鶴

See also: 鹤

鶴 U+9DB4, 鶴 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9DB4 ← 鶳 [U+9DB3] CJK Unified Ideographs 鶵 → [U+9DB5]

鶴 U+FA2D, 鶴 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA2D ← 館 [U+FA2C] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 郞 → [U+FA2E]

Translingual

Han character

鶴 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 4722₇, composition ⿰隺鳥)

Derived characters

• 靏

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1496, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
• Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4654, character 3
• Unihan data for U+9DB4
• Unihan data for U+FA2D

Chinese

trad.		鶴
simp.		鹤
alternative forms		鸖 䳽／𮹙 隺

Wikipedia has an article on:

• 鶴

Glyph origin

	Old Chinese
鶴	*ɡloːwɢ
髉	*pqroːwɢ
篧	*skroːwɢ, *sɡroːwɢ
榷	*kroːwɢ
搉	*kroːwɢ, *kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ
傕	*kroːwɢ
確	*kʰroːwɢ
寉	*ɡluːwɢ
蒮	*luwɢ

Characters in the same phonetic series (寉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡloːwɢ) : phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥.

Etymology

Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (“white”), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (“white”) but Old Mon kloh (“crane”).

Pronunciation

Variety	Location	edit 鶴
Mandarin	Beijing	/xɤ⁵¹/ /xɑu³⁵/
	Harbin	/xau²⁴/ /xɤ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/xɑu⁴⁵/ /xɤ⁵³/
	Jinan	/xə²¹³/ /xə²¹/ 新
	Qingdao	/xə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/xɤ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/xuo²¹/
	Xining	/xɔ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/xə⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/xɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/xuo²¹³/
	Chengdu	/xo³¹/
	Guiyang	/xo²¹/
	Kunming	/xo³¹/
	Nanjing	/xoʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/xɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/xʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/xaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ŋoʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ŋoʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ŋoʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ŋo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/xɔ²²/
	Tunxi	/xo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/xo²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/ho²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɔʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/hok̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/hok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɔk̚²/
	Nanning	/hɔk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɔk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hɔk̚⁵/ /hoʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/houʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ɔ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hoʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hɔk̚⁵/ /hak̚³/

Rime
Character	鶴
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	下各切
Baxter	hak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦak̚/
Li Rong	/ɣɑk̚/
Wang Li	/ɣɑk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hok6

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鶴	鶴
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hè	hè
Middle Chinese	‹ hæwk ›	‹ hak ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁrawk/	/*[ɡ]ˁawk/
English	white (of birds)	crane
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鶴
Reading #	1/1
No.	5092
Phonetic component	寉
Rime group	藥
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	涸
Old Chinese	/*ɡloːwɢ/

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): hè, háo (he⁴, hao²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˋ, ㄏㄠˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ho²

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hok⁶ / hok^6-2

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hok^4*

• Gan (Wiktionary): hoh⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ho̍k

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hog⁶

• Jin (Wiktionary): heh⁵ / hah⁵
• Northern Min (KCR): hō̤
• Eastern Min (BUC): hŏk
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ho̍h / ho̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hoh⁸

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸ngoq
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hè
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hè
    • Wade–Giles: ho⁴
    • Yale: hè
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
    • Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: háo
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄠˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: háo
    • Wade–Giles: hao²
    • Yale: háu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haur
    • Palladius: хао (xao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɑʊ̯³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: ho²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xo
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hok⁶ / hok^6-2
    • Yale: hohk / hók
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hok⁹ / hok^9-2
    • Guangdong Romanization: hog⁶ / hog^6-2
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːk̚²/, /hɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hok^4*
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔk̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: hoh⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔʔ⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ho̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: hog
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hog⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /hok̚⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hog⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /hɔk̚⁵/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: heh⁵ / hah⁵
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəʔ⁵⁴/, /xaʔ⁵⁴/

Note:

• heh5 - vernacular;
• hah5 - literary.

• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hō̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɔ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hŏk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /houʔ⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ho̍h / ho̍k
    • Tâi-lô: ho̍h / ho̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoih, hok
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hoʔ⁴/, /hɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hoʔ²⁴/, /hɔk̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hoʔ¹²¹/, /hɔk̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hoʔ⁴/, /hɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤʔ⁴/, /hɔk̚⁴/
Note:
• ho̍h - vernacular;
• ho̍k - literary.
• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hoh⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ho̍h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hoʔ⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸ngoq
    • MiniDict: ngoh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵ngoq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋoʔ¹²/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: ho⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo²⁴/

---

• Dialectal data

---

• Middle Chinese: hak

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤrawk/, /*[ɡ]ˤawk/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloːwɢ/

Definitions

鶴

1. crane (bird)
2. white
3. a surname

Compounds

• 一琴一鶴／一琴一鹤
• 不舞之鶴／不舞之鹤
• 丹頂鶴／丹顶鹤 (dāndǐnghè)
• 乘軒鶴／乘轩鹤
• 乘鶴／乘鹤
• 乘鶴駕雲／乘鹤驾云
• 仙鶴／仙鹤 (xiānhè)
• 仙鶴草／仙鹤草 (xiānhècǎo)
• 別鶴／别鹤
• 別鶴孤鸞／别鹤孤鸾
• 別鶴操／别鹤操
• 別鶴離鸞／别鹤离鸾
• 化鶴／化鹤
• 吼鶴／吼鹤
• 妻梅子鶴／妻梅子鹤
• 孤雲野鶴／孤云野鹤
• 孤鸞寡鶴／孤鸾寡鹤
• 寡鶴／寡鹤
• 弔鶴／吊鹤
• 彥倫鶴怨／彦伦鹤怨
• 慚鳧企鶴／惭凫企鹤
• 控鶴／控鹤
• 揚州鶴／扬州鹤
• 斷鶴續鳧／断鹤续凫 (duànhèxùfú)
• 朱顏鶴髮／朱颜鹤发
• 杳如黃鶴／杳如黄鹤
• 松鶴／松鹤
• 松鶴延年／松鹤延年
• 枯魚病鶴／枯鱼病鹤
• 梅妻鶴子／梅妻鹤子 (méiqīhèzǐ)
• 梅鶴因緣／梅鹤因缘
• 水鶴／水鹤
• 火鶴花／火鹤花
• 灰鶴／灰鹤
• 焚琴煮鶴／焚琴煮鹤 (fén qín zhǔ hè)
• 煮鶴焚琴／煮鹤焚琴
• 煮鶴燒琴／煮鹤烧琴
• 猿鶴沙蟲／猿鹤沙虫
• 猿鶴蟲沙／猿鹤虫沙
• 玄鶴／玄鹤
• 王喬騎鶴／王乔骑鹤
• 瘞鶴銘／瘗鹤铭
• 白頂鶴／白顶鹤
• 白鶴／白鹤 (báihè)
• 白鶴秀才／白鹤秀才
• 童顏鶴髮／童颜鹤发 (tóngyánhèfà)
• 紅鶴／红鹤 (hónghè)
• 羊公鶴／羊公鹤
• 群雞一鶴／群鸡一鹤
• 老鶴乘軒／老鹤乘轩
• 華亭鶴唳／华亭鹤唳
• 華表鶴歸／华表鹤归
• 蟲沙猿鶴／虫沙猿鹤
• 跨鶴／跨鹤
• 遼東鶴／辽东鹤
• 野鶴／野鹤
• 野鶴閒雲／野鹤闲云
• 閒雲孤鶴／闲云孤鹤
• 閒雲野鶴／闲云野鹤
• 雞皮鶴髮／鸡皮鹤发 (jīpíhèfà)
• 雞膚鶴髮／鸡肤鹤发
• 雲中白鶴／云中白鹤
• 青鶴／青鹤
• 風聲鶴唳／风声鹤唳 (fēngshēnghèlì)
• 風鶴／风鹤
• 風鶴魂驚／风鹤魂惊
• 駕鶴西歸／驾鹤西归
• 騎鶴揚州／骑鹤扬州
• 鶴乘軒／鹤乘轩
• 鶴企／鹤企
• 鶴俸／鹤俸
• 鶴列／鹤列
• 鶴唳／鹤唳
• 鶴唳風聲／鹤唳风声
• 鶴壁／鹤壁 (Hèbì)
• 鶴壽／鹤寿
• 鶴宮／鹤宫
• 鶴岡／鹤冈 (Hègāng)
• 鶴峰／鹤峰 (Hèfēng)
• 鶴弔／鹤吊
• 鶴形目／鹤形目
• 鶴書／鹤书
• 鶴望／鹤望
• 鶴林／鹤林
• 鶴板／鹤板
• 鶴林玉露／鹤林玉露
• 鶴步／鹤步
• 鶴氅／鹤氅
• 鶴神／鹤神
• 鶴禁／鹤禁
• 鶴科／鹤科
• 鶴立／鹤立
• 鶴立雞群／鹤立鸡群 (hèlìjīqún)
• 鶴算龜齡／鹤算龟龄
• 鶴膝／鹤膝
• 鶴膝風／鹤膝风
• 鶴舞／鹤舞
• 鶴處雞群／鹤处鸡群
• 鶴觴／鹤觞
• 鶴警／鹤警
• 鶴長鳧短／鹤长凫短 (hèchángfúduǎn)
• 鶴頂紅／鹤顶红
• 鶴馭／鹤驭
• 鶴駕／鹤驾
• 鶴骨松姿／鹤骨松姿
• 鶴髮／鹤发 (hèfà)
• 鶴髮童顏／鹤发童颜 (hèfàtóngyán)
• 鶴髮雞皮／鹤发鸡皮
• 鶴鳴／鹤鸣
• 鶴鳴之士／鹤鸣之士
• 鶴鳴九皋／鹤鸣九皋
• 鶴鶴／鹤鹤
• 鶴齡／鹤龄
• 鸞鶴／鸾鹤 (luánhè)
• 黃鶴樓／黄鹤楼 (Huánghèlóu)
• 龜年鶴壽／龟年鹤寿
• 龜鶴／龟鹤
• 龜鶴同春／龟鹤同春
• 龜齡鶴算／龟龄鹤算

 

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 鶴

鶴

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: がく (gaku)
• Kan-on: かく (kaku)
• Kun: つる (tsuru, 鶴, Jōyō)^{←つる (turu, 鶴, historical)}、たず (tazu, 鶴)^{←たづ (tadu, 鶴, historical)}
• Nanori: ず (zu)、つ (tsu)

Etymology 1

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

ツル

Wikipedia ^ja

鶴 (tsuru, tazu): the Japanese crane, Grus japonensis

Commons:Category

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Gruidae

鶴 (tsuru): an origami crane

Commons:Category

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Origami crane

鶴 (tsuru): the tsuru no maru, one of many 家紋 (kamon, “family crests”) in the depiction of a crane

Commons:Category

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Tsuru mon (Japanese crests of crane)

Kanji in this term
鶴
つる Grade: S
kun'yomi

Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).

Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind.^[1] May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Finno-Ugric *tërka (“crane”), and Proto-Turkic *turunya (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean “a crane” from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as a 借訓 (shakkun) reading for つる (turu → tsuru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of つ (tu → tsu, auxiliary verb of affirmation, certainty, or completion), suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning “a crane”.^[2]

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) つる [tsúꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3][4]
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨɾɯ̟]

Noun

鶴(つる) or 鶴(ツル) • (tsuru) 

1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
2. Short for 折鶴 (orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design
3. Short for 鶴嘴 (tsuruhashi): a pickaxe
4. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) depicting a crane
5. (euphemistic) white hair

   Synonym: 白髪 (shiraga)

6. a decoration made of straws and reeds in the form of two cranes, used during the 14th year of the first month in the former town of Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture

Usage notes

• As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ツル.

Derived terms

• 鶴(つる)岡(おか) (Tsuruoka)
• 鶴(つる)ヶ城(じょう) (Tsurugajō)
• 鶴(つる)亀(かめ) (tsurukame)
• 鶴(つる)首(くび), 鶴(つる)頸(くび) (tsurukubi)
• 鶴(つる)三(ぞう) (Tsuruzō)
• 鶴(つる)の戒(いまし)め (tsuru no imashime)
• 鶴(つる)の毛(け)衣(ごろも) (tsuru no kegoromo)
• 鶴(つる)の子(こ) (tsurunoko)
• 鶴(つる)の孫(まご) (tsuru no mago)
• 鶴(つる)の丸(まる) (tsuru no maru)
• 鶴(つる)脛(はぎ) (tsuruhagi)
• 鶴(つる)嘴(はし) (tsuruhashi)
• 鶴(つる)斑(ぶち) (tsurubuchi)
• 鶴(ツル)擬(モドキ) (tsurumodoki)
• 鶴(つる)屋(や) (Tsuruya)
• 姉(アネ)羽(ハ)鶴(ヅル) (anehazuru)
• 折(おり)鶴(づる) (orizuru)
• 鸛(こう)鶴(づる) (kōzuru)
• 白(しら)鶴(つる) (shiratsuru)
• 千(せん)羽(ば)鶴(づる) (senbazuru)
• 黒(クロ)鶴(ヅル) (kurozuru)
• 丹(たん)頂(ちょう)鶴(づる) (tanchōzuru)
• 友(とも)鶴(づる) (tomozuru)
• 鍋(ナベ)鶴(ヅル) (nabezuru)
• 引(ひ)き鶴(づる) (hikizuru)
• 紅(ベニ)鶴(ヅル) (benizuru)
• 真(まな)鶴(づる), 真名(マナ)鶴(ヅル) (manazuru)
• 万(まん)羽(ば)鶴(づる) (manbazuru)
• 夕(ゆう)鶴(づる) (yūzuru)
• 夜(よる)の鶴(つる) (yoru no tsuru)

 

Idioms

• 鶴(つる)来(きた)る (tsuru kitaru)
• 鶴(つる)の一(ひと)声(こえ) (tsuru no hitokoe)
• 凍(い)て鶴(づる) (itezuru, “frozen crane → a metaphor for something stock still and unmoving, from the way a crane will freeze when hunting”)
• 子(こ)を思(おも)う鶴(つる) (ko o omō tsuru)
• 塵(ちり)塚(づか)に鶴(つる) (chirizuka ni tsuru)
• 掃(は)き溜(だ)めに鶴(つる) (hakidame ni tsuru)

 

Proverbs

• 鶴(つる)九(きゅう)皐(こう)に鳴(な)き声(こえ)天(てん)に聞(き)こゆ (tsuru kyūkō ni naki koe ten ni kikoyu)
• 鶴(つる)は千(せん)年(ねん)亀(かめ)は万(まん)年(ねん) (tsuru wa sennen kame wa mannen)

Proper noun

鶴(つる) • (Tsuru) 

1. a female given name
2. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
鶴
たず Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
田鶴

/tadu/ → /tad͡zu/ → /tazu/

From Old Japanese.^[2][3]

Speculatively, this could be analyzed as a compound of た (ta, possibly 田 (“rice paddy”), where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tsu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”), wherein the tsu changes to dzu, modern zu, as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu may be the tsu in modern tsuru above. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) たず [táꜜzù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]
• IPA^(key): [ta̠zɨ]

Noun

鶴(たず) • (tazu) ^{←たづ (tadu)?}

1. (archaic, poetic) a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)

Usage notes

• This reading is now reserved for poetry.^[2][3]

Derived terms

• 葦(あし)田(た)鶴(ず) (ashi tazu, “crane”, poetic; literally “reed crane” in reference to the way the birds will often hide among the reeds)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
鶴
かく Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC hak).

Compare modern Mandarin 鶴／鹤 (hè).

Affix

鶴(かく) • (kaku) 

1. crane (large bird of the family Gruidae)
2. cranelike

Derived terms

• 鶴(かく)駕(が) (kakuga)
• 鶴(かっ)禁(きん) (Kakkin)
• 鶴(かく)膝(しつ) (kakushitsu)
• 鶴(かく)首(しゅ) (kakushu)
• 鶴(かく)寿(じゅ) (kakuju)
• 鶴(かく)書(しょ) (kakusho)
• 鶴(かく)氅(しょう) (kakushō)
• 鶴(かく)髪(はつ) (kakuhatsu)
• 鶴(かく)望(ぼう) (kakubō)
• 鶴(かく)翼(よく) (kakuyoku)
• 鶴(かく)林(りん) (Kakurin)
• 鶴(かく)唳(れい) (kakurei)
• 雲(うん)鶴(かく) (unkaku)
• 亀(き)鶴(かく) (kikaku)
• 群(ぐん)鶴(かく) (gunkaku)
• 玄(げん)鶴(かく) (genkaku)
• 皐(こう)鶴(かく) (kōkaku)
• 皓(こう)鶴(かく) (kōkaku)
• 西(さい)鶴(かく) (Saikaku)
• 白(はっ)鶴(かく) (hakkaku)
• 夜(や)鶴(かく) (yakaku)

 

Idioms

• 鶏(けい)群(ぐん)の一(いっ)鶴(かく) (keigun no ikkaku)

References

1. Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman, editors (2008), chapter 7, in Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system, pages 140-156
2. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
3. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
4. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC hak).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅘᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: hhák)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	학〮 (Yale: hák)	학〮 (Yale: hák)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [학]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

鶴

Wikisource 鶴 (eumhun 두루미 학 (durumi hak))

1. hanja form^? of 학 (“crane (bird)”) [noun]

Compounds

Compounds

• 금학 (琴鶴, geumhak)
• 노학 (老鶴, nohak)
• 백학 (白鶴, baekhak)
• 선학 (仙鶴, seonhak)
• 운학 (雲鶴, unhak)
• 청학 (靑鶴, cheonghak)
• 학가 (鶴駕, hakga)
• 학려 (鶴唳, hangnyeo)
• 학반 (鶴班, hakban)
• 학발 (鶴髮, hakbal)
• 학수 (鶴壽, haksu)
• 학수 (鶴首, haksu)
• 학슬 (鶴膝, hakseul)
• 학익 (鶴翼, hagik)
• 학정 (鶴頂, hakjeong)
• 현학 (玄鶴, hyeonhak)
• 홍학 (紅鶴, honghak)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Kunigami

Kanji

鶴

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ちるー (chirū, 鶴)

Okinawan

Kanji

See also:

Category:Okinawan terms spelled with 鶴

鶴

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ちる (chiru, 鶴)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
鶴
ちる Grade: S
kun'yomi

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *turum.

Cognate with Japanese 鶴 (tsuru).

Pronunciation

• (Shuri-Naha) ち​る[chíꜜrù] (Kakō - [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiɾu]

Noun

鶴(ちる) (chiru) 

1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)

Derived terms

• 鶴(ちる)ん鳥(とぅい) (chiruntui), 鶴(ちり)ん鳥(とぅい) (chirintui), to avoid confusion with 弦 (chiru, “bowstring”)

References

1. “チル” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).^{(permanent dead link)}

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

Possibly a compound of 田 (ta, “rice paddy”, where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

鶴 (tadu) (kana たづ)

1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
   • 711–712, Kojiki, lower volume (Emperor Ingyō; poem 85):

     阿麻登夫登理母都加比曾多豆賀泥能岐許延牟登岐波和賀那斗波佐泥

     ama-to₂bu to₂ri mo₂ tukapi₁ so₂ tadu ga ne no₂ ki₁ko₂yemu to₂ki₁ pa waga na to₁pasane

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 7, poem 1199:

     藻苅舟奧榜來良之妹之嶋形見之浦爾鶴翔所見

     mokari-bune oki₁ ko₂gi₁kurasi Imogasima Katami₁-no₂-ura ni tadu kake₂ru mi₁yu

     Rowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:鶴.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:鶴.

Derived terms

• 鶴が音 (tadu ga ne)
• 鶴群 (tadumura)
• 蘆鶴 (asitadu)

Descendants

• Japanese: 鶴 (tazu)

Etymology 2

The 借訓 (shakkun) reading of modern Japanese 鶴 (tsuru, “crane”).

In turn, from Proto-Japonic *turum (“crane”).

Phonogram

鶴 (turu)

1. Denotes phonographic disyllable つる (turu)
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 1, poem 81:

     ...相見鶴鴨

     ...api₁mituru ka mo

     ...[as] they looked [at each other]!

Descendants

• Japanese: 鶴 (tsuru, “crane”)

Further reading

• Vovin (2020) p. 34

Vietnamese

Han character

鶴: Hán Nôm readings: hạc

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.