includo

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /inˈklu.do/
• Rhymes: -udo
• Hyphenation: in‧clù‧do

Verb

includo

1. first-person singular present indicative of includere

Latin

Etymology

From in- +‎ claudō (“shut, end; imprison; restrict”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /inˈkluː.doː/, [ɪŋˈkɫ̪uːd̪oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /inˈklu.do/, [iŋˈkluːd̪o]

Verb

inclūdō (present infinitive inclūdere, perfect active inclūsī, supine inclūsum); third conjugation

1. to shut up or in, confine, enclose, imprison, keep in

   Synonyms: retineō, intercludō, excludō, claudō, intersaepiō, urgeō, arceō, obserō

2. to obstruct, restrain, hinder

   Synonyms: refrēnō, coerceō, saepiō, officiō, obstō, cohibeō, perimō, intersaepiō, retineō, obstruō, impediō, contineō, arceō, premō, comprimō, reprimō, supprimō, sustentō, moror

   Antonyms: līberō, eximō, absolvō, excipiō, exonerō, ēmittō

3. to limit, control

   Synonyms: fīniō, līmitō, delīmitō, coerceō, claudō, moderor, minuō

4. to close

   Synonyms: interclūdō, claudō, operiō, premō

   Antonyms: adaperiō, aperiō, patefaciō

5. to finish, end

   Synonyms: perficiō, dēfungor, cōnficiō, agō, cumulō, absolvō, perpetrō, nāvō, claudō, expleō, fungor, efficiō, patrō, exsequor, conclūdō, condō, trānsigō, peragō, gerō, exhauriō

6. (figuratively) to include, enclose or insert something, incorporate

   Synonyms: complector, contineō, apprehendō, teneō, amplector

Conjugation

Conjugation of inclūdō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	inclūdō	inclūdis	inclūdit	inclūdimus	inclūditis	inclūdunt
	imperfect	inclūdēbam	inclūdēbās	inclūdēbat	inclūdēbāmus	inclūdēbātis	inclūdēbant
	future	inclūdam	inclūdēs	inclūdet	inclūdēmus	inclūdētis	inclūdent
	perfect	inclūsī	inclūsistī	inclūsit	inclūsimus	inclūsistis	inclūsērunt, inclūsēre
	pluperfect	inclūseram	inclūserās	inclūserat	inclūserāmus	inclūserātis	inclūserant
	future perfect	inclūserō	inclūseris	inclūserit	inclūserimus	inclūseritis	inclūserint
passive	present	inclūdor	inclūderis, inclūdere	inclūditur	inclūdimur	inclūdiminī	inclūduntur
	imperfect	inclūdēbar	inclūdēbāris, inclūdēbāre	inclūdēbātur	inclūdēbāmur	inclūdēbāminī	inclūdēbantur
	future	inclūdar	inclūdēris, inclūdēre	inclūdētur	inclūdēmur	inclūdēminī	inclūdentur
	perfect	inclūsus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	inclūsus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	inclūsus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	inclūdam	inclūdās	inclūdat	inclūdāmus	inclūdātis	inclūdant
	imperfect	inclūderem	inclūderēs	inclūderet	inclūderēmus	inclūderētis	inclūderent
	perfect	inclūserim	inclūserīs	inclūserit	inclūserīmus	inclūserītis	inclūserint
	pluperfect	inclūsissem	inclūsissēs	inclūsisset	inclūsissēmus	inclūsissētis	inclūsissent
passive	present	inclūdar	inclūdāris, inclūdāre	inclūdātur	inclūdāmur	inclūdāminī	inclūdantur
	imperfect	inclūderer	inclūderēris, inclūderēre	inclūderētur	inclūderēmur	inclūderēminī	inclūderentur
	perfect	inclūsus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	inclūsus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	inclūde	—	—	inclūdite	—
	future	—	inclūditō	inclūditō	—	inclūditōte	inclūduntō
passive	present	—	inclūdere	—	—	inclūdiminī	—
	future	—	inclūditor	inclūditor	—	—	inclūduntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		inclūdere	inclūsisse	inclūsūrum esse	inclūdī	inclūsum esse	inclūsum īrī
participles		inclūdēns	—	inclūsūrus	—	inclūsus	inclūdendus, inclūdundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		inclūdendī	inclūdendō	inclūdendum	inclūdendō	inclūsum	inclūsū

Derived terms

• inclūsiō
• inclūsor
• inclūsus

 

Related terms

• circumclūdō
• conclūdō
• disclūdō
• exclūdō
• interclūdō
• occlūdō
• praeclūdō
• rēclūdō
• sēclūdō

 

Descendants

• Balkan Romance:
  • Aromanian: ncljid
  • Romanian: închide
• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: inchiudere
  • Neapolitan: nchiudere
  • Sicilian: nchiùdiri
• Western Romance: (via a remodelled *inclaudere)
  • Gallo-Romance:
    • Catalan: encloure
    • Old French: enclore (see there for further descendants)
    • Occitan: enclaure
  • Ibero-Romance:
    • Galician: enchoer
• Borrowings:
  • → Asturian: incluir
  • → Catalan: incloure
  • → English: include
  • → Esperanto: inkludi
  • → French: inclure
  • → Friulian: includi
  • → Galician: incluír
  • → Italian: includere
  • → Occitan: inclure
  • → Portuguese: incluir
  • → Romanian: include
  • → Spanish: incluir

References

• “includo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “includo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• includo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to interpolate, insert something: includere in orationem aliquid