藍鯨（學名：Balaenoptera musculus）是屬於鬚鯨小目的海洋哺乳動物，也是地球史上已知最大的動物，文獻紀錄中的最大長度為29.9公尺，體重達199噸。藍鯨的身軀瘦長，呈流線型，背部青灰色，下身顏色比較淡。目前已知藍鯨至少有四個亞種：生活在北大西洋和北太平洋的北方藍鯨（B. m. musculus）；棲息在南冰洋的南極藍鯨（B. m. intermedia）；棲息在印度洋和南太平洋的侏儒藍鯨（B. m. brevicauda）；印度洋的北印度洋藍鯨（B. m. indica）。在智利附近水域或許還存在第五個亞種。
其他常見的名稱還有西巴德鯨、塞巴氏鬚鯨，來自藍鯨的最初描述者羅伯特·西巴德。[8]赫爾曼·梅爾維爾在其小說《白鯨記》中稱藍鯨為硫磺底（英語：sulphur-bottom）[10]，因為矽藻附著在藍鯨的皮膚上，使得牠們的下側呈現橘棕色或淡黃色，因此其也稱為磺底鯨。[7][11]此外還有大藍鯨（英語：great blue whale）、大北鬚鯨、巨北鬚鯨（英語：great northern rorqual）等名稱，不過近幾十年來這些名稱漸漸被人們所遺忘。
自1966年禁止捕殺藍鯨以來，它們的種群數量趨於穩定並有所上升。根據自蘇聯停止捕殺藍鯨後的數據，南極海域的藍鯨數量平均每年增長7.3%，但其總數仍低於捕鯨活動前的1%。[32]有研究指出冰島和加利福尼亞州附近的藍鯨數量也有增長，但該數據沒有統計學意義。[33]根據2018的年估算，全球大約有5,000–15,000頭成年藍鯨，總數大約在10,000-25,000頭。相比之下，1926年全球大約有140,000頭成年藍鯨。估計如今有約1,000-3,000頭藍鯨生活在北大西洋，3,000-5,000頭生活在北太平洋，5,000-8,000生活在南大洋。在南太平洋東部或許還生活有1,000–3,000頭藍鯨和2,000-5,000頭侏儒藍鯨。[34]自1939年起，藍鯨在南半球受到保護。1959年，根據《國際捕鯨管制公約》，生活在北大西洋的藍鯨受到保護。1965年，公約保護範圍擴展至南大洋，1966年擴展至北太平洋。[35][36]冰島直到1960年才承認公約在北大西洋對藍鯨的保護。[37]在美國，藍鯨受《1973年瀕危物種法案（英語：Endangered Species Act of 1973）》保護。[38]
杜克大學海洋哺乳動物研究者開發維護了BIS-SEAMAP系統（海洋生物地理信息系統 - 巨型脊椎動物族群的空間生態分析，英語：Ocean Biogeographic Information System - Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations），可用以更加精確的檢測藍鯨族群數量。[39]該系統通過對130個來源的收集整理，構建出海洋哺乳動物的活動蹤跡。[40]
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