tom

See also: Appendix:Variations of "tom"

English

Pronunciation

• (British) IPA^(key): /tɒm/
• (US) IPA^(key): /tɑm/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɒm

Etymology 1

From generic use of the proper name Tom.

Noun

tom (plural toms)

1. The male of the domesticated cat, especially if not neutered.
2. The male of the turkey.
3. The male of the orangutan.
4. The male of certain other animals.
5. (UK, slang, dated) A female prostitute.
6. (US, slang) A lesbian.
7. (music) Clipping of tom-tom.
8. (obsolete) The jack of trumps in the card game gleek.
9. (UK, regional, obsolete) A close-stool.

Synonyms

• (male cat): tomcat, he-cat
• (male turkey): turkeycock
• (male of other animals): male, buck, stag
• (prostitute): See also Thesaurus:prostitute

Coordinate terms

(intact male cat):

• gib
• queen

Derived terms

• tomboy
• tomcat
• tomfool
• tom-kitten
• tomling
• tomtit
• tom-tit

 

Translations

male cat

Arabic: قِطّ (ar) m (qiṭṭ) Gulf Arabic: قطو m (gaṭu), عتوي m (ʕitwi) Assamese: বোন্দা (bünda) Asturian: gatu (ast) Belarusian: кот (be) m (kot) Breton: targazh (br) m Bulgarian: котара́к m (kotarák) Burmese: ကြောင်ထီး (my) (kraunghti:) Catalan: gat (ca) m (male or generic) Chinese: Mandarin: 郎貓／郎猫 (zh) (lángmāo) Crimean Tatar: pardoş Czech: kocour (cs) m Danish: hankat (da) c Dutch: kater (nl) m, mannetjeskat m Esperanto: virkato (eo) (idiomatic), katiĉo (eo) (neologism) Fijian: pusi (fj) Finnish: kolli (fi), uroskissa (fi) French: matou (fr) m, chat (fr) m German: Kater (de) m, Katzenmännchen n, männliche Katze f, Kätzerich m (mostly humorous, rare) Greek: γάτος (el) m (gátos), κεραμιδόγατος (el) m (keramidógatos), αλητόγατος m (alitógatos) Hausa: mùzūrū m Hindi: बिल्ला (hi) m (billā) Hungarian: kandúr (hu) Icelandic: högni m Ido: katulo (io) Ingrian: kullikasi Interlingua: catto Irish: fearchat m Italian: gatto (it) m Jamaican Creole: ram puss, man puss Japanese: 雄猫 (ja) (おすねこ, osuneko, おねこ, oneko) Kashmiri: برٛور (brōr), بیٛور (byōr) Khmer: សត្វឆ្មាបា (sat cmaa baa), ឆ្មាបា (cmaa baa) Korean: 수고양이 (ko) (sugoyang'i) Lao: ແມວຜູ້ (mǣu phū) Latvian: runcis (lv) m Macedonian: мачор m (mačor) Malay: kucing jantan Malayalam: കണ്ടൻപൂച്ച (ml) (kaṇṭaṉpūcca) Maori: tame Navajo: mósíkąʼ, gídíkąʼ Norwegian: Bokmål: hannkatt m Nynorsk: hannkatt m, fross m Polish: kocur (pl) m, kot (pl) m Portuguese: gato (pt) m Romanian: cotoi (ro) m, motan (ro) m Russian: кот (ru) m (kot) Serbo-Croatian: Cyrillic: мачор m, мачак m Roman: mačor (sh) m, mačak (sh) m Sindhi: ٽامڪ Slovak: kocúr (sk) m Sorbian: Lower Sorbian: kócor m Upper Sorbian: kocor m Spanish: gato (es) m Swedish: hankatt (sv) c Tatar: ата мәче (ata mäçe) Telugu: పోతుపిల్లి (pōtupilli) Turkish: kotak Ukrainian: кіт (uk) m (kit) Urdu: بلّا m (billā) Volapük: hikat (vo) Walloon: marou (wa) m, marcåd (wa) m Welsh: gwrcath m (South), cath wryw f (North) West Frisian: boarre c Yiddish: קאָטער m (koter)

male turkey — see turkey-cock

male of other animals

Catalan: mascle (ca) m Danish: han (da) c Dutch: mannetje (nl) n Finnish: koiras (fi) French: mâle (fr) m German: Männchen (de) n Italian: maschio (it) m Latvian: tēviņš m Portuguese: macho (pt) m Romanian: mascul (ro) m Russian: саме́ц (ru) m (saméc) Spanish: macho (es) m Swedish: hane (sv) c

prostitute — see prostitute

lesbian — see lesbian

drum type

Finnish: tom (fi), tomi Spanish: tamtan m Swedish: hängpuka c, tom (sv) c

Etymology 2

Shortened from tomato

Noun

tom (plural toms)

1. (British, greengrocers' slang) A tomato (the fruit).

   Toms 90p a pound

   • 2009, Mark Penny, Jonathan Penny, The Golden Pig, page 160:

     “I'd like sausage, eggs, bacon, toms, mushies, beans – oh, and some fried bread,” said Mike.

Etymology 3

Rhyming slang from tomfoolery.

Noun

tom (uncountable)

1. (Cockney rhyming slang) jewellery

Etymology 4

From Uncle Tom.

Verb

tom (third-person singular simple present toms, present participle tomming, simple past and past participle tommed)

1. (intransitive, derogatory, of a black person) To act in an obsequiously servile manner toward white authority.

Etymology 5

Verb

tom (third-person singular simple present toms, present participle tomming, simple past and past participle tommed)

1. (nautical) To dig out a hole below the hatch cover of a bulker and fill it with cargo or weights to aid stability.

See also

terms containing the word "tom". Some should probably be listed in the right place above

• chao tom
• peeping tom
• plum tom
• tom boy
• tom cat
• tom-cat
• tom kha
• tom kha gai
• tom kha kai
• tom tit
• tom-tom drum
• tom-tom drummer
• tom-tommer
• tom yam
• tom yum
• whip-tom-kelly

 

Anagrams

• MOT, Mot, OMT, OTM, TMO, mot

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈtom]

Pronoun

tom

1. locative masculine/neuter singular of ten

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse tómr, from Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈtˢʌmˀ]
• Rhymes: -ɒm

Adjective

tom (neuter tomt, plural and definite singular attributive tomme)

1. empty

References

• “tom” in Den Danske Ordbog

Finnish

Etymology

From English tom.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtom/, [ˈt̪o̞m]
• Rhymes: -om
• Hyphenation^(key): tom

Noun

tom

1. (music) tom, tom-tom (percussion instrument)

Declension

Inflection of tom (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
nominative		tom	tomit
genitive		tomin	tomien
partitive		tomia	tomeja
illative		tomiin	tomeihin
		singular	plural
nominative		tom	tomit
accusative	nom.	tom	tomit
	gen.	tomin
genitive		tomin	tomien
partitive		tomia	tomeja
inessive		tomissa	tomeissa
elative		tomista	tomeista
illative		tomiin	tomeihin
adessive		tomilla	tomeilla
ablative		tomilta	tomeilta
allative		tomille	tomeille
essive		tomina	tomeina
translative		tomiksi	tomeiksi
abessive		tomitta	tomeitta
instructive		—	tomein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of tom (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative tomini tomini accusative nom. tomini tomini gen. tomini genitive tomini tomieni partitive tomiani tomejani inessive tomissani tomeissani elative tomistani tomeistani illative tomiini tomeihini adessive tomillani tomeillani ablative tomiltani tomeiltani allative tomilleni tomeilleni essive tominani tomeinani translative tomikseni tomeikseni abessive tomittani tomeittani instructive — — comitative — tomeineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative tomisi tomisi accusative nom. tomisi tomisi gen. tomisi genitive tomisi tomiesi partitive tomiasi tomejasi inessive tomissasi tomeissasi elative tomistasi tomeistasi illative tomiisi tomeihisi adessive tomillasi tomeillasi ablative tomiltasi tomeiltasi allative tomillesi tomeillesi essive tominasi tomeinasi translative tomiksesi tomeiksesi abessive tomittasi tomeittasi instructive — — comitative — tomeinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative tomimme tomimme accusative nom. tomimme tomimme gen. tomimme genitive tomimme tomiemme partitive tomiamme tomejamme inessive tomissamme tomeissamme elative tomistamme tomeistamme illative tomiimme tomeihimme adessive tomillamme tomeillamme ablative tomiltamme tomeiltamme allative tomillemme tomeillemme essive tominamme tomeinamme translative tomiksemme tomeiksemme abessive tomittamme tomeittamme instructive — — comitative — tomeinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative tominne tominne accusative nom. tominne tominne gen. tominne genitive tominne tomienne partitive tomianne tomejanne inessive tomissanne tomeissanne elative tomistanne tomeistanne illative tomiinne tomeihinne adessive tomillanne tomeillanne ablative tomiltanne tomeiltanne allative tomillenne tomeillenne essive tominanne tomeinanne translative tomiksenne tomeiksenne abessive tomittanne tomeittanne instructive — — comitative — tomeinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative tominsa tominsa accusative nom. tominsa tominsa gen. tominsa genitive tominsa tomiensa partitive tomiaan tomiansa tomejaan tomejansa inessive tomissaan tomissansa tomeissaan tomeissansa elative tomistaan tomistansa tomeistaan tomeistansa illative tomiinsa tomeihinsa adessive tomillaan tomillansa tomeillaan tomeillansa ablative tomiltaan tomiltansa tomeiltaan tomeiltansa allative tomilleen tomillensa tomeilleen tomeillensa essive tominaan tominansa tomeinaan tomeinansa translative tomikseen tomiksensa tomeikseen tomeiksensa abessive tomittaan tomittansa tomeittaan tomeittansa instructive — — comitative — tomeineen tomeinensa

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Munster) IPA^(key): /t̪ˠoumˠ/
• (Galway) IPA^(key): /t̪ˠuːmˠ/
• (Mayo) IPA^(key): /t̪ˠʊmˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /t̪ˠʌmˠ/^[1]

Etymology 1

From Middle Irish tomm (“bush, tuft; hillock, knoll”), from Proto-Indo-European *tum- (“mound”).

Noun

tom m (genitive singular toim, nominative plural toim or tomacha)

1. bush, shrub

   Synonym: tor

2. clump, tuft, tussock

   Synonym: tortóg

Declension

Declension of tom (first declension)

bare forms case singular plural nominative tom toim vocative a thoim a thoma genitive toim tom dative tom toim forms with the definite article case singular plural nominative an tom na toim genitive an toim na dtom dative leis an tom don tom leis na toim

• Alternative plural: tomacha (Connacht, Ulster)

Derived terms

• tomach (“bushy; tufted”)

Etymology 2

Noun

tom m (genitive singular toma, nominative plural tomanna)

1. Alternative form of taom (“fit, paroxysm”)

Declension

Declension of tom (third declension)

bare forms case singular plural nominative tom tomanna vocative a thom a thomanna genitive toma tomanna dative tom tomanna forms with the definite article case singular plural nominative an tom na tomanna genitive an toma na dtomanna dative leis an tom don tom leis na tomanna

Etymology 3

Verb

tom (present analytic tomann, future analytic tomfaidh, verbal noun tomadh, past participle tomtha)

1. Alternative form of tum (“dip, immerse”)

Conjugation

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	tomaim	tomann tú; tomair†	tomann sé, sí	tomaimid	tomann sibh	tomann siad; tomaid†	a thomann; a thomas / a dtomann*	tomtar
	past	thom mé; thomas	thom tú; thomais	thom sé, sí	thomamar; thom muid	thom sibh; thomabhair	thom siad; thomadar	a thom / ar thom*	tomadh
	past habitual	thomainn / dtomainn‡‡	thomtá / dtomtᇇ	thomadh sé, sí / dtomadh sé, s퇇	thomaimis; thomadh muid / dtomaimis‡‡; dtomadh muid‡‡	thomadh sibh / dtomadh sibh‡‡	thomaidís; thomadh siad / dtomaidís‡‡; dtomadh siad‡‡	a thomadh / a dtomadh*	thomtaí / dtomta퇇
future		tomfaidh mé; tomfad	tomfaidh tú; tomfair†	tomfaidh sé, sí	tomfaimid; tomfaidh muid	tomfaidh sibh	tomfaidh siad; tomfaid†	a thomfaidh; a thomfas / a dtomfaidh*	tomfar
conditional		thomfainn / dtomfainn‡‡	thomfá / dtomfᇇ	thomfadh sé, sí / dtomfadh sé, s퇇	thomfaimis; thomfadh muid / dtomfaimis‡‡; dtomfadh muid‡‡	thomfadh sibh / dtomfadh sibh‡‡	thomfaidís; thomfadh siad / dtomfaidís‡‡; dtomfadh siad‡‡	a thomfadh / a dtomfadh*	thomfaí / dtomfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go dtoma mé; go dtomad†	go dtoma tú; go dtomair†	go dtoma sé, sí	go dtomaimid; go dtoma muid	go dtoma sibh	go dtoma siad; go dtomaid†	—	go dtomtar
	past	dá dtomainn	dá dtomtá	dá dtomadh sé, sí	dá dtomaimis; dá dtomadh muid	dá dtomadh sibh	dá dtomaidís; dá dtomadh siad	—	dá dtomtaí
imperative		tomaim	tom	tomadh sé, sí	tomaimis	tomaigí; tomaidh†	tomaidís	—	tomtar
verbal noun		tomadh
past participle		tomtha

conjugation of tom (first conjugation – A)

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of tom

radical	lenition	eclipsis
tom	thom	dtom

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

1. Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 291, page 104

Javanese

Javanese writing system
Carakan	ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀
Pegon
Roman	tom

Etymology

From Old Javanese tom, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum.

Noun

tom

1. indigo (plant)

Descendants

• → Ternate: tom

Further reading

• The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2011) “tom”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), 2nd edition, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN

Komo

Noun

tom

1. spear

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [tɔm]

Determiner

tom

1. locative masculine/neuter singular of ten

Maranao

Noun

tom

1. human body louse

Middle English

Etymology 1

Adjective

tom

1. Alternative form of tome (“empty”)

Etymology 2

Noun

tom (uncountable)

1. Alternative form of tome (“freetime”)

Etymology 3

Adjective

tom

1. (Southwest, southern West Midlands) Alternative form of tame (“tame”)

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse tómr.

Adjective

tom (neuter singular tomt, definite singular and plural tomme, comparative tommere, indefinite superlative tommest, definite superlative tommeste)

1. empty

Derived terms

• halvtom
• tomflaske
• tomhet

Related terms

• tømme

References

• “tom” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Old Norse tómr.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tʊmː/

Adjective

tom (neuter singular tomt, definite singular and plural tomme, comparative tommare, indefinite superlative tommast, definite superlative tommaste)

1. empty

Derived terms

• halvtom
• tomflaske

Related terms

• tømme, tømma

Etymology 2

From Old Norse taumr.

Noun

tom m (definite singular tommen, indefinite plural tommar, definite plural tommane)

1. Alternative form of taum; (pre-2012) alternative form of taum

Derived terms

• fortom

References

• “tom” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

• mot, t.o.m.

Oksapmin

Noun

tom

1. water

References

• Robyn Loughnane, A Grammar of Oksapmin (April 2009), page 58

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”). Akin to Old Norse tómr (“empty”), whence Icelandic tómur (“empty”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /toːm/

Adjective

tōm

1. empty
2. (figuratively) free from

   Ðæt hīe mōstun mānweorca tōme lifgan and tīres blǣd ēcne āgan.

   That they might live free from wicked works and own the eternal reward of glory.

Declension

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	tōm	tōm	tōm
Accusative	tōmne	tōme	tōm
Genitive	tōmes	tōmre	tōmes
Dative	tōmum	tōmre	tōmum
Instrumental	tōme	tōmre	tōme
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	tōme	tōma, tōme	tōm
Accusative	tōme	tōma, tōme	tōm
Genitive	tōmra	tōmra	tōmra
Dative	tōmum	tōmum	tōmum
Instrumental	tōmum	tōmum	tōmum

Declension of tōm — Strong

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	tōma	tōme	tōme
Accusative	tōman	tōman	tōme
Genitive	tōman	tōman	tōman
Dative	tōman	tōman	tōman
Instrumental	tōman	tōman	tōman
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	tōman	tōman	tōman
Accusative	tōman	tōman	tōman
Genitive	tōmra, tōmena	tōmra, tōmena	tōmra, tōmena
Dative	tōmum	tōmum	tōmum
Instrumental	tōmum	tōmum	tōmum

Declension of tōm — Weak

Descendants

• Middle English: tome, tom, toume, tombe, toyme, tum, tume (Northern)
  • English: toom
  • Scots: tume, tuim

Old Javanese

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum.

Noun

tom

1. indigo (plant)

Descendants

• Javanese: tom
  • → Ternate: tom

References

• "tom" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin tomus, from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtɔm/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔm
• Syllabification: tom

Noun

tom m inan (diminutive tomik, augmentative tomisko or tomiszcze)

1. volume (single book of a publication issued in multi-book format)

   Synonyms: wolumen, wolumin

Declension

	singular	plural
nominative	tom	tomy
genitive	tomu	tomów
dative	tomowi	tomom
accusative	tom	tomy
instrumental	tomem	tomami
locative	tomie	tomach
vocative	tomie	tomy

Declension of tom

Further reading

• tom in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• tom in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

Etymology

Probably a semi-learned borrowing from Latin tonus (and influenced by som; compare the Spanish ton, variant of the standard tono, which underwent a similar change, influenced by son, respectively), from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos, “tone”), from τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”). Cf. also trom, a possible doublet.

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈtõ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈtõ/, (dialectal) /ˈtɐ̃w̃/

• Rhymes: -õ
• Homophone: tão (Portugal, dialectal)
• Hyphenation: tom

Noun

tom m (plural tons)

1. tone; pitch (property of sound determined by the frequency)
2. tone (shade or quality of a colour)
3. tone (manner in which speech or writing is expressed)
4. (music) tone (interval of a major second)
5. (music) key

See also

• trom

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French tome, from Latin tomus.

Noun

tom n (plural tomuri)

1. volume

Declension

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	tom	tomul		tomuri	tomurile
genitive-dative	tom	tomului		tomuri	tomurilor
vocative	tomule			tomurilor

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish tom (“bush, tuft; hillock, knoll”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t̪ʰɔum/

Noun

tom m (genitive singular tuim, plural toman or tomannan)

1. round hillock or knoll, rising ground, swell, green eminence
2. any round heap
3. tuft of anything
4. bush, thicket
5. anthill
6. (Islay) stool
7. volume of a book
8. bank
9. grave
10. (medicine, rare) the plague
11. conical knoll

Slovene

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tóːm/

Noun

tọ̑m m inan

1. tome

Inflection

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Masculine inan., hard o-stem
nom. sing.	tóm
gen. sing.	tóma
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	tóm	tóma	tómi
genitive (rodȋlnik)	tóma	tómov	tómov
dative (dajȃlnik)	tómu	tómoma	tómom
accusative (tožȋlnik)	tóm	tóma	tóme
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	tómu	tómih	tómih
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	tómom	tómoma	tómi

See also

• zvézek

Further reading

• “tom”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2024

Swedish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse tómr.

Pronunciation

• (Sweden) IPA^(key): /tum/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

tom (comparative tommare, superlative tommast)

1. empty

   tomma tunnor skramlar mest

   empty barrels make the most noise (those who complain most vigorously, are the least important)

Declension

Inflection of tom

Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative1
common singular	tom	tommare	tommast
neuter singular	tomt	tommare	tommast
plural	tomma	tommare	tommast
masculine plural2	tomme	tommare	tommast
Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular3	tomme	tommare	tommaste
all	tomma	tommare	tommaste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

Antonyms

• full

Related terms

• halvtom
• tomburk
• tombutelj
• tomfat
• tomflaska
• tomglas
• tomgång
• tomhet
• tomhylsa
• tomhänt
• tomkartong
• tomlåda
• tomlår
• tomme
• tomning
• tomrum
• tomsäck
• tomvagn
• tömma

 

Etymology 2

Used in Swedish since 1697. From French tome, Latin tomus (“section of larger work”), from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos, “section, roll of papyrus, volume”), from τέμνω (témnō, “I cut, separate”). Cognate with English tome.

Pronunciation

• (Sweden) IPA^(key): /toːm/

Noun

tom c

1. A tome, a volume (in a series of books), a (thick) book.

Declension

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	tom	toms
	definite	tomen	tomens
plural	indefinite	tomer	tomers
	definite	tomerna	tomernas

Declension of tom

Derived terms

• tomtals

References

• tom in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• tom in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Anagrams

• mot

Ternate

tom

Etymology

From Javanese ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀ (tom), from Old Javanese tom.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tom/

Noun

tom (Jawi توم)

1. indigo (Indigofera tinctoria)

References

• Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Welsh

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Compare Middle Irish tomm (“clump, hill”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tɔm/
• Rhymes: -ɔm

Noun

tom m or f (plural tomau)

1. dung, excrement, faeces

   Synonym: cach

2. manure, compost
3. filth, muck, mire

Derived terms

• tomen (“dunghill”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of tom

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
tom	dom	nhom	thom

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “tom”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

White Hmong

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tɒ˩̰/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *dəp (“to bite”); compare Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ketep (“id”), whence Indonesian ketip (“dime, dite”).^[1]

Verb

tom

1. to bite

Etymology 2

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Considered native Hmongic by Ratliff, though no reconstructed proto-form is given.[2]”

Preposition

tom

1. at, there (nearby)

References

• Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎, SEAP Publications, →ISBN, pages 322-3.

1. Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 237; 283.
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20101031002604/http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/25

Zuni

Pronoun

tom

1. Second person singular possessive (medial position)

   your

2. Second person singular object

   you

Related terms

• to'
• tomma