中耳[e 49]嘅主要結構包括耳膜[e 50](下圖 tf 個位)、聽小骨[e 51](人體最細嗰三嚿骨;下圖嘅 h a 同 s)同埋耳咽管[e 52](下圖 ot 個位)等等。聲涉及咗介質粒子(介質粒子通常會係空氣)嘅振動,耳膜一接觸到聲波就會振動,帶動埋聽小骨一齊振,同時耳咽管會一路保持耳內同耳外嘅壓力大致相同[45]。
內耳[e 53]顧名思義係耳仔最入嗰忽,包括咗耳蝸[e 54](最裡邊螺旋噉形嗰嚿)。耳蝸唔大,得嗰大約 35 mm 咁長。耳蝸入面有一個特別嘅器官—柯蒂氏器[e 55],柯蒂氏器內有特別嘅感官神經細胞,呢啲細胞表面有細細條嘅毛,啲毛能夠對耳膜嘅振動起反應,將感受到嘅嘢(例如係振動頻率有幾高)傳上去個腦嗰度[45]。
phonetics. Encyclopedia Britannica,引咗嗰段:"Phonetics, the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and acoustic qualities. It deals with the configurations of the vocal tract used to produce speech sounds (articulatory phonetics), the acoustic properties of speech sounds (acoustic phonetics), and the manner of combining sounds so as to make syllables, words, and sentences (linguistic phonetics)."
Reetz, H., & Jongman, A. (2020). Phonetics: Transcription, production, acoustics, and perception. John Wiley & Sons. p. 28 "Hence, the broad transcription for tip is [tip]. For this example, it seems as if only the brackets have changed, and in fact the /tip/ that is stored in the memory of the speaker is realized as [tip]."
(英文)用粵語做母語嘅人講英文嗰時嘅發音問題 (PDF),香港科技大學,呢篇文講咗以下呢段:"For Cantonese speakers, the main problem with English consonant sounds is how to say voiced consonants and make them different to voiceless ones. The reason this is often problematic is that consonants in Cantonese are voiceless."
Zee, Eric (1999), "Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zee, E. (1999). An acoustical analysis of the diphthongs in Cantonese. In Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Vol. 2, pp. 1101-1104). Berkeley: University of California,呢篇文講香港粵語嘅雙元音之間喺共振峰特性上有乜差異。
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Tong, X., Lee, S. M. K., Lee, M. M. L., & Burnham, D. (2015). A tale of two features: Perception of Cantonese lexical tone and English lexical stress in Cantonese-English bilinguals. PloS one, 10(11), e0142896.
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