Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R
is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.[4]
Quick Facts Possible time of origin, Possible place of origin ...
| Haplogroup R |
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| Possible time of origin | 66.8±14.2 kya [1] |
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| Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia[2] |
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| Ancestor | N |
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| Descendants | R0, R1, R1b, R2'JT, R3, R5, R6'7, R8, R9, R11'B, R12'21, R14, R22, R23, R30, R31, P, U |
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| Defining mutations | 12705, 16223[3] |
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Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).
Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.[1]
This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia.[5]
It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.[6] The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from South East Asia.[7]
Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India
show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.[8] Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast.[4]
The Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).[9][10]
Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Northern Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[11]
Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.[12]
Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.
The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian Peninsula (0.3%).[13]
Subclades
- Haplogroup R
- R0 or pre-HV
- R1
- pre-JT or R2'JT
- R3: Found in Armenia.[22] Also observed in an ancient individual from Hungary, dating to 7000 years ago[23]
- R5: Widely spread in the Indian subcontinent. Specially in Madhya Pradesh (India) at 17%.[24]
- R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among Austroasiatic language-speakers from India (10%).[25]
- R8: The highest frequency occurs towards East India, especially within Orissa (12%), and it is found among the Austroasiatic tribes (Munda and Khasi speakers). It is also present in low frequency among speakers of Dravidian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman (e.g. Nyishi, Changpa, Sherpa).[27]
- R9 (16304)
- R11'B (16189)
- R12'21
- R14: Found in Papua New Guinea[40] and in Austronesian speakers of East Timor and Lembata.[41]
- R22 or R12: Very frequent in the Shompen (10/29 = 34.5%).[42] Elsewhere found mainly in south-central Indonesia (11.4% Mataram, 8.0% Waingapu, 7.3% Bali, 1.9% Borneo) and in Cham of Bình Thuận, Vietnam (7/168 = 4.2%),[43] with singleton or sporadic occurrences in Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Alor.[32]
- R23: Small clade found in Bali and Sumba (Indonesia).[32]
- R30
- R31
- R32
- P: It is characteristic of Sahul. Found in Philippines and East Indonesia.
- U
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.
- R
- R0 (formerly pre-HV)
- R1
- R2'JT
- R5
- R5a
- R5a1
- R5a2
- R5a2a
- R5a2b
- R5a2b1
- R5a2b2
- R5a2b3
- R5a2b4
- R6'7
- R8 - India
- R8a - Sri Lanka
- R8a1
- R8a1a
- R8a1a1
- R8a1a2
- R8a1a3 - South Africa, Norway
- R8a1b
- R8a2
- R8b
- (16304)
- R9
- R9b - Cambodia, Thailand (Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province and Roi Et Province),[54] Guinea
- R9b1 - China, Uyghur, Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand, Thai in Western Thailand), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[54]), Vietnam (La Hủ), Denmark
- R9b1a
- R9b1a1 - Philippines (Mamanwa)
- R9b1a1a - China, Thailand (Karen and Thai Lue in Northern Thailand, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province,[54] Thai in Central Thailand and Eastern Thailand), Cambodia (Banteay Meanchey), Malaysia (Semelai, aboriginal Malay), Singapore, Indonesia (Tengger, Palembang, Padang, Manado), Vietnam (Giarai)
- R9b1a2 - Taiwan (Tsou), Thailand (Lao Isan in Loei Province, Thai in Western Thailand)
- R9b1a3 - Thailand, China (Han, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Nùng, etc.), Kazakhstan
- R9b1b - China, Vietnam, Cambodia (Siem Reap), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province, Tai Yuan from Central Thailand, Mon from Northern Thailand)
- R9b2 - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
- R9c - China (Barghut from Hulun Buir), Taiwan
- R9c1
- R9c1a - Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan (Makatao), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province)
- R9c1b
- R9c1b1 - China (Han), Vietnam (Kinh, Dao), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand, Thai Lue in Northern Thailand), Myanmar
- R9c1b2 - Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province), Taiwan (Makatao, etc.), Philippines (Ifugao, Bugkalot), East Timor
- F
- R22
- R11'B (16189)
- R12'21
- R22
- R14
- R23
- R30
- R31
- R32
- P
- U
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_&_subclades.PNG)
