stīvs

Latvian

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle High German stīf, or from Old Frisian stīf, or from Middle Dutch stijf, all meaning “stiff, firm, immobile, hard, strong” (cf. German steif, English stiff). First mentioned in 18th-century dictionaries, stīvs has replaced stingrs in some of its meanings.^[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [stīːws]

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Adjective

stīvs (definite stīvais, comparative stīvāks, superlative visstīvākais, adverb stīvi)

1. (of people, animals, their body parts) stiff, hard, numb (having lost, partially or totally, the flexibility of motion, because of, e.g., the effects of low temperature)

   stīva locītava ― stiff joint

   stīvs pirksts ― stiff finger

   stīva kāja ― stiff leg

   viņam bija grūti saliekt savu stīvo muguru, bet, sāpes pārvarot, viņš liecās ― he found it difficult to bend his stiff back, but, overcoming the pain, he bowed

2. (of corpses) rigid, stiff

   rokas mirušajam pārāk ātri palikušas stīvas, tikai līdz vēderam tās varēja saliekt ― the hands of the deceased have become rigid too quickly, one could bend them only as far as the abdomen

   Alise pavandīja aizgalda stūrī salmus un atrada meklēto: sivēns bija beigts, jau stīvs ― Alise rummaged the straw in the corners of the pen and found what she was looking for: the piglet was finished (= dead), already stiff, rigid

3. (of movements, states) stiff, rigid (without flexibility, elasticity, softness; not free, pressured; with little or no motion; without expressivity)

   stīva gaita ― stiff gait, pace

   stīvi iet ― to go, walk stiffly, rigidly

   bet cik skatiens jums stiklaini stīvs! ― but how glassy stiff is your stare!

   kājas stīvi cilādami, vīri dodas vakariņot ― stiffly, rigidly lifting (their) legs, the men go to have dinner

4. (of activities) stiff, rigid, stilted (not lively or vibrant, without enthusiasm, artificial; also, clumsy, inefficient)

   sākās lekcija: stīva un sausa... ― the lecture started: stiff and dry...

   sākumā sabiedrība diezgan stīva... bet, kad uz galda parādījās kafija un liķieris, garastāvoklis strauji cēlas ― at first, the group (of people) was pretty stiff'... but, when the coffee and liqueur appeared on the table, the mood soon improved (lit. rose, went up)

5. (of fabric, cloth) stiff, rigid (difficult to ply or fold, usually because of its density, or the pressure on it)

   stīvs audums ― stiff, rigid fabric

   audumi dažādi: no mīkstiem slīdošiem atlasiem un krepiem līdz kokaini stīvam taftam ― various (kind of) fabric: from the soft sliding silks and crepes to the wooden, stiff taffeta

Declension

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)		singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	stīvs	stīvi		stīva	stīvas
accusative (akuzatīvs)	stīvu	stīvus		stīvu	stīvas
genitive (ģenitīvs)	stīva	stīvu		stīvas	stīvu
dative (datīvs)	stīvam	stīviem		stīvai	stīvām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	stīvu	stīviem		stīvu	stīvām
locative (lokatīvs)	stīvā	stīvos		stīvā	stīvās
vocative (vokatīvs)	—	—		—	—

indefinite declension (nenoteiktā galotne) of stīvs

Synonyms

• ciets
• stings
• stingrs

Derived terms

• stīvums
• stīvināt

Related terms

• stīvēt, stīvēties

References

1. Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “stīvs”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN