ὅς

See also: -ος, -ός, and ὅσ'

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hós/ → /os/ → /os/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)os/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /os/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /os/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /os/

Etymology 1

PIE word
*yós

From Proto-Hellenic *yós, from Proto-Indo-European *yós, *yéh₂, *yód (“who, which”), from the relative stem *yo-, from the anaphoric stem *i-, *ey-.^[1][2][3][4]

Cognates include Sanskrit यद् (yás, yā, yad), Avestan 𐬫𐬋 (yō), and Phrygian ιος (ios /⁠jos⁠/). See also οἷος (hoîos), ὅσος (hósos).

Pronoun

ὅς • (hós) m, ἥ f (hḗ), ὅ n (hó)

1. (in Homeric Greek, often demonstrative pronoun) this
2. (relative) who, which, that

Inflection

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅ hó		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ há
Genitive		οὗ hoû	ἧς hês	οὗ hoû		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative		ᾧ hôi	ᾗ hêi	ᾧ hôi		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		οἷς / οἷσι / οἷσιν hoîs / hoîsi(n)	αἷς haîs	οἷς / οἷσι / οἷσιν hoîs / hoîsi(n)
Accusative		ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅ hó		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ há
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὅς, ἥ, ὅ

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅ hó		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ há
Genitive		ὅου hóou	ἕης héēs	ὅου hóou		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative		ᾧ hôi	ᾗ hêi	ᾧ hôi		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		οἷς / οἷσι / οἷσιν hoîs / hoîsi(n)	ᾗς / ᾗσι / ᾗσιν hêis / hêisi(n)	οἷς / οἷσι / οἷσιν hoîs / hoîsi(n)
Accusative		ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅ hó		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ há
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

First and second declension of ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (Epic)

Derived terms

• οἷος (hoîos)
• ὅτε (hóte)
• ὡς (hōs)

 

See also

type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial) demonstrative	proximal demonstrative	distal demonstrative	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

Ancient Greek correlatives ^(edit)

References

1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὅς 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1117
2. “ὅς, ἥ, ὅ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
3. Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920) “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 338: relative pronoun
4. William Bedell Stanford (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". Homer: Odyssey I-XII 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. p. lxiii, § 12.1 12.2.

Etymology 2

PIE word
*swé

Like ἕ (hé, “him”), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). Cognate with Sanskrit स्व (svá). See also ἑός (heós).

Alternative forms

• ἑός (heós) — Epic
• ἱός (hiós) — Boeotian
• ϝός (wós) — Laconian, Doric

Determiner

ὅς • (hós) m (feminine ἥ, neuter ὅν); first/second declension (third person singular possessive determiner)

1. (with noun) his, her, its
2. (as substantive, sometimes with article) his, hers
   1. (in the plural) his or her people, friends, family; his possessions

Inflection

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ há
Genitive		οὗ / οἷο hoû / hoîo	ἧς hês	οὗ / οἷο hoû / hoîo		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative		ᾧ hôi	ᾗ hêi	ᾧ hôi		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		οἷς hoîs	αἷς haîs	οἷς hoîs
Accusative		ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅν hón		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ há
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὅς, ἥ, ὅ

Further reading

• “ὅς, ἥ, ὅν”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• William Bedell Stanford (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". Homer: Odyssey I-XII 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. p. lxiii, § 12.1.
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN