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Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Haplogroup D (mtDNA)
This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup D-M174.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).[2]

Quick Facts Possible time of origin, Possible place of origin ...
Haplogroup D
Thumb
Possible time of originca. 60,000 – 40,000 YBP
Possible place of originEast Asia
AncestorM80'D
DescendantsD4, 16189
Defining mutations4883 5178A 16362[1]
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In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central[3] and Northeast Asia.[4] Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).[5]

Subclades

Summarize
Perspective

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland,[6] is a branch of D4b1c.

D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese,[7][8][9][10] Okinawans,[8] Koreans,[8][11] northern Han Chinese (e.g. from Lanzhou[12]), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,[13] Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner,[14] and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner.[14] D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic,[13][15] and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.[16] It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over China, the Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan[24]

  • D1 – America
    • D1a – Colombia
      • D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
      • D1a2 – Guaraní
    • D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
    • D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
    • D1d
      • D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
      • D1d2 – Mexican
    • D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
    • D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
      • D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
      • D1f2 – Colombia
      • D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
    • D1g – Southern Cone of South America
      • D1g1
        • D1g1a
        • D1g1b
      • D1g2
        • D1g2a
      • D1g3
      • D1g4
      • D1g5
      • D1g6
    • D1h
      • D1h1 – Mexican
      • D1h2 – Mexican
    • D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
      • D1i1 – Mexican
      • D1i2 – Mexican
    • D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
      • D1j1
        • D1j1a
          • D1j1a1 – Argentina
          • D1j1a2
    • D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
    • D1m – Mexican
    • D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
    • D1r – Peru
    • D1u
      • D1u1 – Peru

  • D4a – China,[26] Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang,[25] Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province),[27] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),[27] Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana),[28] Pakistan (Saraiki),[29] Mongolia[28]
    • D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi[30]
      • D4a1a – Japan
        • D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea
          • D4a1a1a – Japan
      • D4a1b – Japan, Korea
        • D4a1b1 – Japan
      • D4a1c – Japan, Korea
      • D4a1d – Japan
      • D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Mongol from Shandong,[25] Yakut
        • D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs
      • D4a1f – Japan
        • D4a1f1 – Japan
      • D4a1g – China, Bargut
      • D4a1h – Japan
    • D4a2 – Japan, Korea
      • D4a2a – Japan, Korea
      • D4a2b – Japan
    • D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao[25]
      • D4a3a
        • D4a3a* – China[31] (Henan[32]), Korea[31]
        • D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province,[33] Hunan Han,[32] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[34])
        • D4a3a2 – Japan
      • D4a3b
        • D4a3b* – China, Mongol from Shenyang[25]
        • D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）,[34] Pakistan (Kalash)[35]
        • D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan
    • D4a4 – Japan
    • D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State[32]), China (Zhejiang,[32] Chamdo,[32] Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao[25])
    • D4a6 - China[36] (Eastern China,[37] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[34]), Mauritius[38]
  • D4a-b
    • D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang)[37]
      • D4a7
        • D4a7* – China[39]
          • D4a7a
            • D4a7a* – Taiwan[40]
              • D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung)[41]
          • D4a7b
            • D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)[42]
              • D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan),[10] Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi),[41] Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) [43] Singapore (Malaysian)[44]
    • D4a8 – China
  • D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand[45])
    • D4b1
      • D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing,[25] etc.)
      • D4b1a
      • D4b1b'd
        • D4b1b - China, Taiwan
          • D4b1b1 – Japan
            • D4b1b1a – Japan
              • D4b1b1a1 – Japan
          • D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang)
        • D4b1d – China (Gelao from Daozhen)
      • D4b1c
        • D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
          • D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
          • D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
          • D3b – Oroqen
          • D3c
            • D3c* – Buryat
            • D3c1
              • D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
              • D3c1a
                • D3c1a1
                  • D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
                  • D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
                • D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
          • D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
          • D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
    • D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama,[47] China (Mongol from Hebei[25]), Thailand (Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
      • D4b2a – Japan
        • D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County)
        • D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
          • D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan
            • D4b2a2a1 – Japan, South Korea, China (Han from Dandong)
            • D4b2a2a2 – Japan
          • D4b2a2b – Japan
      • D4b2b – China (Mongols from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia,[25] Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province[27]), Saudi Arabia
        • D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao,[25] Uyghur, Persian
          • D4b2b1a – Japan
          • D4b2b1b – Japan
          • D4b2b1c – Japan
          • D4b2b1d – Japan
        • D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang,[25] Tujia, Han from Lanzhou,[12] etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
            • D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
          • D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
          • D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
        • D4b2b3 – Japan
        • D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
        • D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
        • D4b2b6 – Chinese (Shandong, Beijing, Lanzhou,[12] Denver), Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Armenian
        • D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka)
        • D4b2b8 – Uyghur
        • D4b2b9
          • D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
          • D4b2b9a
            • D4b2b9a* – Buryat
            • D4b2b9a1 – China
      • D4b2c
      • D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
  • D4c
    • D4c1 – Uyghur
      • D4c1a – Japan, Korea
        • D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
      • D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
        • D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
        • D4c1b2 – Japan
    • D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng[25]
      • D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
        • D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
      • D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
      • D4c2c – Japan
  • D4d – Japan, Korea

  • D4e
    • D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
      • D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province[27]), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou,[12] Mongol from Inner Mongolia,[25] etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
      • D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang[25]
        • D2a'b
          • D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
            • D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
              • D2a1a – Aleut
              • D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo
            • D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo
          • D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir[25]
            • D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
              • D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
            • D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut
        • D2c – Buryat
      • D4e1c – Mexican
    • D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
      • D4e2a – Japan, Korea
      • D4e2b – Japan
      • D4e2c – Japan
      • D4e2d – Japan
    • D4e3 – Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek),[27] China, Mongol from Shenyang and Tongliao,[25] Lachungpa
    • D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi,[30] Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
      • D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur
      • D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar
    • D4e5
  • D4f – Shor

  • D4h
    • D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province[27]), Philippines
    • D4h1
      • D4h1* – China
      • D4h1a - Korea, China (Liaoning Han)
        • D4h1a1 – Japan, Korea, China (Beijing)
        • D4h1a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shandong)
      • D4h1b
        • D4h1b-G10398A - China (Hunan Han, Zhejiang), Kyrgyzstan
        • D4h1b-A16241G - Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
      • D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet
      • D4h1d – Bargut
    • D4h2 – Ulchi
    • D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province[27])[48]
      • D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,[49][50] and Colombia.[51]
        • D4h3a1 – Chile
          • D4h3a1a – Chile
            • D4h3a1a1 – Chile
            • D4h3a1a2 – Chile
        • D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
        • D4h3a3 – Chile
          • D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
        • D4h3a4 – Peru
        • D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
        • D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
        • D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
        • D4h3a8 – Mexico
        • D4h3a9 – Peru
      • D4h3b – China
    • D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol (Bayannur,[25] Hinggan[25])
      • D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
  • D4i
    • D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
    • D4i1 – Japan
    • D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
    • D4i3
      • D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
      • D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal)
    • D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
    • D4i5 – Japan

  • D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Mongols in China (Bargut, Chifeng,[25] Hohhot,[25] Tianjin,[25] Tongliao[25]), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
    • D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Uyghur
      • D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
        • D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province[27]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
          • D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
          • D4j1a1b – Toto
        • D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
      • D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • D4j1b2 – Gallong
    • D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut,[52] Dolgan[52]
      • D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)[53]
    • D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
    • D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic[52]), Evenk (Nyukzha river basin,[53] Iengra River basin[53])
      • D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,[52] Iengra River basin[53]), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin[52])
    • D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan),[54] Uyghur, Kyrgyz,[55] Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut,[53][52] Yukaghir,[52] Even (Sakha Republic),[53][52] Evenk (Sakha Republic)[52]
    • D4j-T146C!
      • D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
      • D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
    • D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol (Hinggan League[25])
      • D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
    • D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic),[52] Yakut,[52] Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
    • D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
    • D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
    • D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
    • D4j14 – Japan
    • D4j15 – China, Tibet, Mongols in China (Chifeng[25]), Kazakhstan
    • D4j16 – China
  • D4k'o'p
    • D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
    • D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat[48]
    • D4p
      • D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
      • D4p1 – Japan
      • D4p2 – Buryat
  • D4l
    • D4l1
      • D4l1a – Japan
        • D4l1a1 – Japan
      • D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
    • D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central, Vilyuy), Uyghur,[32] Kazakh[32]
      • D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League[25])
        • D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
        • D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
      • D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
  • D4m
  • D4n
    • D4n* – Japan, Korea
    • D4n1
      • D4n1* – Japan
      • D4n1a – Japan
    • D4n2
      • D4n2a – China
      • D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan),[55] Tibet,[60] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[48] Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)[56]
  • D4q – Taiwan,[31] China,[32] Mongols in China (Fuxin[25]), Kyrgyz,[59] Tajiks,[59] India (Jammu and Kashmir),[32] Germany,[31] Poland,[31] Netherlands,[31] United States[31]
  • D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
  • D4s
  • D4t – China, Korea, Japan
  • D4u
    • D4u*
    • D4u1
      • D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai)[54]
      • D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli)[55]
  • D4v – Thailand[27]
  • D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu
  • D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
  • D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
  • D4z – China

D5'6

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.[64][65][66] It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%[52]) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.[52]


Table of frequencies by ethnic group

More information Population, Frequency ...
Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Ban Ravat (Uttarakhand)1.00038[citation needed]D4=38
Aleut (Commander Islands)1.00036[23]D2a1a=36
Orok (Sakhalin)0.68961[citation needed]D(xD5)=41, D5=1
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.656163[23]D2a1a=107
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.55040[citation needed]D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2
Northern Paiute/Shoshoni0.47994[18]D=45
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.43816[3]D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.43244[14]D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Subba (Limbu)0.43244[citation needed]D4=19
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.415217Asari 2007D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.414256[8]D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3
Japanese0.412211[7]D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1
Japanese (Tōkai)0.411282[8]D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2
Northern Paiute0.40898[17]D=40
Japanese (Japan) 0.401 1928 [72] D4=705, D5=68
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.399336[8]D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2
Korean (South Korea)0.398103[15]D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.39648[14]D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)0.390154[52]D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1
Japanese (Japan) 0.389 672 [73] D4 (xD4e, D4g, D4h)=111, D4a=42, D4b=79, D5=30
Okinawa0.383326[8]D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.37524[63]D=9
Korean (South Korea)0.364261[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7
Japanese (Tokyo)0.356118[10]D4=39, D5=3
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.356149[13]D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.349295[15]D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2
Buryat0.348419[48]D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3
Korean (Ulsan) 0.342 1094 [74] D=374
Korean (South Korea)0.340203[8]D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.33399[15]D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1
Korean (northern China)0.33351[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.33348[14]D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.329164[52]D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.326 850 [75] D4a(xD4a1, D4a2, D4a3)=64, D4b1=6, D4b2=36, D4e1=9, D4e2=17, D4f1=18, D4g1=16, D4j=12, D4(xD4g2)=49, D5=50
Korean (South Korea)0.324185[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.32331[citation needed]D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2
Korean (South Korea) 0.322 593 [76] D=7, D4=93, D4a=30, D4b=30, D5=31
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.31947[14]D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.30173[15]D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4
Han (Beijing)0.30040[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.300100[citation needed]D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.30020[3]D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1
Yakut0.299117[14]D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.297111[52]D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.29627[19]D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.292137[63]D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5
Nganasan0.29224[citation needed]D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.291110[15]D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.28656[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.28635[63]D=10
Daur (Hulunbuir) 0.282 209 [77] D4(xD4c, D4j, D4m)=42, D2b=1, D5=16,
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)0.280125[52]D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.275160[8]D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.27333[citation needed]D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.26715[citation needed]D(xD5)=4
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.26598[13]D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4
Tubalar (Altai Republic) 0.264 144 [78] D4b1a2a1=10, D4j=6, D4o=6, D4(xD4l, D4m)=9, D5c=7
Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.257148[52]D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1
Nganasan (Ust-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya)0.25639[23]D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.25547[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.25547[citation needed]D(xD5)=12
Nuu-Chah-Nulth0.255102[17]D=26
Han (southern California)0.254390[63]D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18
Manchurian0.25040[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.248105[52]D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1
Tubalar (Altai Republic) 0.245 143 [79] D4=28, D5=7
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.24553[15]D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.24445[14]D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2
Evenk (Buryatia)0.24445[15]D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1
Han (Taiwan)0.2431117[63]D=271
Negidal0.24233[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.24050[citation needed]D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Ainu0.23551[citation needed]D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.23191[8]D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1
Mongolian (Dornod Province) 0.230 370 [80] D2b=6, D4a=7, D4b=12, D4(xD4e, D4o)=34, D4j=19, D5a=6, D5b=1
Darjeeling (general population)0.22766[citation needed]D4=13
D5=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631[citation needed]D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.22458[citation needed]D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakut (Yakutia)0.22236[15]D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.22218[23]D5a1=3, D6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.21964[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Ulchi0.21887[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.215121[10]D4=15, D5=11
Vietnamese0.21442[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Mongolian (Khentii Province) 0.212 132 [80] D4=1, D4b=4, D4e=3, D4g=3, D4h=2, D4j=2, D4m=1, D4o=8, D5a=4
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)0.21171[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.21171[15]D4(xD2, D3)=15
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.20824[19]D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) 0.207 246 [80] D1j=1, D4a=5, D4b=3, D4c=10, D4e=3, D4(xD4g, D4h, D4l, D4m, D4o)=11, D4j=11, D5a=5, D5b=2
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.20729[63]D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.20729[63]D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.20449[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Xinjiang)0.203138[16]D4(xD4b,D4e)=20
D5=4
D4b=2
D4e=2
Siberian Eskimos0.20379[citation needed]D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin)
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020[3]D(xD4c)=4
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020[3]D(xD4c)=4
Ulch people 0.200 160 [citation needed] D4=18, D4o=13, D5=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.20030[citation needed]D(xD5)=6
Buryat0.198126[14]D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Mongolian (Khovd Province) 0.198 429 [80] D2b=1, D4a=1, D4b1=6, D4b1a2a1=4, D4b1c=4, D4b2a2a=6, D4b2d=8, D4(xD4c, D4e, D4g, G4h, D4m, D4o)=29, D4j=10, D5a1=1, D5a2a=11, D5b=4
Mongolian (Mongolia) 0.197 2420 [80] D4b=76, D4c=68, D4j=64, D4(xD1, D2)=199, D5(xD6)=71
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.196102[citation needed]D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Kazakh (Zhetysu) 0.195 200 [81] D1=1, D4=32, D5=6
Tubalar0.19472[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.194103[19]D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.19168[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4
Mansi0.19063[4]D=12
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.19042[19]D(xD5)=7, D5a=1
Khasi0.190368[citation needed]D4=48
D(xD4, D5a)=22
Mizo0.18848[citation needed]D4=9
Nyishi0.18848[citation needed]D4=7
D5=2
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18816[citation needed]D(xD5)=3
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.18554[63]D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1
Poumai Naga0.18449[citation needed]D4=9
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.18255[citation needed]D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.17939[19]D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Denver)0.17873[10]D4=10, D5=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.17182[23]D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1
Sherpa (India)0.16754[citation needed]D4=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.16736[citation needed]D(xD5)=6
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.16730[citation needed]D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakama0.16742[17]D=7
Bhotia (Uttarakhand)0.16455[citation needed]D4=9
Han (Hunan & Fujian)0.16455[10]D4=6, D5=2, D6=1
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.16455[citation needed]D(xD5)=9
Khanty0.160106[4]D=17
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)0.16025[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.15819[citation needed]D(xD5)=3
Khakassians (Khakassia)0.15857[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.15632[19]D(xD5)=5
Hui (Xinjiang)0.15645[citation needed]D(xD5)=6, D5a=1
Altai (Altai Republic) 0.155 110 [82] D=17
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.152105[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1
Nogai (Daghestan)0.15233[citation needed]D=5
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.15040[19]D(xD5)=6
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020[3]D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.15040[citation needed]D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020[citation needed]D(xD4b, D5)=3
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)0.146130[citation needed]D4=13, D5=3, D(xD4,D5)=3
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.14648[citation needed]D(xD5)=7
Bella Coola0.14384[17]D=12
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.14335[citation needed]D(xD5)=5
Tuvan0.13795[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.13644[63]D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.13622[52]D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.13315[15]D2=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.13253[citation needed]D(xD5)=7
Sema Naga0.13054[citation needed]D4=7
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.12847[citation needed]D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.12755[63]D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1
Chakhesang Naga0.12755[citation needed]D4=7
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic) 0.126 324 [79] D4=39, D5=2
Shor (Kemerovo)0.12282[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1
Chukchi0.12166[citation needed]D2=7, D3=1
Bunu (19 Bu Nu from Dahua & 6 Mu Bin from Tianlin)0.12025[19]D(xD5)=2, D5a=1
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.12025[15]D4(xD2, D3)=3
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky & Tatyshlinsky)0.119101[citation needed]D=12
Karelian (Viena)0.11587[citation needed]D5=10
Tibetan refugees in India0.112107[citation needed]D4=9
D5=3
Sulawesi (89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)0.110237[21]D5=20, D(xD5)=6
Han (Taiwanese)0.108111[citation needed]D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.10647[15]D4(xD2, D3)=5
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.10647[citation needed]D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Ao Naga0.10666[citation needed]D4=5
D5=1
D(xD4,D5)=1
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.10020[3]D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1
Khasi0.10040[citation needed]D4=4
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.10040[citation needed]D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.09971[citation needed]D=7
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.09432[23]D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.09432[citation needed]D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)0.090221[citation needed]D=20
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.090133[citation needed]D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5
Altay Kizhi0.08990[15]D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.08635[citation needed]D(xD5)=3
Mansi0.08298[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.08137[citation needed]D(xD5)=3
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.07726[19]D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Northern Thailand)0.076158[citation needed]D4e1a3=9
D4e1a=1
D4b=1
D5b4=1
Thai0.07540[citation needed]D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540[3]D(xD4c)=3
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.07341[19]D(xD5)=3
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.07128[citation needed]D(xD4b, D5)=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.07156[citation needed]D(xD5)=4
Ambon0.07043[21]D(xD5)=2, D5=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.06929[citation needed]D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.06844[15]D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1
Turkmen (Afghanistan)0.06775[citation needed]D4(xD4j)=4
D4j=1
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316[3]D(xD4c)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.05735[19]D(xD5)=2
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.05618[citation needed]D5(xD5a)=1
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous District)0.05474[citation needed]D=4
Taono O'odham0.05437[18]D=2
Taiwan aborigines0.053640[65]D5'6=26, D4=8
Apache0.05338[18]D=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.05319[63]D=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.05319[19]D(xD5)=1
Li (Hainan)0.052346[65]D5'6=13, D4=5
Hazara (Afghanistan)0.05178[citation needed]D4j=2
D4(xD4j)=2
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)0.051157[21]D5=7, D(xD5)=1
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020[3]D(xD4c)=1
Karelian (Tver)0.04961[citation needed]D5=2, D(xD5)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)0.048126[citation needed]D=6
Thailand0.048105[22]D=5
Uzbek (Afghanistan)0.047127[citation needed]D4j=2
D4(xD4j)=2
D5'6=2
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.04445[citation needed]D(xD5)=2
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.04224[citation needed]D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1
Tajik (Afghanistan)0.041146[citation needed]D4(xD4j)=4
D4j=1
D5'6=1
Changpa0.04050[citation needed]D4=1
D5=1
Chuvash (Morgaushsky)0.03655[citation needed]D=2
Cun (Hainan)0.03330[65]D4=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.03231[19]D(xD5)=1
Filipino0.03164[66]D5b=1, D6=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132[19]D(xD5)=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.02970[66]D6=2
Karelian (Aunus)0.028218[citation needed]D5=6
Ket0.02638[citation needed]D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1
Tatar (Almetyevsky & Yelabuzhsky)0.026228[citation needed]D=6
Persian (eastern Iran)0.02482[15]D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1
Lombok (Mataram)0.02344[21]D5=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.023177[66]D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1
Alor0.02245[21]D(xD5)=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.018168[citation needed]D4=3
Mari (Zvenigovsky)0.015136[citation needed]D=2
Koryak0.013155[citation needed]D3=2
Bali0.01282[21]D5=1
Pashtun (Afghanistan)0.01190[citation needed]D4j=1
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky)0.010102[citation needed]D=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.009112[66]D6=1
Kiliwa0.0007[18]-
Seri0.0008[18]-
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010[19]-
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00011[19]-
Cochimí0.00013[18]-
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020[citation needed]-
River Yuman0.00022[18]-
Delta Yuman0.00023[18]-
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024[citation needed]-
Zuni0.00026[18]-
Pai Yuman0.00027[18]-
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029[20]-
Batak (Palawan)0.00031[citation needed]-
Lingao (Hainan)0.00031[65]-
Nahua0.00031[18]-
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032[20]-
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033[20]-
Jemez0.00036[18]-
Akimal O’odham0.00043[18]-
Java (incl. 36 from Tengger)0.00046[21]-
Tofalar0.00046[citation needed]-
Udegey0.00046[citation needed]-
Itelmen0.00047[citation needed]-
Sumba (Waingapu)0.00050[21]-
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051[20]-
Senoi (51 Temiar & 1 Semai, Malaysia)0.00052[20]-
Filipino0.00061[21]-
Semelai (Malaysia)0.00061[20]-
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky)0.00062[citation needed]-
Navajo0.00064[18]-
Sumatra0.000180[21]-
Close

Famous members

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup D (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

External links

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