕 → [U+5B55]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

孔 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓木山 (NDU), four-corner 1241₀, composition ⿰子乚)

Derived characters

• 吼, 𪣂, 𢗵, 𢪬, 犼, 𭥛, 𦙥, 𣏺, 𤆺, 𬗆, 𧉔, 𫁎, 𡰼, 芤, 𥥅, 𩫂, 𡵾, 𥤾, 𡦀

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 277, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6933
• Dae Jaweon: page 544, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1008, character 4
• Unihan data for U+5B54

Chinese

simp. and trad.		孔

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 孔
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

	Old Chinese
吼	*qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs
孔	*kʰloːŋʔ

Characters in the same phonetic series (孔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle.

Etymology

"hole"

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (lədî hkū, “nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင်း (a.hkaung:, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi kho³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).

"peacock"

Starostin reconstructs 孔 (OC *khōŋ) and compares it to Proto-Vietic *k-voːŋ. Compare also Semai kuwok, Semnam kwɔːŋ.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	孔
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	康董切
Baxter	khuwngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəwŋX/
Li Rong	/kʰuŋX/
Wang Li	/kʰuŋX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰuŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung2

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孔
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ khuwngX ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ʰˁoŋʔ/
English	(surname)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孔
Reading #	1/1
No.	7489
Phonetic component	孔
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	孔
Old Chinese	/*kʰloːŋʔ/
Notes	金文象就乳，與古候切從子殼聲字（說文乳也）同源

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): kǒng (kong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): kong³

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung²

• Gan (Wiktionary): kung³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khúng

  (Hailu, HRS): kung^ˊ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kung³

• Jin (Wiktionary): kung²
• Eastern Min (BUC): kūng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kháng / khóng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kong²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵khon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǒng
    • Wade–Giles: kʻung³
    • Yale: kǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koong
    • Palladius: кун (kun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǒngr
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇㄦ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǒngr
    • Wade–Giles: kʻung³-ʼrh
    • Yale: kǔngr
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koongl
    • Palladius: кунр (kunr)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊ̃ɻ²¹⁴/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: kong³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰoŋ⁵³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hung²
    • Yale: húng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: huung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵŋ⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: kung³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khúng
    • Hakka Romanization System: kung^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kung³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: kung^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kung³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰʊŋ³¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: kung²
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰuŋ⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kūng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kháng
    • Tâi-lô: kháng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qarng
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰaŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰaŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰaŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóng
    • Tâi-lô: khóng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qorng
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

Note:

• kháng - vernacular;
• khóng - literary.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kong²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khóng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰoŋ⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵khon
    • MiniDict: khon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khon
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: khuwngX

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʰˤoŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰloːŋʔ/

Definitions

孔

1. hole; aperture; opening

   鼻孔  ―  bíkǒng  ―  nostril

2. classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc..
3. (literary, for irrigation, drainage) ditch; trench; canal; channel
4. (literary, or in compounds) profound; far-reaching
5. (literary, or in compounds) unimpeded; unblocked
6. (literary, or in compounds) large
7. (literary, or in compounds) fine
8. (literary, or in compounds) very; extremely
9. (literary, or in compounds) peacock; peafowl
10. a surname

    孔祥熙  ―  Kǒng Xiángxī  ―  H. H. Kung (Chinese banker and politician)

11. (specifically) Short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”).

    祭孔  ―  jì Kǒng  ―  worship of Confucius

    批林批孔  ―  pī Lín pī Kǒng  ―  (historical) Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius movement

12. (Quanzhou Hokkien) classifier for partitioned grid units in a tool.

Synonyms

• (hole):

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		孔, 洞, 穴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴, 窿
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	窟窿
	Singapore	洞
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	窟窿
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	窟窿
	Wanrong	窟窿
	Xi'an	窟窿子, 窟窿
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
	Wuhan	窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
	Liuzhou	窿
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	窟窿
	Yangzhou	洞, 窟窿
	Hefei	窟窿, 洞
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窿, 咕窿
	Hong Kong	窿, 咕窿
	Taishan	孔
	Yangjiang	窿
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	窿
	Singapore (Guangfu)	窿
Gan	Nanchang	洞
Hakka	Meixian	窿仔, 窿空仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	空
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	空
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	空
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	空
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	空
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	空
Jin	Taiyuan	窟窿, 窟子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	川
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	空空
Southern Min	Xiamen	空, 空口
	Quanzhou	空
	Zhangzhou	空口
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	空
	Taipei	空
	Penang (Hokkien)	空
	Singapore (Hokkien)	空
	Manila (Hokkien)	空
	Chaozhou	空
	Jieyang	空, 洞
	Haifeng	空
	Singapore (Teochew)	空
	Singapore (Hainanese)	空
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	窿
Wu	Suzhou	洞
	Wenzhou	洞, 窟, 窟窿
	Jinhua	窟窿
Xiang	Changsha	洞, 洞子
	Shuangfeng	眼貢, 洞

Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]

• (ditch): 渠道 (qúdào), 水道 (shuǐdào)
• (profound):

edit

• 幽幽 (yōuyōu)
• 延延 (yányán) (literary)
• 深入 (shēnrù)
• 深刻 (shēnkè)
• 深厚 (shēnhòu)
• 深層 / 深层 (shēncéng)
• 深篤 / 深笃 (shēndǔ)
• 深遠 / 深远 (shēnyuǎn)
• 篤深 / 笃深 (dǔshēn)

• (very):

edit

• 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
• 十分 (shífēn)
• 危險 / 危险 (Wu)
• 壞 / 坏 (huài)
• 很 (hěn)
• 極其 / 极其 (jíqí)
• 極度 / 极度 (jídù)
• 極為 / 极为 (jíwéi)
• 極端 / 极端 (jíduān)
• 滾 / 滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 異常 / 异常 (yìcháng)
• 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
• 良
• 超 (chāo)
• 非常 (fēicháng)
• 頗 / 颇 (pō) (literary)
• 頗為 / 颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)

• (peacock): 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
• (Confucius):

edit

• 仲尼 (Zhòngní)
• 先師 / 先师 (xiānshī)
• 先聖 / 先圣 (xiānshèng)
• 夫子 (fūzǐ)
• 孔丘 (Kǒng Qiū)
• 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ)
• 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ)
• 孔子公 (Hokkien)
• 素王 (sùwáng)

Compounds

• 一孔之見 / 一孔之见 (yīkǒngzhījiàn)
• 一孔出氣 / 一孔出气
• 七孔 (qīkǒng)
• 七孔流血
• 七孔生煙 / 七孔生烟
• 九孔 (jiǔkǒng)
• 人孔 (rénkǒng)
• 六案孔目
• 千孔百瘡 / 千孔百疮
• 千瘡百孔 / 千疮百孔 (qiānchuāngbǎikǒng)
• 卵孔
• 呼吸孔
• 周情孔思
• 噴氣孔 / 喷气孔 (pēnqìkǒng)
• 威儀孔時 / 威仪孔时
• 孔佛
• 孔叢子 / 孔丛子 (Kǒngcóngzǐ)
• 孔嘉
• 孔坡
• 孔型
• 孔壁古文
• 孔壠 / 孔垄 / 孔垅 (Kǒnglǒng)
• 孔多 (kǒngduō)
• 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ)
• 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ)
• 孔子家語 / 孔子家语
• 孔子廟 / 孔子庙 (Kǒngzǐmiào)
• 孔子白
• 孔孟 (Kǒng-Mèng)
• 孔孟之道 (Kǒng-Mèng zhī dào)
• 孔孟學會 / 孔孟学会
• 孔宙碑
• 孔席不暖
• 孔廟 / 孔庙 (Kǒngmiào)
• 孔徑 / 孔径
• 孔德
• 孔急 (kǒngjí)
• 孔懷 / 孔怀
• 孔教 (kǒngjiào)
• 孔方 (kǒngfāng)
• 孔方兄 (kǒngfāngxiōng)
• 孔明 (Kǒngmíng)
• 孔明借箭
• 孔明燈 / 孔明灯 (kǒngmíngdēng)
• 孔林 (Kǒnglín)
• 孔武有力 (kǒngwǔyǒulì)
• 孔洞 (kǒngdòng)
• 孔灣 / 孔湾 (Kǒngwān)
• 孔版
• 孔版印刷
• 孔版畫 / 孔版画
• 孔目
• 孔目房
• 孔眼
• 孔穴 (kǒngxué)
• 孔竅 / 孔窍
• 孔翠
• 孔融讓梨 / 孔融让梨
• 孔道 (kǒngdào)
• 孔門 / 孔门
• 孔隙
• 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
• 孔雀座 (Kǒngquèzuò)
• 孔雀王朝 (Kǒngquè Wángcháo)
• 孔雀石 (kǒngquèshí)
• 孔雀綠 / 孔雀绿
• 孔雀舞 (kǒngquèwǔ)
• 孔雀開屏 / 孔雀开屏
• 孔雁
• 孔章望斗
• 孔鯉過庭 / 孔鲤过庭
• 彰化孔廟 / 彰化孔庙
• 心孔
• 打孔 (dǎkǒng)
• 打孔機 / 打孔机 (dǎkǒngjī)
• 打孔紙帶 / 打孔纸带
• 拉孔
• 晚娘面孔
• 有孔蟲 / 有孔虫
• 椎孔 (zhuīkǒng)
• 椎間孔 / 椎间孔 (zhuījiānkǒng)
• 橋孔 / 桥孔
• 毛孔 (máokǒng)
• 氣孔 / 气孔 (qìkǒng)
• 泌水孔
• 漏孔
• 漢孔宙碑 / 汉孔宙碑
• 無孔不入 / 无孔不入 (wúkǒngbùrù)
• 生面孔
• 白孔六帖
• 百孔千創 / 百孔千创
• 百孔千瘡 / 百孔千疮 (bǎikǒngqiānchuāng)
• 皮孔
• 眼孔 (yǎnkǒng)
• 瞳孔 (tóngkǒng)
• 祀孔
• 祭孔 (jìkǒng)
• 程孔傾蓋 / 程孔倾盖
• 穿孔 (chuānkǒng)
• 羊真孔草
• 老面孔
• 耳孔 (ěrkǒng)
• 胃穿孔 (wèichuānkǒng)
• 腸穿孔 / 肠穿孔
• 膜孔 (mókǒng)
• 臉孔 / 脸孔 (liǎnkǒng)
• 臺南孔廟 / 台南孔庙
• 蟲孔 / 虫孔
• 裂孔
• 謀夫孔多 / 谋夫孔多
• 針孔 / 针孔 (zhēnkǒng)
• 針孔現象 / 针孔现象
• 鏜孔 / 镗孔
• 鑽孔 / 钻孔 (zuānkǒng)
• 隄潰蟻孔 / 隄溃蚁孔
• 需才孔亟
• 需款孔急
• 面孔 (miànkǒng)
• 革帶移孔 / 革带移孔
• 顏苦孔卓 / 颜苦孔卓
• 鼻孔 (bíkǒng)

References

• “孔”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 孔

孔

(Jōyō kanji)

1. cavity

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
• Kun: あな (ana, 孔)、はなはだ (hanahada, 孔だ)

Compounds

• 孔(く)雀(じゃく) (kujaku)
• 孔(く)雀(じゃく)石(せき) (kujakuseki)
• 孔(く)雀(じゃく)妙(みょう)王(おう) (kujakumyōō)
• 孔子(こうし) (Kōshi)
• 孔版(こうはん) (kōhan)
• 孔孟(こうもう) (Kō-Mō)
• 孔門(こうもん) (kōmon)
• 毛(け)孔(あな) (keana)
• 眼孔(がんこう) (gankō)
• 気孔(きこう) (kikō)
• 空(くう)気(き)孔(こう) (kūkikō)
• 細孔(さいこう) (saikō)
• 鑽孔(さんこう) (sankō)
• 鑽孔(さんこう)機(き) (sankōki)
• 鑚孔(さんこう)機(き) (sankōki)
• 耳孔(じこう) (jikō)
• 人孔(じんこう) (jinkō): manhole
• 穿孔(せんこう) (senkō)
• 穿孔(せんこう)機(き) (senkōki)
• 多孔(たこう) (takō)
• 多(た)孔性(こうせい) (takōsei)
• 単孔類(たんこうるい) (tankōrui)
• 通(つう)気(き)孔(こう) (tsūkikō)
• 通風孔(つうふうこう) (tsūfūkō)
• 瞳孔(どうこう) (dōkō)
• 排水孔(はいすいこう) (haisuikō)
• 鼻(び)孔(こう) (bikō)
• 噴(ふん)気(き)孔(こう) (funkikō)
• 有孔虫(ゆうこうちゅう) (yūkōchū)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
孔
あな Grade: S
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 孔 – see the following entry.

【穴あな】6 [noun] hole [noun] opening, aperture [noun] pit [noun] cave, cavern [noun] lair, den, burrow [noun] loss, deficit [noun] flaw, defect

(This term, 孔, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

孔 (eumhun 구멍 공 (gumeong gong))

1. hanja form^? of 공 (“opening, hole”)

Vietnamese

Han character

孔: Hán Nôm readings: khổng, hỏng, hổng, khỏng, khủng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.