stingrs

Latvian

Etymology

From the same stem as the verb stingt (“to harden, to stiffen”) (q.v.), with an extra (adjectivizing?) r. A parallel form without the r yielded stings (“stiff, numb”). Cognates include Lithuanian stiñgras (“firm, strict”), stingrùs, stìngrus (“rigid, stiff, numb; hard, solid; strained; heavy”).^[1]

The verb stiñgt (“to stiffen”) is cognate with Lithuanian stìngti (“id.”). According to Karulis, from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch, pull, flex, clench”) (whence also Latvian tiepties), with an anlaut s- (compare stiept) and an extra -gʰ, thus Proto-Indo-European *stengʰ- : *stn̥gʰ- > Proto-Baltic *steng- : *sting-.

According to a different view (Endzelīns, Vasmer, Pokorny), stingt is to be linked with Old High German stanga (“stick, club”), Old High German stengil (“stalk”) from Proto-Indo-European *stegʰ- (“to stab”) or, according to Pokorny, with Sanskrit स्त्यायते (styāyate, “coagulates, becomes hard”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains), German Stein (“rock”) from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to thicken”).^[2]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [stīŋɡɾs], IPA^(key): [stîŋɡɾs]

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Adjective

stingrs (definite stingrais, comparative stingrāks, superlative visstingrākais, adverb stingri)

1. (of objects, materials, etc.) firm, strong, rigid (capable of resisting the actions of mechanical forces without harm or change)

   stingra sija ― strong, firm beam

   stingra construkcija ― strong, firm construction

   stingra atspere ― strong, firm spring

   stingrs rāmis ― strong, firm, rigid frame

   stingrs audums ― strong fabric

   stingrs savienojums ― firm, rigid compound

   stingra masa ― firm, rigid mass

   pamats te stingrs, tu ar savu buldozeru vari droši braukt virsū! ― the foundation is strong, firm here, you and your bulldozer can safely ride on top (of it)!

   “piesēdieties, lūdzu”, viņa pastūma Berga kundzei stingrāko krēslu ― “please sit down,” she pushed to(ward) Mrs Bergs the a firmer, stronger chair

   olu baltumus kopā ar cukuru saputo stingrās putās ― one whips the whites of the eggs together with the sugar into a firm foam

2. (of living beings, their bodies) firm, strong, sturdy (having much strength; physically well developed, not weak, not brittle)

   stingrs zirgs ― strong horse

   stingri koki ― strong, firm trees

   tēvs bija vēl stingrs vecis, kādreiz strādājis kalēja darbus ― (his) father was still a strong old man, (who) had once worked as a blacksmith

   jēriņš, kaut arī lēnām, brieda arvien stingrāks un apaļāks ― the little lamb, albeit slowly, was growing increasingly stronger and rounder

   stingrais augums, kuru apņēma sarkani puķota katūna kleitiņa, gan rādīja jau sievieti, bet viņas seja... atgādināja biklu skolnieci ― her firm height (= body), hugged by a little flowery cotton dress, already showed a woman, but her face... recalled the timid schoolgirl

   viņa zina, ka pēc pāris nedēļām vīra rokas būs daudz stingrākas nekā šobrīd... viņai patīk stipras rokas ― she knows that after a couple of weeks (her) husband's hands will be much firmer, stronger than now... she likes strong hands

3. firm, strong (done, happening with energy, strength; affecting (something else) strongly)

   rokas spiediens - stingrs, kā jau cilvēkiem, kas draugos ar tehniku ― (his) handshake (is) firm, like that of someone who is friends with the technique

   eju dēlam pa priekšu stingriem, noteiktiem soļiem ― I go ahead of (my) son (with) firm, determined steps

4. firm, strong, rigorous (showing above average intensity)

   vējš ar katru stundu kļuva aizvien stingrāks ― with every hour, the wind became increasingly stronger

   togad bija tāda pati agra un stingra ziema kā šogad, tikai sals uzknieba vēl niknāk ― that year winter was just as rigorous as this year, only the frost was biting even more wildly (= strongly, painfully)

5. (of ideas, norms, principles, actions, or the people who espouse them) firm, strong, rigorous, strict (based on certain, usually fixed, opinions, viewpoints; expressing such viewpoints)

   stingrs princips ― firm principle

   stingrs likums ― rigorous, strict law

   stingra nostāja ― firm, rigorous stance

   stingra pārliecība ― firm, strong conviction, belief

   stingra tīcība ― strong faith

   stingrs rīkojums ― strict instructions, orders

   stringra audzināšana ― strict upbringing

   stingrs rājens ― strong, firm reprimand

   stingrs skolotājs, audzinātājs ― strict teacher, educator

   stingrs tēvs ― strict father

   stingra seja ― strict, firm face

   slimnieks jāievēro stingrs režīms ― the patient must observe a strict regime

   viņi bija save ceļa gājēji ar stingriem uzksatiem par dzīvi un cilvēkiem ― they were going their own way, with firm, strict opinions about life and people

   veltīgi cerēt, māmiņa ir stingra ― it is futile to hope (for more freedom), mommy is strict

   meitene izskatījās neatkarīga un ar stingru raksturu ― the girl looked independent and strict of character

6. (of social phenomena) strong, firm, stable (which does not change in time)

   stingra valsts vara ― strong state power

   stingrs miers ― firm, stable peace

7. (colloquial, of alcoholic beverages) strong (with high alcohol content)

   Pētera šņabis bija tik stingrs un krietns, ka viņa slava bija izplatījusies pat vācu aprindās ― Pēteris' vodka was so strong and robust that his fame had spread even in German circles

8. (colloquial, adverbial form) very; fully

   kažociņš bija stingri vien apvalkāts ― the fur coat was strictly (= very) worn, shabby

9. (mathematics, with nevienādība (“inequality”)) strict; such that is not true if an equals sign is placed between a and b

   stingras nevienādības grafiks ir raustīta līnija ― the graph of a strict inequality is a dashed line

Declension

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)		singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	stingrs	stingri		stingra	stingras
accusative (akuzatīvs)	stingru	stingrus		stingru	stingras
genitive (ģenitīvs)	stingra	stingru		stingras	stingru
dative (datīvs)	stingram	stingriem		stingrai	stingrām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	stingru	stingriem		stingru	stingrām
locative (lokatīvs)	stingrā	stingros		stingrā	stingrās
vocative (vokatīvs)	—	—		—	—

indefinite declension (nenoteiktā galotne) of stingrs

Synonyms

• (of "rigid", "stiff"): ciets, stings, stīvs
• (of "strong"): spēcīgs, stiprs

Derived terms

• stingrība
• stingrums
• nestingrs

Related terms

• stings
• stingt

References

1. Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “stingrs”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
2. Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “stingt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN