Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup D-M174.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).^[2]

Haplogroup D
Possible time of origin	ca. 60,000 – 40,000 YBP
Possible place of origin	East Asia
Ancestor	M80'D
Descendants	D4, 16189
Defining mutations	4883 5178A 16362[1]

In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central^[3] and Northeast Asia.^[4] Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).^[5]

Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland,^[6] is a branch of D4b1c.

D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese,^{[7][8][9][10]} Okinawans,^[8] Koreans,^[8][11] northern Han Chinese (e.g. from Lanzhou^[12]), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,^[13] Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner,^[14] and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner.^[14] D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic,^[13][15] and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.^[16] It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over China, the Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]} Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan^[24]

• D4* - China, Mongol from Heilongjiang and Hebei,^[25] Korea, Japan, Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece

• D1 – America
  • D1a – Colombia
    • D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
    • D1a2 – Guaraní
  • D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
  • D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
  • D1d
    • D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
    • D1d2 – Mexican
  • D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
  • D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
    • D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
    • D1f2 – Colombia
    • D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
  • D1g – Southern Cone of South America
    • D1g1
      • D1g1a
      • D1g1b
    • D1g2
      • D1g2a
    • D1g3
    • D1g4
    • D1g5
    • D1g6
  • D1h
    • D1h1 – Mexican
    • D1h2 – Mexican
  • D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
    • D1i1 – Mexican
    • D1i2 – Mexican
  • D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
    • D1j1
      • D1j1a
        • D1j1a1 – Argentina
        • D1j1a2
  • D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
  • D1m – Mexican
  • D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
  • D1r – Peru
  • D1u
    • D1u1 – Peru

• D4a – China,^[26] Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang,^[25] Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province),^[27] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),^[27] Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana),^[28] Pakistan (Saraiki),^[29] Mongolia^[28]
  • D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi^[30]
    • D4a1a – Japan
      • D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea
        • D4a1a1a – Japan
    • D4a1b – Japan, Korea
      • D4a1b1 – Japan
    • D4a1c – Japan, Korea
    • D4a1d – Japan
    • D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Mongol from Shandong,^[25] Yakut
      • D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs
    • D4a1f – Japan
      • D4a1f1 – Japan
    • D4a1g – China, Bargut
    • D4a1h – Japan
  • D4a2 – Japan, Korea
    • D4a2a – Japan, Korea
    • D4a2b – Japan
  • D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao^[25]
    • D4a3a
      • D4a3a* – China^[31] (Henan^[32]), Korea^[31]
      • D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province,^[33] Hunan Han,^[32] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture^[34])
      • D4a3a2 – Japan
    • D4a3b
      • D4a3b* – China, Mongol from Shenyang^[25]
      • D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）,^[34] Pakistan (Kalash)^[35]
      • D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan
  • D4a4 – Japan
  • D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State^[32]), China (Zhejiang,^[32] Chamdo,^[32] Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao^[25])
  • D4a6 - China^[36] (Eastern China,^[37] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture^[34]), Mauritius^[38]
• D4a-b
  • D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang)^[37]
    • D4a7
      • D4a7* – China^[39]
        • D4a7a
          • D4a7a* – Taiwan^[40]
            • D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung)^[41]
        • D4a7b
          • D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)^[42]
            • D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan),^[10] Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi),^[41] Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) ^[43] Singapore (Malaysian)^[44]
  • D4a8 – China
• D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand^[45])
  • D4b1
    • D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing,^[25] etc.)
    • D4b1a
      • D4b1a* – China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia, Mongol from Heilongjiang^[25]), South Korea, Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province)
      • D4b1a1 – South Korea, Japan
        • D4b1a1a – South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan
      • D4b1a2 – Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
        • D4b1a2a
          • D4b1a2a* – Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing)
          • D4b1a2a1 – China (Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland^[46]), Canada, Native American (USA)
          • D4b1a2a2 – Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan
    • D4b1b'd
      • D4b1b - China, Taiwan
        • D4b1b1 – Japan
          • D4b1b1a – Japan
            • D4b1b1a1 – Japan
        • D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang)
      • D4b1d – China (Gelao from Daozhen)
    • D4b1c
      • D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
        • D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
        • D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
        • D3b – Oroqen
        • D3c
          • D3c* – Buryat
          • D3c1
            • D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
            • D3c1a
              • D3c1a1
                • D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
                • D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
              • D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
        • D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
        • D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
  • D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama,^[47] China (Mongol from Hebei^[25]), Thailand (Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
    • D4b2a – Japan
      • D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County)
      • D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
        • D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan
          • D4b2a2a1 – Japan, South Korea, China (Han from Dandong)
          • D4b2a2a2 – Japan
        • D4b2a2b – Japan
    • D4b2b – China (Mongols from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia,^[25] Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province^[27]), Saudi Arabia
      • D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao,^[25] Uyghur, Persian
        • D4b2b1a – Japan
        • D4b2b1b – Japan
        • D4b2b1c – Japan
        • D4b2b1d – Japan
      • D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang,^[25] Tujia, Han from Lanzhou,^[12] etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
        • D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
          • D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
        • D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
        • D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
      • D4b2b3 – Japan
      • D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
      • D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
      • D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing, Lanzhou,^[12] Denver), Korea, Armenian
      • D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka)
      • D4b2b8 – Uyghur
      • D4b2b9
        • D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
        • D4b2b9a
          • D4b2b9a* – Buryat
          • D4b2b9a1 – China
    • D4b2c
    • D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
• D4c
  • D4c1 – Uyghur
    • D4c1a – Japan, Korea
      • D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
    • D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
      • D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
      • D4c1b2 – Japan
  • D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng^[25]
    • D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
      • D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
    • D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
    • D4c2c – Japan
• D4d – Japan, Korea

• D4e
  • D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
    • D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province^[27]), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou,^[12] Mongol from Inner Mongolia,^[25] etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
      • D4e1a1 – Japan, Chinese
      • D4e1a2 – Thailand, Sonowal Kachari
        • D4e1a2a – Japan, Korea
      • D4e1a3 – China (Yao from Bama, Mongol from Alxa,^[25] etc.), Thailand (Hmong, Iu Mien), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Phù Lá)
    • D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang^[25]
      • D2a'b
        • D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
          • D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
            • D2a1a – Aleut
            • D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo
          • D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo
        • D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir^[25]
          • D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
            • D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
          • D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut
      • D2c – Buryat
    • D4e1c – Mexican
  • D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
    • D4e2a – Japan, Korea
    • D4e2b – Japan
    • D4e2c – Japan
    • D4e2d – Japan
  • D4e3 – Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek),^[27] China, Mongol from Shenyang and Tongliao,^[25] Lachungpa
  • D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi,^[30] Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
    • D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur
      • D4e4a1 – Yukaghir, Evenk, Even, Mongol from Shenyang^[25]
    • D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar
  • D4e5
    • D4e5a - Xinjiang (Uyghur, Kyrgyz), Russia (Altai Kizhi, Buryat), Inner Mongolia (Bargut), Iran (Qashqai), Japan (Aichi)
    • D4e5b - Orok (Sakhalin), Even (Nelkan on the Maya River in the Okhotsk Region), Kyrgyz (Artux), Bashkortostan, Han Chinese (Lanzhou,^[12] Denver), Mongol from Fuxin and Heilongjiang^[25]
• D4f – Shor
  • D4f1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol (Bargut, Chifeng,^[25] Chaoyang,^[25] Hebei^[25])

• D4g
  • D4g* – Japan, Korea
  • D4g1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan
    • D4g1a – Japan
    • D4g1b – Japan, Taiwan, Mongol from Xinjiang,^[25] Belarus
    • D4g1c – Japan
  • D4g2 – China, Mongols in China (Fuxin, Hinggan, Tongliao, Xilingol^[25])
    • D4g2a – Japan
      • D4g2a1 – China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province^[27]), Mongols in China (Bargut, Beijing,^[25] Fuxin^[25]), Buryat, Khamnigan
        • D4g2a1a – Japan
        • D4g2a1b – China, Thailand (Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province)
        • D4g2a1c – Thailand (Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province^[27]), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir
    • D4g2b – China, Buryat
      • D4g2b1 – Han Chinese, Ulchi
        • D4g2b1a – Japan

• D4h
  • D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province^[27]), Philippines
  • D4h1
    • D4h1* – China
    • D4h1a - Korea, China (Liaoning Han)
      • D4h1a1 – Japan, Korea, China (Beijing)
      • D4h1a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shandong)
    • D4h1b
      • D4h1b-G10398A - China (Hunan Han, Zhejiang), Kyrgyzstan
      • D4h1b-A16241G - Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
    • D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet
      • D4h1c1 – Japan, Korea, Mongol from Shenyang^[25]
    • D4h1d – Bargut
  • D4h2 – Ulchi
  • D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province^[27])^[48]
    • D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,^[49][50] and Colombia.^[51]
      • D4h3a1 – Chile
        • D4h3a1a – Chile
          • D4h3a1a1 – Chile
          • D4h3a1a2 – Chile
      • D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
      • D4h3a3 – Chile
        • D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
      • D4h3a4 – Peru
      • D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
      • D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
      • D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
      • D4h3a8 – Mexico
      • D4h3a9 – Peru
    • D4h3b – China
  • D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol (Bayannur,^[25] Hinggan^[25])
    • D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
• D4i
  • D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
  • D4i1 – Japan
  • D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
  • D4i3
    • D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
    • D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal)
  • D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
  • D4i5 – Japan

• D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Mongols in China (Bargut, Chifeng,^[25] Hohhot,^[25] Tianjin,^[25] Tongliao^[25]), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
  • D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province^[27]), Uyghur
    • D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
      • D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province^[27]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
        • D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
        • D4j1a1b – Toto
      • D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
    • D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province^[27]), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
      • D4j1b2 – Gallong
  • D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut,^[52] Dolgan^[52]
    • D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)^[53]
  • D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
    • D4j3 – Russian Federation, Uyghur, Tibet, Mongol (Hulunbuir^[25]), Japan, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province^[27])
      • D4j3a – China, Inner Mongolia (Mongol from Tongliao^[25]), Ulchi
        • D4j3a1 – Japan
      • D4j3b - Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province), Tibet (Lhoba), Uyghur
    • D4j11 – Japan, Inner Mongolia (Mongol from Chifeng^[25]), Buryat, Hungary, Italy
  • D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic^[52]), Evenk (Nyukzha river basin,^[53] Iengra River basin^[53])
    • D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,^[52] Iengra River basin^[53]), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin^[52])
  • D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan),^[54] Uyghur, Kyrgyz,^[55] Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut,^[53][52] Yukaghir,^[52] Even (Sakha Republic),^[53][52] Evenk (Sakha Republic)^[52]
  • D4j-T146C!
    • D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
    • D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
  • D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol (Hinggan League^[25])
    • D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
  • D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic),^[52] Yakut,^[52] Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
  • D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
  • D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
  • D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
  • D4j14 – Japan
  • D4j15 – China, Tibet, Mongols in China (Chifeng^[25]), Kazakhstan
  • D4j16 – China
• D4k'o'p
  • D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
  • D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat^[48]
    • D4o1
      • D4o1* – Uyghur, Tubalar (Northeast Altai)^[23]
      • D4o1a – Japan, Buryat^[48]
      • D4o1b – Kyrgyz (Artux),^[55] Chelkan, Teleut, Khamnigan,^[48] Buryat (Buryat Republic),^[56] Han Chinese (N. China)^[57]
    • D4o2 – Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi,^[30] China (Han from Lanzhou^[12])
      • D4o2* – Mongols in China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia,^[48] Mongol from Hinggan League,^[25] Mongol from Hohhot^[25])
      • D4o2a – Manchu
        • D4o2a* – Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Even (Kamchatka),^[53] Koryak^[53]
        • D4o2a1 – Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur, China
        • D4o2a2 – Yakut,^[53] Uyghur, ancient Yana River basin
        • D4o2a3 – Bargut (Inner Mongolia),^[48] Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai)^[56]
  • D4p
    • D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
    • D4p1 – Japan
    • D4p2 – Buryat
• D4l
  • D4l1
    • D4l1a – Japan
      • D4l1a1 – Japan
    • D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
  • D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central, Vilyuy), Uyghur,^[32] Kazakh^[32]
    • D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League^[25])
      • D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
      • D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
    • D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
• D4m
  • D4m* – Tubalar (Northeast Altai)^[23]
  • D4m1 – Japan
  • D4m2 – Mongolia, Mongols in China (Hohhot,^[25] Tongliao^[25]), South Korea
    • D4m2a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Yakut, Buryat, Evenk, Even, Yukaghir, South Korea
      • D4m2a* – Nivkh,^[53] Buryat^[48]
      • D4m2a1
        • D4m2a1* – Evenk (Central Siberia)^[48]
        • D4m2a1a – Evens (two from Sakkyryyr^[53] and one from Tompo^[53]), Yukaghir^[23]
      • D4m2a2 – Nivkh^[53]
      • D4m2a3 – Yakut^[53][57]
      • D4m2a4 – Nivkh^[53]
    • D4m2b – Tuvinian,^[58] Daur^[57] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),^[48] Mongolia, Uyghur
  • D4m3 – Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,^[59]Artux^[55]), Uyghur
• D4n
  • D4n* – Japan, Korea
  • D4n1
    • D4n1* – Japan
    • D4n1a – Japan
  • D4n2
    • D4n2a – China
    • D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan),^[55] Tibet,^[60] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),^[48] Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)^[56]
• D4q – Taiwan,^[31] China,^[32] Mongols in China (Fuxin^[25]), Kyrgyz,^[59] Tajiks,^[59] India (Jammu and Kashmir),^[32] Germany,^[31] Poland,^[31] Netherlands,^[31] United States^[31]
  • D4q1 – Toto^[61]
    • D4q1a – Toto^[61]
  • D4q2 - Kyrgyz,^[59][32] India^[32] (Uttar Pradesh Upper Caste Brahmin^[62])
    • D4q2a - Sherdukpen^[61][32]
  • D4q3 - Uyghur^[32]
  • D4q4 - Lhoba^[60][32]
• D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
• D4s
  • D4s1
    • D4s1* – Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì)
    • D4s1a – Vietnam (Hà Nhì)
  • D4s2 – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli, Kyrgyz)^[55]
  • D4s3 – Tibet (Lhasa),^[63] Uyghur, Tuvinian^[58]
• D4t – China, Korea, Japan
• D4u
  • D4u*
  • D4u1
    • D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai)^[54]
    • D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli)^[55]
• D4v – Thailand^[27]
• D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu
• D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
• D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
• D4z – China

D5'6

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.^[64][65][66] It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%^[52]) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.^[52]

• D5 - Taiwan (Paiwan)^[67]
  • D5a'b (D5-A9180G) - Korean,^[68] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand^[45]
    • D5a - China, Korea, Japan, Buryat, Poland
      • D5a1 - Japan (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 14,200] ybp^[32])
        • D5a1a - Japan
          • D5a1a1 - Japan
          • D5a1a2 - Japan
      • D5a2 - Gallong, Mongols in China (Baotou^[25]), Korea (TMRCA 12,500 [95% CI 8,900 <-> 17,100] ybp^[32])
        • D5a2a - Russia (Tula Oblast,^[32] Buryat), Mongols in China (Heilongjiang,^[25] Hohhot^[25]), China, Japan (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,400 <-> 14,200] ybp^[32])
          • D5a2a-T16092C - China, Korea
            • D5a2a1 - Mongols in China (Tongliao,^[25] Beijing,^[25] Chifeng,^[25] Fuxin,^[25] Hohhot,^[25] Shandong^[25]), China (Han from Lanzhou,^[12] etc.), Tibet (Monpa, Deng), Vietnam (Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh
              • D5-C16172T! - Burusho,^[57] Tubalar,^[23] Kumandin (Turochak), Todzhi (Adir-Kezhig^[69]), Buryat (South Siberia,^[48] Inner Mongolia^[56]), Wancho, Gallong, Monpa,^[60] Myanmar (Burmese from Pakokku^[67]), Thailand (Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province^[27]), China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Taiwan
                • D5a2a1a - Japan (Aichi, Chiba, etc.), China
                  • D5a2a1a1 - Japan (Aichi, etc.)
                    • D5a2a1a1a - Japan (Chiba, etc.)
                    • D5a2a1a1b - China (Uyghurs), Poland^[48][70]
                  • D5a2a1a2 - Japan (Gifu, Tokyo, etc.)
              • D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari,^[61] Gallong,^[61] China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri, Deng), Kyrgyz (Artux),^[55] Mongols in China (Hohhot,^[25] Tongliao^[25])
                • D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan)
            • D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic) (TMRCA 3,500 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 5,000] ybp^[32])
        • D5a2b - Thailand (Iu Mien from Nan Province), Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì), Tibet (Deng, Sherpa), China (TMRCA 10,400 [95% CI 7,200 <-> 14,500] ybp^[32])
      • D5a3 - Tibet, Mongol (Dalian^[25]), Korea, Japan (TMRCA 11,100 [95% CI 6,300 <-> 18,100] ybp^[32])
        • D5a3a - Mongol (Hinggan League^[25]), China, Tibet, Finland
          • D5a3a1 - China, Uyghur, Ukraine
            • D5a3a1a - Finland, Norway (Saami), Russia (Veliky Novgorod, etc.), Mansi
        • D5a3b - China,^[32] Korea (Seoul^[48][32])
    • D5b - Uyghur, China, Mongol (Chifeng^[25])
      • D5b1
        • D5b1* - China, Uyghur, Mongol (Hulunbuir,^[25] Jilin,^[25] Tongliao^[25])
        • D5b1a
          • D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, etc.)
          • D5b1a2 - Japan
        • D5b1b
          • D5b1b* - Japan, Korea, Mongol (Baotou,^[25] Chaoyang,^[25] Heilongjiang,^[25] Nanyang,^[25] Shanxi,^[25] Tongliao^[25])
          • D5b1b1 - Japan, Korea, Uzbekistan
          • D5b1b2
            • D5b1b2* - Japan, Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Uyghur
            • D5b1b2a - Uyghur
            • D5b1b2b - Uyghur
            • D5b1b2c - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)^[59][32]
          • D5b1b3 - Japan
          • D5b1b4 - China
        • D5b1c
          • D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming)
          • D5b1c1 - China, Mongol (Chifeng^[25]), Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh)
            • D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
            • D5b1c1a
              • D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, etc.), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore)
              • D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, etc.)
              • D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi)
            • D5b1c1b - China
          • D5b1c2 - Uyghur
        • D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Mongol (Ordos^[25]), Yakut^[52][57]
        • D5b1e - China
        • D5b1f - China
      • D5b2 - Japan
      • D5b3
        • D5b3* - Vietnam (Kinh, Tay), Thailand (Phuan), Laos (Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
        • D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma)
          • D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
        • D5b3b - Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
      • D5b4 - Thailand (Siamese, Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, etc.), China (Han)
      • D5b5 - Uyghur
  • D5c
    • D5c1 - Japan, Han Chinese (Beijing)
      • D5c1a - Japan, Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), China, Mongol (Tongliao^[25]), Uyghur, Tubalar, Kumandin (Turochak, Soltonsky District), Shor (Biyka, etc.), Kyrgyzstan (TMRCA 4,500 [95% CI 3,300 <-> 6,100] ybp^[32])
    • D5c-T16311C! - Vietnam (Kinh),^[67] Mongolian,^[58] China^[71]
      • D5c2 - China, Japan
• D6
  • D6a - Philippines, East Timor
    • D6a1
      • D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan
      • D6a1a - China, Japan
    • D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines
  • D6c - China (She people, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Phutai from Kalasin Province)
    • D6c1 - Philippines
      • D6c1a - Philippines (Maranao)

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Ban Ravat (Uttarakhand)	1.000	38	[citation needed]	D4=38
Aleut (Commander Islands)	1.000	36	[23]	D2a1a=36
Orok (Sakhalin)	0.689	61	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=41, D5=1
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)	0.656	163	[23]	D2a1a=107
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)	0.550	40	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2
Northern Paiute/Shoshoni	0.479	94	[18]	D=45
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.438	16	[3]	D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)	0.432	44	[14]	D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Subba (Limbu)	0.432	44	[citation needed]	D4=19
Japanese (Hokkaidō)	0.415	217	Asari 2007	D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)	0.414	256	[8]	D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3
Japanese	0.412	211	[7]	D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1
Japanese (Tōkai)	0.411	282	[8]	D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2
Northern Paiute	0.408	98	[17]	D=40
Japanese (Japan)	0.401	1928	[72]	D4=705, D5=68
Japanese (Tōhoku)	0.399	336	[8]	D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2
Korean (South Korea)	0.398	103	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)	0.396	48	[14]	D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)	0.390	154	[52]	D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1
Japanese (Japan)	0.389	672	[73]	D4 (xD4e, D4g, D4h)=111, D4a=42, D4b=79, D5=30
Okinawa	0.383	326	[8]	D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.375	24	[63]	D=9
Korean (South Korea)	0.364	261	[citation needed]	D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7
Japanese (Tokyo)	0.356	118	[10]	D4=39, D5=3
Barghut (Hulunbuir)	0.356	149	[13]	D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1
Buryat (Buryatia)	0.349	295	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2
Buryat	0.348	419	[48]	D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3
Korean (Ulsan)	0.342	1094	[74]	D=374
Korean (South Korea)	0.340	203	[8]	D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6
Khamnigan (Buryatia)	0.333	99	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1
Korean (northern China)	0.333	51	[citation needed]	D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1
Korean (Arun Banner)	0.333	48	[14]	D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)	0.329	164	[52]	D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.326	850	[75]	D4a(xD4a1, D4a2, D4a3)=64, D4b1=6, D4b2=36, D4e1=9, D4e2=17, D4f1=18, D4g1=16, D4j=12, D4(xD4g2)=49, D5=50
Korean (South Korea)	0.324	185	[citation needed]	D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.323	31	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2
Korean (South Korea)	0.322	593	[76]	D=7, D4=93, D4a=30, D4b=30, D5=31
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)	0.319	47	[14]	D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)	0.301	73	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4
Han (Beijing)	0.300	40	[citation needed]	D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.300	100	[citation needed]	D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.300	20	[3]	D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1
Yakut	0.299	117	[14]	D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)	0.297	111	[52]	D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.296	27	[19]	D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)	0.292	137	[63]	D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5
Nganasan	0.292	24	[citation needed]	D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)	0.291	110	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)	0.286	56	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)	0.286	35	[63]	D=10
Daur (Hulunbuir)	0.282	209	[77]	D4(xD4c, D4j, D4m)=42, D2b=1, D5=16,
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)	0.280	125	[52]	D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)	0.275	160	[8]	D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.273	33	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.267	15	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=4
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)	0.265	98	[13]	D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4
Tubalar (Altai Republic)	0.264	144	[78]	D4b1a2a1=10, D4j=6, D4o=6, D4(xD4l, D4m)=9, D5c=7
Yakut (northern Yakutia)	0.257	148	[52]	D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1
Nganasan (Ust-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya)	0.256	39	[23]	D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1
Han (Xinjiang)	0.255	47	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)	0.255	47	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=12
Nuu-Chah-Nulth	0.255	102	[17]	D=26
Han (southern California)	0.254	390	[63]	D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18
Manchurian	0.250	40	[citation needed]	D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)	0.248	105	[52]	D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1
Tubalar (Altai Republic)	0.245	143	[79]	D4=28, D5=7
Teleut (Kemerovo)	0.245	53	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)	0.244	45	[14]	D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2
Evenk (Buryatia)	0.244	45	[15]	D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1
Han (Taiwan)	0.243	1117	[63]	D=271
Negidal	0.242	33	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.240	50	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Ainu	0.235	51	[citation needed]	D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)	0.231	91	[8]	D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1
Mongolian (Dornod Province)	0.230	370	[80]	D2b=6, D4a=7, D4b=12, D4(xD4e, D4o)=34, D4j=19, D5a=6, D5b=1
Darjeeling (general population)	0.227	66	[citation needed]	D4=13 D5=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.226	31	[citation needed]	D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1
Uzbek (Xinjiang)	0.224	58	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakut (Yakutia)	0.222	36	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)	0.222	18	[23]	D5a1=3, D6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)	0.219	64	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Ulchi	0.218	87	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2
Han (Beijing Normal University)	0.215	121	[10]	D4=15, D5=11
Vietnamese	0.214	42	[citation needed]	D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Mongolian (Khentii Province)	0.212	132	[80]	D4=1, D4b=4, D4e=3, D4g=3, D4h=2, D4j=2, D4m=1, D4o=8, D5a=4
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)	0.211	71	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)	0.211	71	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=15
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)	0.208	24	[19]	D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province)	0.207	246	[80]	D1j=1, D4a=5, D4b=3, D4c=10, D4e=3, D4(xD4g, D4h, D4l, D4m, D4o)=11, D4j=11, D5a=5, D5b=2
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)	0.207	29	[63]	D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)	0.207	29	[63]	D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)	0.204	49	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Xinjiang)	0.203	138	[16]	D4(xD4b,D4e)=20 D5=4 D4b=2 D4e=2
Siberian Eskimos	0.203	79	[citation needed]	D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin)
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.200	20	[3]	D(xD4c)=4
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.200	20	[3]	D(xD4c)=4
Ulch people	0.200	160	[citation needed]	D4=18, D4o=13, D5=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.200	30	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=6
Buryat	0.198	126	[14]	D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Mongolian (Khovd Province)	0.198	429	[80]	D2b=1, D4a=1, D4b1=6, D4b1a2a1=4, D4b1c=4, D4b2a2a=6, D4b2d=8, D4(xD4c, D4e, D4g, G4h, D4m, D4o)=29, D4j=10, D5a1=1, D5a2a=11, D5b=4
Mongolian (Mongolia)	0.197	2420	[80]	D4b=76, D4c=68, D4j=64, D4(xD1, D2)=199, D5(xD6)=71
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.196	102	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Kazakh (Zhetysu)	0.195	200	[81]	D1=1, D4=32, D5=6
Tubalar	0.194	72	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)	0.194	103	[19]	D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.191	68	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4
Mansi	0.190	63	[4]	D=12
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.190	42	[19]	D(xD5)=7, D5a=1
Khasi	0.190	368	[citation needed]	D4=48 D(xD4, D5a)=22
Mizo	0.188	48	[citation needed]	D4=9
Nyishi	0.188	48	[citation needed]	D4=7 D5=2
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.188	16	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=3
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.185	54	[63]	D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1
Poumai Naga	0.184	49	[citation needed]	D4=9
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)	0.182	55	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.179	39	[19]	D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Denver)	0.178	73	[10]	D4=10, D5=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)	0.171	82	[23]	D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1
Sherpa (India)	0.167	54	[citation needed]	D4=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.167	36	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=6
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)	0.167	30	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakama	0.167	42	[17]	D=7
Bhotia (Uttarakhand)	0.164	55	[citation needed]	D4=9
Han (Hunan & Fujian)	0.164	55	[10]	D4=6, D5=2, D6=1
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)	0.164	55	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=9
Khanty	0.160	106	[4]	D=17
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)	0.160	25	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.158	19	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=3
Khakassians (Khakassia)	0.158	57	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=9
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)	0.156	32	[19]	D(xD5)=5
Hui (Xinjiang)	0.156	45	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=6, D5a=1
Altai (Altai Republic)	0.155	110	[82]	D=17
Tuvinian (Tuva)	0.152	105	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1
Nogai (Daghestan)	0.152	33	[citation needed]	D=5
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.150	40	[19]	D(xD5)=6
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.150	20	[3]	D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.150	40	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.150	20	[citation needed]	D(xD4b, D5)=3
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.146	130	[citation needed]	D4=13, D5=3, D(xD4,D5)=3
Kyrgyz (Talas)	0.146	48	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=7
Bella Coola	0.143	84	[17]	D=12
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)	0.143	35	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=5
Tuvan	0.137	95	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)	0.136	44	[63]	D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)	0.136	22	[52]	D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)	0.133	15	[15]	D2=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)	0.132	53	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=7
Sema Naga	0.130	54	[citation needed]	D4=7
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.128	47	[citation needed]	D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.127	55	[63]	D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1
Chakhesang Naga	0.127	55	[citation needed]	D4=7
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic)	0.126	324	[79]	D4=39, D5=2
Shor (Kemerovo)	0.122	82	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1
Chukchi	0.121	66	[citation needed]	D2=7, D3=1
Bunu (19 Bu Nu from Dahua & 6 Mu Bin from Tianlin)	0.120	25	[19]	D(xD5)=2, D5a=1
Kurd (northwestern Iran)	0.120	25	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=3
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky & Tatyshlinsky)	0.119	101	[citation needed]	D=12
Karelian (Viena)	0.115	87	[citation needed]	D5=10
Tibetan refugees in India	0.112	107	[citation needed]	D4=9 D5=3
Sulawesi (89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)	0.110	237	[21]	D5=20, D(xD5)=6
Han (Taiwanese)	0.108	111	[citation needed]	D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.106	47	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=5
Uyghur (Xinjiang)	0.106	47	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Ao Naga	0.106	66	[citation needed]	D4=5 D5=1 D(xD4,D5)=1
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.100	20	[3]	D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1
Khasi	0.100	40	[citation needed]	D4=4
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)	0.100	40	[citation needed]	D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)	0.099	71	[citation needed]	D=7
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)	0.094	32	[23]	D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)	0.094	32	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)	0.090	221	[citation needed]	D=20
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.090	133	[citation needed]	D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5
Altay Kizhi	0.089	90	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.086	35	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=3
Mansi	0.082	98	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.081	37	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=3
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.077	26	[19]	D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Northern Thailand)	0.076	158	[citation needed]	D4e1a3=9 D4e1a=1 D4b=1 D5b4=1
Thai	0.075	40	[citation needed]	D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.075	40	[3]	D(xD4c)=3
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)	0.073	41	[19]	D(xD5)=3
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.071	28	[citation needed]	D(xD4b, D5)=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)	0.071	56	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=4
Ambon	0.070	43	[21]	D(xD5)=2, D5=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.069	29	[citation needed]	D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)	0.068	44	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1
Turkmen (Afghanistan)	0.067	75	[citation needed]	D4(xD4j)=4 D4j=1
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.063	16	[3]	D(xD4c)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.057	35	[19]	D(xD5)=2
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.056	18	[citation needed]	D5(xD5a)=1
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous District)	0.054	74	[citation needed]	D=4
Taono O'odham	0.054	37	[18]	D=2
Taiwan aborigines	0.053	640	[65]	D5'6=26, D4=8
Apache	0.053	38	[18]	D=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.053	19	[63]	D=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.053	19	[19]	D(xD5)=1
Li (Hainan)	0.052	346	[65]	D5'6=13, D4=5
Hazara (Afghanistan)	0.051	78	[citation needed]	D4j=2 D4(xD4j)=2
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)	0.051	157	[21]	D5=7, D(xD5)=1
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	[3]	D(xD4c)=1
Karelian (Tver)	0.049	61	[citation needed]	D5=2, D(xD5)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)	0.048	126	[citation needed]	D=6
Thailand	0.048	105	[22]	D=5
Uzbek (Afghanistan)	0.047	127	[citation needed]	D4j=2 D4(xD4j)=2 D5'6=2
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.044	45	[citation needed]	D(xD5)=2
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.042	24	[citation needed]	D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1
Tajik (Afghanistan)	0.041	146	[citation needed]	D4(xD4j)=4 D4j=1 D5'6=1
Changpa	0.040	50	[citation needed]	D4=1 D5=1
Chuvash (Morgaushsky)	0.036	55	[citation needed]	D=2
Cun (Hainan)	0.033	30	[65]	D4=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.032	31	[19]	D(xD5)=1
Filipino	0.031	64	[66]	D5b=1, D6=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.031	32	[19]	D(xD5)=1
Filipino (Mindanao)	0.029	70	[66]	D6=2
Karelian (Aunus)	0.028	218	[citation needed]	D5=6
Ket	0.026	38	[citation needed]	D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1
Tatar (Almetyevsky & Yelabuzhsky)	0.026	228	[citation needed]	D=6
Persian (eastern Iran)	0.024	82	[15]	D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1
Lombok (Mataram)	0.023	44	[21]	D5=1
Filipino (Luzon)	0.023	177	[66]	D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1
Alor	0.022	45	[21]	D(xD5)=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.018	168	[citation needed]	D4=3
Mari (Zvenigovsky)	0.015	136	[citation needed]	D=2
Koryak	0.013	155	[citation needed]	D3=2
Bali	0.012	82	[21]	D5=1
Pashtun (Afghanistan)	0.011	90	[citation needed]	D4j=1
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky)	0.010	102	[citation needed]	D=1
Filipino (Visayas)	0.009	112	[66]	D6=1
Kiliwa	0.000	7	[18]	-
Seri	0.000	8	[18]	-
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	10	[19]	-
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.000	11	[19]	-
Cochimí	0.000	13	[18]	-
Filipino (Palawan)	0.000	20	[citation needed]	-
River Yuman	0.000	22	[18]	-
Delta Yuman	0.000	23	[18]	-
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)	0.000	24	[citation needed]	-
Zuni	0.000	26	[18]	-
Pai Yuman	0.000	27	[18]	-
Batek (Malaysia)	0.000	29	[20]	-
Batak (Palawan)	0.000	31	[citation needed]	-
Lingao (Hainan)	0.000	31	[65]	-
Nahua	0.000	31	[18]	-
Mendriq (Malaysia)	0.000	32	[20]	-
Temuan (Malaysia)	0.000	33	[20]	-
Jemez	0.000	36	[18]	-
Akimal O’odham	0.000	43	[18]	-
Java (incl. 36 from Tengger)	0.000	46	[21]	-
Tofalar	0.000	46	[citation needed]	-
Udegey	0.000	46	[citation needed]	-
Itelmen	0.000	47	[citation needed]	-
Sumba (Waingapu)	0.000	50	[21]	-
Jahai (Malaysia)	0.000	51	[20]	-
Senoi (51 Temiar & 1 Semai, Malaysia)	0.000	52	[20]	-
Filipino	0.000	61	[21]	-
Semelai (Malaysia)	0.000	61	[20]	-
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky)	0.000	62	[citation needed]	-
Navajo	0.000	64	[18]	-
Sumatra	0.000	180	[21]	-

Famous members

• Ruth Simmons is a member of haplogroup D1.^[83]
• Comedian and actress Margaret Cho is in haplogroup D5a2a1b.^[84]

See also

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics
• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
• Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1–6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

O

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T

References

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2. estimated at 48.3+13.1
   −12.7 kya (95% CI) in: Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Macaulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin B. (June 2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–759. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.
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External links

• General
  • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
• Haplogroup D
  • Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree D
  • YFull MTree's Haplogroup D
  • MITOMAP's Haplogroup D
  • FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup D
  • FamilyTreeDNA's D mtDNA Haplogroup project
  • Spread of Haplogroup D, from National Geographic
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