-lik

See also: lik, lík, and -lık

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch -lijk. False cognate of Turkish -lik.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-lik

1. Forming adjectives from nouns with the sense of ‘characteristic of, pertaining to’.

Derived terms

Afrikaans terms suffixed with -lik

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Cognate with Turkish -lik (“-ness”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [lic], [liç], [lih], [lij]

Suffix

preceding vowel
A / I	E / Ə / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
-lıq	-lik	-luq	-lük

-lik

1. used to derive abstract nouns from adjectives; -ness, -hood, -ship, -dom, -ity

   ‎gözəl (“beautiful”) + ‎-lik → ‎gözəllik (“beauty”)

   ‎ölməz (“immortal”) + ‎-lik → ‎ölməzlik (“immortality”)

   ‎boş (“empty”) + ‎-lik → ‎boşluq (“emptiness”)

2. used to derive abstract nouns from nouns; -ship

   ‎üzv (“member”) + ‎-lik → ‎üzvlük (“membership”)

   ‎dost (“friend”) + ‎-lik → ‎dostluq (“friendship”)

3. used to derive nouns denoting work/jobs from nouns denoting professions

   ‎müəllim (“teacher”) + ‎-lik → ‎müəllimlik (“teaching, the work of a teacher”)

   ‎qəssab (“butcher”) + ‎-lik → ‎qəssablıq (“butchery, the trade of a butcher”)

4. used to derive nouns denoting items containing something; -ory

   ‎söz (“word”) + ‎-lik → ‎sözlük (“word-list; dictionary”)

   ‎öd (“gall”) + ‎-lik → ‎ödlük (“gall bladder”)

   ‎ox (“arrow”) + ‎-lik → ‎oxluq (“quiver”)

5. used to derive nouns denoting places characterized by abundance of something from nouns

   ‎ağac (“tree”) + ‎-lik → ‎ağaclıq (“a treey place, a place with many trees”)

   ‎kölgə (“shadow”) + ‎-lik → ‎kölgəlik (“a shady place”)

   ‎ilan (“snake”) + ‎-lik → ‎ilanlıq (“a place full of snake”)

   ‎bataq (“swamp”) + ‎-lik → ‎bataqlıq (“a swampy place”)

   ‎ocaq (“hearth”) + ‎-lik → ‎ocaqlıq (“hearthstead”)

7. used to derive adjectives from nouns; -ly

   ‎ay (“month”) + ‎-lik → ‎aylıq (“monthly”)

   ‎torba (“bag”) + ‎-lik → ‎torbalıq (“intended to be used for sewing bags”)

   ‎dağ (“mountain”) + ‎-lik → ‎dağlıq (“mountainous”)

   ‎beş nəfər (“five people”) + ‎-lik → ‎beş nəfərlik (“intended for five people”)

8. used to derive temporal adverbs from temporal adverbs and nouns; for

   ‎hələ (“still”) + ‎-lik → ‎hələlik (“yet, still, for the time being”)

   ‎həmişə (“always”) + ‎-lik → ‎həmişəlik (“for ever, permanently”)

   ‎ömür (“lifetime”) + ‎-lik → ‎ömürlük (“for life”)

9. (non-productive) used to derive nouns denoting kinship other than by blood; step-

   Synonym: ögey

   ‎ata (“father”) + ‎-lik → ‎atalıq (“stepfather”)

   ‎ana (“mother”) + ‎-lik → ‎analıq (“step-mother”)

   ‎oğul (“son”) + ‎-lik → ‎oğulluq (“stepson”)

   ‎qız (“daughter”) + ‎-lik → ‎qızlıq (“stepdaughter”)

   ‎bacı (“sister”) + ‎-lik → ‎bacılıq (“stepsister”)

10. (non-productive) used to derive nouns denoting clothing items

    ‎baş (“head”) + ‎-lik → ‎başlıq (“bashlyk, hood”)

    ‎gəlin (“bride”) + ‎-lik → ‎gəlinlik (“wedding dress”)

    ‎bazar (“market; Sunday”) + ‎-lik → ‎bazarlıq (“bride's garments”)

Usage notes

• It changes to -lıq, -luq or -lük, depending on the last vowel of the word (see also: vowel harmony).

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -lik

Crimean Tatar

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *-lik.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lic/

Suffix

-lik

1. -ness, -hood, -ship, -dom

   ‎genç (“young”) + ‎-lik → ‎gençlik (“youngness”)

   ‎dost (“friend”) + ‎-lik → ‎dostluq (“friendship”)

   ‎ür (“free”) + ‎-lik → ‎ürlük (“freedom”)

2. being (like) ...

   ‎dağ (“mountain”) + ‎-lik → ‎dağlıq (“mountainous”)

3. belonging to ..., used for ..., suitable for ..., ... container

   ‎qave (“coffee”) + ‎-lik → ‎qavelik (“coffee pot”)

Usage notes

• By vowel harmony, the suffix may change to -lıq, -luq or -lük, depending on the last vowel of the word to which it is attached.

Derived terms

Crimean Tatar terms suffixed with -lik

Estonian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From Germanic -līk?”)

Suffix

-lik (genitive -liku, partitive -likku, comparative -likum, superlative kõige -likum)

1. -ly, -ic, -al - forms adjectives from nouns or verbs.

Declension

Declension of -lik (ÕS type 25/õnnelik, length gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-lik	-likud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-liku
genitive			-like -likkude
partitive		-likku	-likke -likkusid
illative		-likku -likusse	-likesse -likkudesse
inessive		-likus	-likes -likkudes
elative		-likust	-likest -likkudest
allative		-likule	-likele -likkudele
adessive		-likul	-likel -likkudel
ablative		-likult	-likelt -likkudelt
translative		-likuks	-likeks -likkudeks
terminative		-likuni	-likeni -likkudeni
essive		-likuna	-likena -likkudena
abessive		-likuta	-liketa -likkudeta
comitative		-likuga	-likega -likkudega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -lik

Greenlandic

Pronunciation

• (Nuuk) IPA^(key): /-lik/, [-lɪk]

Suffix

-lik (n-n^?, truncative^?)

1. having, provided with, owning

Derived terms

Greenlandic terms suffixed with -lik

References

• Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 153, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014
• -lik in Katersat

Hungarian

Etymology

From -l (verb-forming suffix) +‎ -ik (verb-forming suffix).^[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [lik]

Suffix

-lik

1. (frequentative-reflexive verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun or adjective to form a verb.

Usage notes

• (verb-forming suffix) Variants:

  -lik is added to both back-vowel and front-vowel words.

  ‎kék (“blue”) + ‎-lik → ‎kéklik (“to appear blue”)

  ‎hanyatt (“on one's back”) + ‎-lik → ‎hanyatlik (“to decline, fall, deteriorate”)

  -llik is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á. Final -e changes to -é.

  ‎barna (“brown”) + ‎-llik → ‎barnállik (“to appear in brown color”)

  ‎fekete (“black”) + ‎-llik → ‎feketéllik (“to appear in black color”)

  -allik is added to back-vowel words

  ‎nyíl (“arrow”) + ‎-allik → ‎nyilallik (“(of pain) to stab, to feel like a dagger”)

  -ollik is added to some back-vowel words

  ‎torok (“throat”) + ‎-ollik → ‎torkollik (“to end in something”)

  -ellik is added to front-vowel words

  ‎szög (“angle”) + ‎-ellik → ‎szögellik (“to stretch out at an angle”)

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -lik

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

References

1. -lik in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

K'iche'

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /liːkʰ/

Suffix

-lik

1. Forms adjectives from verbs

   li’ (“to roll out dough”) → li’lik (“flat”)

   oq’etaj (“to cry for something”) → oq’talik (“cried for”)

   muqtajik (“to cover”) → muqtalik (“buried”)

2. Forms adjectives from nouns

   jäb (“rain”) → jäbalik (“watered”)

   kotokik (“turn; bend”) → kotolik (“coiled”)

References

• Allen J. Christenson, Kʼiche-English dictionary

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-lik

1. Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-lik

1. Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)

Swedish

Etymology

From the adjective lik (“similar”).

Suffix

-lik

1. -like, -ish

   Synonyms: -artad, -aktig

Derived terms

Swedish terms suffixed with -lik

Anagrams

• kil

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ـلك (-lik), from Proto-Turkic *-lik.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lic/

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

preceding vowel
A / I	E / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
-lık	-lik	-luk	-lük

-lik

1. -ness, -hood, -ship, -dom

   ‎genç (“young”) + ‎-lik → ‎gençlik (“youngness”)

   ‎anne (“mother”) + ‎-lik → ‎annelik (“motherhood”)

   ‎üye (“member”) + ‎-lik → ‎üyelik (“membership”)

   ‎kral (“king”) + ‎-lik → ‎krallık (“kingdom”)

   ‎özgür (“free”) + ‎-lik → ‎özgürlük (“freedom”)

2. being (like) ...

   ‎aydın (“bright”) + ‎-lik → ‎aydınlık (“lightened”)

   ‎dağ (“mountain”) + ‎-lik → ‎dağlık (“mountainous”)

3. belonging to ..., used for ..., suitable for ..., ... container

   ‎salça (“sauce”) + ‎-lik → ‎salçalık (“sauceboat”)

   ‎salça (“sauce”) + ‎-lik → ‎salçalık (“suitable for making a sauce”)

   ‎kalem (“pencil”) + ‎-lik → ‎kalemlik (“pencil case”)

4. year-old

   18'lik kız ― 18 year old girl

5. old

   10 günlük, 3 aylık bebek ― 10-days-old, 3-month-old baby

6. Lasting for a period of time.

   5 dakikalık bir video ― a 5 minutes long video

   2 saatlik bir film ― a 2 hours long movie

   üç günlük ömür ― life is too short (literally, “lifetime that will last three days”)

Usage notes

• The suffix is attached to nouns or sometimes adjectives, and then forms a noun or, more rarely, an adjective. The suffix is often found attached to verbal nouns formed with the suffix -me or its variant -ma. For example, the verb atıştırmak (“to snack”) gives rise to the verbal noun atıştırma (“snacking”) and thus to the term atıştırmalık, which is both a noun meaning “snack” and an adjective meaning “suitable for snacking”.

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -lik

Descendants

• Greek: -λίκι (-líki)

Uzbek

Etymology

Inherited from Chagatai ـلیق (-lıq), ـلیک (-lik), ـلوق (-luq), ـلوک (-lük), from Proto-Turkic *-lik.

Suffix

-lik

1. -ness
2. Suffix forming various demonyms.

Derived terms

Uzbek terms suffixed with -lik