stiprs

Latvian

Etymology

Derived from the verb stipt (“to become rigid, to harden”), from the same stem as stiept (“to stretch”) (q.v.); the (adjectivizing?) r (< *-ro) follows the pattern of stingt (“to harden, to stiffen”), stingrs (“firm, strong, strict”). Cognates include Lithuanian stiprùs, dialectal stìpras, Old Prussian postippin (“all”) (acc.), postippan (“all, entirely, completely”).^[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [stipɾs]

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Adjective

stiprs (definite stiprais, comparative stiprāks, superlative visstiprākais, adverb stipri)

1. strong (person, animal with great strength, who is physically well developed)

   stiprs puisis, vīrs ― strong guy, man

   stiprs kā lācis, kā lauva ― strong as a bear, as a lion

   stiprais dzimums ― the strong sex (i.e., men)

   stiprs zirgs ― strong horse

2. (of body parts) strong (big, well developed)

   stiprs organisms ― strong organism

   stipri zobi ― strong teeth

   kas cilvēkam ir stiprāks: rokas vai kājas? ― what is stronger on a person: the arms or the legs?

3. (of plants, their parts) strong, firm, hard, well developed, not weak, not brittle

   stiprs ozols ― strong, big oak

   stiprs zars ― strong, firm, big branch

   stipras saknes ― strong roots

   stiprs rieksts ― strong, hard nut

4. (of actions, physiological processes) strong, extreme (which is done or happens with strength, energy, intensity)

   stiprs sitiens, tvēriens ― strong blow, grip

   stiprs kājas spēriens ― strong (leg) kick

   stipra piepūle ― strong effort

   stipras sāpes, graizes ― strong pain, colic

   stiprs nogurums ― extreme fatigue

5. (of events) strong (of higher intensity than usual, when compared to other similar events)

   stiprs vējš, sals ― strong, heavy wind, frost

   stipri nokrišņi ― strong precipitation, rainfall

   stipra straume ― strong current, stream

6. (of sounds, light) strong, intense

   stipras skaņas ― intense sounds

   stiprs troksnis ― intense noise

   lasīt stiprā balsī ― to read in a strong, loud voice

   stipra saules gaisma ― intense sunlight

7. (of objects) strong, heavy, resistant, powerful, well built

   stiprs cirvis ― heavy ax

   stiprs žogs ― strong fence

   stipra celtne ― strong building

   stipri apavi ― strong shoes

   stipra klints ― strong rock

   stipra audums ― strong fabric

8. (of equipment, machines, parts) strong (with great capacity, strength, intensity of effects)

   stiprs motors ― strong motor

   stipra spuldze ― strong light bulb

9. (of activities) strong (well developed, organized)

   stipra zemkopība ― strong agriculture

10. (of smells, substances, medicine) strong, irritating, having strong effect, influence on the organism

    stipra sveķu smarža ― strong smell of resin

    stiprs medikaments ― strong medicine

    stipra tabaka ― strong tobacco

    stipra inde ― strong poison

11. (of solutions, broths) strong, thick (containing a relatively large proportion of ingredients, substances)

    stiprs šķīdums ― strong solution

    stiprs buljons ― strong, thick broth

    stiprs alkoholisks dzēriens ― strong alcoholic beverage

    stiprs vīns ― strong wine

12. (of food, air) strong, hearty, healthy (which gives strength, energy, freshness)

    stipras brokastis ― strong, hearty breakfast

    stiprs pavasara gaiss ― strong, healthy spring air

13. (of psychological and emotional states) strong (expressed intensively)

    stipra draudzība ― strong friendship

    stipras dusmas ― strong, intense anger

    stipras ilgas ― strong desire

    stiprs uztraukums ― intense excitement

14. (of people, their personality) strong (capable of taking decisive action under difficult circumstances)

    stipra personība ― strong personality

    stiprs raksturs ― strong character

15. (of people) strong (having deep knowledge of, skilled, experienced)

    matemātikā viņš bija stiprs ― in mathematics he is strong

    neesmu stiprs astronomijā ― I am not strong in astronomy

16. (of ideas, viewpoints) strong (steady, unchanging)

    stipra pārliecība ― strong conviction

    stipra ticība ― strong belief, faith

17. (of power, words) strong, powerful, influential, convincing

    stipra valsts vara ― strong state power

    stiprs arguments ― strong argument

    stiprs iebildums ― strong opposition

18. (of words, expressions) strong, open, rude

    ezermalā sanāca vīru kompānijas, dzēra degvīnu, un neskopojās ar stipriem izteicieniem ― a group of men came by the lakeshore, drank voda, and didn't spare the strong words (lit. expressions)

Declension

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)		singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	stiprs	stipri		stipra	stipras
accusative (akuzatīvs)	stipru	stiprus		stipru	stipras
genitive (ģenitīvs)	stipra	stipru		stipras	stipru
dative (datīvs)	stipram	stipriem		stiprai	stiprām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	stipru	stipriem		stipru	stiprām
locative (lokatīvs)	stiprā	stipros		stiprā	stiprās
vocative (vokatīvs)	—	—		—	—

indefinite declension (nenoteiktā galotne) of stiprs

Synonyms

• spēcīgs

Antonyms

• vājš
• (colloquial) jēls, švaks

Derived terms

• stiprība
• stiprums

References

1. Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “stiprs”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN